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148-639: Wynndel is an unincorporated community adjacent to Duck Creek, east of the Kootenay River , in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia . The locality, on BC Highway 3A , is by road about 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Creston and 128 kilometres (80 mi) southeast of Nelson . The Lower Kootenay Band of the Ktunaxa Nation have occupied the region from time immemorial. Tribal members would migrate north annually and set up camp on

296-510: A NWMP officer named Wynn, but no officer by that name ever served with the force. Even more spurious claims have been suggested. As a surname the spelling is rare, whereas Wyndell as a given name is more common. The latter, an early alternate spelling for the community, is still sometimes mistakenly used. In earlier train timetables, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) opted for Wynndell, but a newspaper wrote Wyndell. For several years,

444-471: A 1925 fire, was rebuilt the following year. In 1927, fire destroyed four million feet of lumber in the Winlaw yard. The 1928 spring flooding submerged the Winlaw sawmill burner. In 1933, the Winlaw mill recommenced after a four-year shutdown. In 1934, the box factory reopened after a similar closure. In 1937, a fire completely destroyed the Winlaw sawmill plant and some lumber. Monrad Wigen bought this land, erected

592-613: A Hudson's Bay Company trading post near Kettle Falls on the Columbia River. He then proceeded up the Pend Oreille River (noted as 'Pendoreilles') and crossed into the Kootenay River valley, which in his records was either the "Kootanie" or "Flat Bow River". Kootenay Lake was called "Flat Bow Lake". Palliser was told by Ktunaxa tribal members that a trail already existed along the Kootenay River, terminating at Columbia Lake, but

740-540: A brick factory at the present-day site of Grand Forks , from where they made bricks to be used mostly in the Brilliant settlement. Brilliant was one of the first cities in the area to have running water; a reservoir was constructed to hold water from the Kootenay River and a local spring , and by 1912, each household had running water. In 1913, Verigin converted an abandoned factory in Nelson , about 35 kilometres (22 mi) up

888-588: A fire destroyed the Wynndel Mercantile store and contents, before crossing the lane to the station. The rebuilt store opened the following month. In 1925, the St Paul's United church building opened and the new community hall the following year. In 1927, the Butterfield store experienced a series of robberies, and dancers welcomed the installation of a new floor in the old schoolhouse. In 1929, Butterfield installed

1036-499: A fish ladder at the Duck Creek culvert. In 1920, an extra gang replaced the track through Duck Creek with heavier steel. During the next year, Duck Creek became a scheduled regular stop, the catcher pouch was removed, and the rail yard held parked railway cars from the district. In 1923, CP enlarged the siding capacity. The next year, a fire spread to the station, destroying the building. A boxcar provided temporary storage space until

1184-546: A gas pump at the store, then known as the Bon Marche. In 1930, the Mercantile installed Shell gas pumps and transitioned to trading as the "Y"(our) Cash Store. That year, a new community hall was erected, the previous one probably becoming the annex. In 1931, electric lighting was installed. Edward Butterfield died that year, and the general store closed a year or two later. In 1932, the former co-op store premises were renovated and

1332-587: A gold strike at the confluence of the Wild Horse and Kootenay Rivers in the East Kootenay region resulted in the Wild Horse Gold Rush in which between three and ten thousand men descended upon the area and the gold rush town of Fisherville was built; it had to be moved when it was discovered the town sat atop some of the richest deposits. Originally, the river (and the area) were known as "Stud Horse" by

1480-634: A gorge at the confluence with the White River. At the small town of Canal Flats the Kootenay River passes within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of Columbia Lake , the headwaters of the Columbia River, as it merges into the Rocky Mountain Trench along the eastern foothills of the Purcell Mountains . It receives the Lussier River near Skookumchuck Station of the Canadian Pacific Railway and

1628-449: A larger building, which was mainly for freight storage, opened in 1925. In 1927, CP renamed Duck Creek as Wynndel and Wynndel siding as Loasby. Clarence McLean Loasby was a longtime yardmaster at Sirdar. The stop was 10.3 kilometres (6.4 mi) northwest of Creston, and 9.7 kilometres (6.0 mi) southeast of Sirdar. Passenger service ended in 1964. The abandoned station was dismantled in the early 1980s. 1906: A train, which wrecked at

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1776-416: A lightning bolt ignited straw that destroyed the two-storey building containing 4,000 birds and the granary. In a period of expansion during the 1950s, growers produced a total of 1,500 tons of potatoes each season. In 1972, unable to survive financial losses, the fruit and potato packing plants closed. The dyking of the flats triggered a gradual switch to grain crops, which later yielded better returns than

1924-437: A locomotive, tender, and two cars to derail. 1946: A freight train struck the rear of a truck at a railway crossing, carrying the vehicle 6 metres (20 ft). Trains fatally injuring straying livestock prompted CP to fence one side of the track in 1913. However, such livestock deaths continued. Settling in the mid-1890s, in 1900, O.J. Wigen marketed his surplus strawberries to customers at Cranbrook and launched Wynndel as

2072-462: A new mill, and began operating the following year. In the early 1940s, a bandsaw replaced the circular saw . At that time, almost a hundred mills existed in the Kootenays. After the consolidations of the 1960s only three remained: Creston Sawmills, Wynndel Box, and Huscroft. In 1947, Monrad Wigen erected a new mill, opening the next year. During the 1950s, the company installed a new planer, converted

2220-478: A number of platelayers with the responsibility for the maintenance of a designated part of the line. Instead of working from huts, they lived in cottages along the line ( banvaktsstugor , singular banvaktsstuga ). These cottages were usually designed to match the stations in architectural design. Each cottage would typically have a couple of rooms and a kitchen, and the platelayers often kept a cow or chicken, as well as growing vegetables and fruit. The platelayer system

2368-522: A range of labour-saving machinery for many of the tasks traditionally undertaken by hand by platelayers. In British usage the term platelayers' hut refers to a lineside shelter in which a platelayer would historically be based. In the heyday of steam railway operation a platelayer might be assigned to each mile or two miles of track, with a platelayers' hut as his shelter and working base. He would regularly patrol his section of track. In modern railway operation platelayers tend to operate in mobile teams, but

2516-711: A region of the Pacific Northwest known as the Kootenays . In Canada, the term "Kootenays" is loosely defined although the Kootenay Land District , which includes the whole region, is formally defined; the name indirectly refers to the territory of the Kootenay indigenous people spanning from the Rockies on the east and the, Selkirks and Purcells (Percells in the U.S.) on the west in southeastern British Columbia (BC), and

2664-405: A rock slide, fatally crushed a crew member. Months later, a train fatally struck a track walker. 1907: A brakeman died in a train accident. 1927: A freight train fatally dismembered an inebriated individual sleeping on the track. 1938: When a 13-car freight train derailed, two cars rolled down a 9-metre (30 ft) embankment and four cars lay zigzag across the track. 1941: A rockslide caused

2812-519: A small stream and the Kootenay rushes south, already a powerful river. Already knowing from earlier maps that the region included two rivers called the Columbia and the Kootenay, Thompson thought that what is now called the Columbia was the Kootenay, and he thought that he had not yet found the real Kootenay. Thence he applied the name "McGillivray's River" to the real Kootenay in honor of his trading partners William and Duncan McGillivray . In his writings,

2960-633: A smelter had been constructed close to the mouth of the Kootenay, near Revelstoke , to process ore from the mines. Serving the mines and settlers, steamer companies plied the Kootenai River from Bonners Ferry, Idaho to Nelson and to the Lardeau or "Lardo" district at the north end of Kootenay Lake, and also on the upper Kootenay River between the Cranbrook-Fort Steele area and points in Montana. When

3108-529: A steamboat and marked the end of the steamboat era on the Kootenay. In the 20th century, members of a Russian religious sect called the Doukhobors living in the plains of Saskatchewan in central Canada were facing persecution, internal problems, and land confiscation by the Canadian government. Their leader, Peter Verigin , decided to move them to British Columbia in 1909, seeking land and improved life. He chose

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3256-552: A strawberry growing centre. The next year, he cleared land for the first orchard. By 1905, the exceptional quality of Wigen's commercially grown strawberries had become established. By 1909, his cultivation of over 1 hectare (3 acres) was very profitable. He became known as the strawberry king. In 1913, the Co-Operative Fruit Growers of Wynndel was formed. That spring, nearly a thousand fruit trees were planted. One day that summer, 148 crates of strawberries were loaded onto

3404-501: A townsite on the north bank of the Kootenay, where it joins the Columbia, across the big river from where the present-day town of Castlegar now stands. In 1909, he purchased about 14,000 acres (57 km ) adjoining the mouth of the Kootenay River partly using funds raised by sale of farm equipment in Saskatchewan, and added to other lands acquired throughout BC, Doukhobor-owned lands ultimately totaled 19,000 acres (77 km ). There

3552-461: A trading name. In 2016, Canfor purchased the business. Around 1897, brothers Paul and Fred Hagen, and O.J. Wigen opened the 13-bedroom Duck Creek Hotel, which operated until 1910, when Paul and Mathea Hagen bought out the other partners. Apart from occasional boarders, the building was then purely the Hagen family residence until around 1940. The structure was sold in the mid-1940s, dismantled, erected on

3700-455: A tributary of the Kootenay, and the fourth Libby , on the Kootenai in Montana. However, operation of the dams has led to environmental problems in both rivers because they have caused unnatural flow fluctuations, blocked fish migration, flooded fertile agricultural land, and forced over 2,000 people to relocate. Solely built for the purpose of regulating water flow into Kootenay Lake, Duncan Dam,

3848-552: Is an "isolate", which is only distantly related (if at all) to the Salishan languages spoken by tribes of the Lake Pend d'-Oreille area. They were semi-nomadic people and inhabited a large area of the Kootenay valley from the headwaters to Kootenay Lake. Four villages provided their shelter in the winter, while in the rest of the year, they traveled between fishing, hunting and berry-picking areas. The northern Ktunaxa hunted buffalo , while

3996-560: Is defined by rugged parallel mountain ranges of the Rockies, which direct drainage along a northwest–southeast axis. The only large areas of flat land are in the Kootenay River valley from Bonners Ferry, Idaho to Kootenay Lake, and in parts of the Rocky Mountain Trench from Canal Flats to Lake Koocanusa. Of the Kootenay's many tributaries, the 206-kilometre (128 mi)-long Duncan River is the largest. Hundreds of other tributaries join

4144-592: Is known as the "Kootenay" in Canada and by the Ktunaxa Nation , and as the "Kootenai" in the United States and by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes and Kootenai Tribe of Idaho . Fed mainly by glaciers and snowmelt, the river drains a rugged, sparsely populated region of more than 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi), of which over 70 percent is in Canada. From its headwaters to its confluence with

4292-464: Is likely they had bought the Burrin and Wood business. In 1940, Otto Rollag purchased the garage, which relocated to the highway in 1953. This B.A. gas station had a number of owners over the following decades. The abandoned building has been empty since the late 1980s. The Creston Co-op ran a Wynndel store 1947–1957. In 1948, a fire completely destroyed the community hall. The new building, opened in 1951,

4440-438: Is mostly found along the lower two-thirds of the Kootenay and many of the tributaries that join within the United States. The other sections of the river flow through far more rugged terrain and are characterized by braiding , low nutrient content, shifting channels and coarse sediments, making it difficult for riparian zones to be established, as is with most of its upper and lower tributaries. Wetlands are found primarily where

4588-579: Is noted for its spring floods, major flood years were 1876, 1894, 1948 and 1964. As recently as the mid-1960s, the upper Columbia and Kootenay rivers in British Columbia were still free-flowing and unaffected by dams and reservoirs, resulting in the 1948 Vanport Oregon flood . The uncontrolled discharge past the Canada-U.S. border created problems for electricity generation in the US, and Canada also wanted to utilize

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4736-441: Is now impounded in small lakes. All except Corra Linn, which was built to raise and regulate the level of Kootenay Lake. The Kootenay Canal Generating Station, completed in 1976 by BC Hydro , has its inlet at Kootenay Lake next to Corra Linn. The canal travels several kilometers, parallel to and above the river to utilize the roughly 84-metre (276 ft) high water drop in elevation between Kootenay Lake and South Slocan, bypassing

4884-637: Is the primary resource extracted from underground. Conventional coal deposits underlie much of the East Kootenay, especially in the Elk River valley which is home to the Elk Valley Coalfield, and the Crowsnest Coalfield in the Purcell Mountains . The East Kootenay is the most important coal-producing area of British Columbia, has since 1898 produced over 500 million tons, and about 25 percent of

5032-526: Is used to mean more the area drained by the Kootenay River, namely including the lower Canadian stretches of the Columbia from Revelstoke to the US border, and also the reaches of the upper Columbia north from Canal Flats at least as far as Golden (the Boundary Country is sometimes referred to as being part of the West Kootenay ). The Kootenay is the third largest tributary of the Columbia by both watershed size and discharge. Over 70 percent of

5180-506: The 100-kilometre (62 mi)-long Kootenay Lake . The lake is also joined by the Duncan River , the river's highest-volume tributary. Near Balfour an arm of the lake branches westward to Nelson , where the Kootenay River exits the lake below Corra Linn Dam . The final westbound stretch of the river flows through a deep canyon, forming several waterfalls including Bonnington Falls , where four run-of-the river hydroelectric dams impound

5328-517: The Belt Supergroup , in turn, stratified into several subgroups with slightly different characteristics and ages. However, most of the rocks have one thing in common; the rocks are generally hard and erosion-resistant. The Rocky Mountain Trench is thought to be a partial graben , or a long narrow strip of land that has dropped in elevation over time because of parallel faults on both sides. Faults in

5476-459: The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) finished its transcontinental line across southern British Columbia, steamboats began to ply the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, carrying passengers, produce, ore, and other trade items through the region to be distributed via the CPR's line at Golden . The total run was about 500 kilometres (310 mi) long, ranging from Golden to the north to Jennings, Montana in

5624-621: The Continental Divide . Palliser's earlier travels were credited for being a "vital forerunner to the European settlement of the Prairies [of central Canada], providing volumes of information on the resources of this vast region." In September 1859, Palliser traveled into the Kootenay River valley to find a suitable path for a trade route and possibly a railroad. Instead of crossing the Rockies, as Thompson did, Palliser set out from Fort Colville ,

5772-513: The Goat River valley northeastward. By 1867, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) post of Little Fort Shepherd (Flatbow) had been established immediately south of Wynndel on the trail. This fort was abandoned around 1870. A claim that Wynndel was named after one of the early fruit-growers in the district is disputed, because no evidence indicates such a person existed. A more suspect theory is the honoring of

5920-568: The Kootenay Pass rerouted the Greyhound buses, bypassing Wynndel and the east shore. By 1975, phone subscribers numbered 300, a significant increase over the eight in 1930. BC Transit operates a twice weekly service. Various incidents linked to the Freedomites : 1953: Bombing of nearby CP tracks. 1958: Arson of a residence. 1961: Dynamiting of the grain elevator and an unexploded bomb at

6068-472: The Palliser River , a tributary of the Kootenay River now named in his honor. (However, at first, his party referred to it as Palliser's River .) His expedition made it downstream to Columbia Lake but had some trouble making their way back to Alberta; the return route they had chosen proved too dangerous to negotiate. After trading for some horses and new supplies from a band of Ktunaxa, they made it back over

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6216-562: The St. Mary and Wild Horse rivers at the historic mining town of Fort Steele , then receives the Bull River at the settlement of the same name. At Wardner, British Columbia , the Kootenay widens into the Lake Koocanusa reservoir. The Elk River , the Kootenay's longest tributary, enters Lake Koocanusa south of Elko, British Columbia . Stretching 130 kilometres (81 mi) south and crossing

6364-643: The Yaak River joins from the north as the river crosses into idaho. The Moyie River enters near Moyie Springs before the river enters the gentle terrain of the Kootenai Valley and turns north, flowing past Bonners Ferry and back towards the US-Canada Border. The river re-enters Canada south of Creston, British Columbia , and flows through a marshy area called the Kootenay Flats before emptying into

6512-609: The "Y" store, including ice cream parlor, relocated. E.S. Bailey headed the chain. In 1933, H. Cory replaced F. Menhinick as the Wynndel manager. Later that year, A. Corrie bought the Wynndel and Creston "Y" stores and traded as Corrie & Sons, and James Mitchell sold the auto repair garage to Fred Burrin and Eric Wood. In 1934, A.W. Burch bought the Corrie store at Wynndel. The next year, the St Patrick's Anglican church building opened. In 1937,

6660-481: The "ganger". The term "platelayer" derives from the plates used to build plateways , an early form of railway. Inspecting and maintaining the track, including all its component parts such as rails, sleepers, fishplates, bolts, etc., are the chief responsibility of the platelayer. Their duties include greasing points, and generally watching for wear and tear. When sections of track require complete replacement, larger teams of platelayers work together, and today employ

6808-470: The 19th century as a result of white emigration to the Kootenay region, and remains one of the primary industries of the area. In fact, much of the economy of the Pacific Northwest and Columbia Basin has historically been, and continues to be, to this day, dependent on the lumber industry. Lumber was required for the construction of buildings, forts, railroad tracks, and boats, and today is exported from

6956-471: The 20th century show many misinterpretations or alternative names being applied to the segment of the river within the United States. These include "Kootanie", "Kootenie", and "Kootienay". The Geographic Names Information System of the USGS lists "Swan River" as an alternate name, although the origin of this name is uncertain. (There is, however, a Swan River further southeast in Montana.) The Kootenay rises on

7104-582: The Anglican church was vandalized during a temporary closure. Anglican services recommenced, but ceased sometime after the mid-1980s. The Covenant church established a work in 1967, using the former United church building, which was purchased in 1976. Ed. McNiven bought the Burch store, operating 1969–1972. In 1972, Terry Davidge opened the Farmer's Market, selling out to Al Jackson the next year, who developed Wynndel Foods on

7252-474: The Anglican church. 1962: Arson of a residence and public nudity. In 2019, suspects stole long guns in a break-in at Wynndel Foods, during an attempt to access the ATM inside. The elementary school closed in 2008. The community centre eventually purchased the property and installed a children's playground, which opened in 2021. Earlier that year high-speed internet came to Wynndel. Kootenay River The river

7400-447: The B&;N began limited services. That November, the daily service to Kuskonook via the junction began. Assumedly, the connecting junction stations opened at this time. In February 1901, the court awarded Wigen $ 350 in damages against the B&N. That August, B&N's operations north of the junction were suspended. Soon, there was little activity north of Creston. Certainly by February 1904,

7548-472: The Baillie-Grohman Canal, which was in decrepit condition. The lock was also too small to accommodate the vessel. Armstrong had two makeshift dams built to create a temporary lock 40 metres (130 ft) long, and then the forward dam was blown up so the ship could ride the surge of water ahead into Columbia Lake. The transit of North Star to Columbia Lake was the last time the canal was ever used by

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7696-595: The Bedlington & Nelson Railway (B&N), a Great Northern Railway subsidiary, faced opposition from CP. In July 1899, the Privy Council granted the B&N running rights on CP track northwestward from the Wynndel junction. Reaching Lizard Creek (a tributary to Duck Creek west of the CP track) that month, the B&N rail head faced an attempt by CP to obtain an injunction, claiming the work would damage an embankment supporting

7844-516: The CP track. Displeasure with the high-handed grading of the B&N across his mine claims prompted O.J. Wigen to briefly block the tracklaying in November. That December, the Supreme Court of British Columbia dismissed Wigen's injunction application, and the B&N assumed possession of the completed line from the main contractor. The route followed today's Lower Wynndel Rd (low road). In July 1900,

7992-548: The Columbia Glaciated ecoregion which encompasses much of northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana and southern British Columbia. Fish fauna in the region are largely shared with those of the Columbia Unglaciated ecoregion to the south, which has about fifty species of fish and only one endemic species. There are no endemic fish within the Columbia Glaciated region itself. Riparian vegetation

8140-433: The Columbia River, the Kootenay descends more than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). At their confluence, the Columbia and Kootenay are similar in length, drainage area, and volume, but less of the Kootenay is impounded in reservoirs and thus it has more free-flowing stretches with rapids and falls. Part of the lower Kootenay forms Kootenay Lake , one of the largest natural lakes in British Columbia. The Ktunaxa (Kootenai) were

8288-512: The Columbia River. Kootenay basin reservoirs provide nearly 8.6 cubic kilometres (7,000,000 acre⋅ft) of storage which constitutes almost half of the 19.1 cubic kilometres (15,500,000 acre⋅ft) stored in Columbia River Treaty reservoirs. In the 1970s, it was proposed that the Kootenay River be diverted into the Columbia River (the two rivers are separated by a distance of no more than 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) near Canal Flats in

8436-435: The Columbia and Kootenay rivers to process the logs into lumber. After more settlers began arriving, they built larger buildings that housed multiple families instead of the small cabins then typical of the region. Each larger house or dom , holding 70-100 persons each, was constructed on roughly 41-hectare (100-acre) plots of land that Verigin had divided the entire community into back in 1911. The Doukhobors then constructed

8584-608: The Columbia from Columbia Lake to the Big Bend was called the Kootenae . The name "Kootenai" was also used by French Canadians to refer to the Ktunaxa in the 19th century. "Kootenai" is thought to be a word meaning "water people" in an Algonquian language. The river is still referred to as Kootenai in the United States, while in Canada it is spelled Kootenay . Comparisons of various U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps from

8732-476: The Columbia river for the production of hydroelectric power. Negotiated in 1961 between the governments of the two countries, the Columbia River Treaty attempted to ratify these problems. Construction of the first three of the four dams authorized by the treaty— Mica , Keenleyside and Duncan —was implemented in 1964. Of the four dams, the first two are on the Columbia, the third is on the Duncan River ,

8880-618: The Creston Power Light & Telephone Co (CPL&T) installed phone wires as far west as Duck Creek. Becoming operational in 1909, the line was extended 3 kilometres (2 mi). That year, the Creston–Duck Creek high road was built. In 1912, the road was extended northwestward to Sirdar with a trail onward to Kuskanoook. In 1914, the Sirdar road work was finished. During 1915, the government phone wires had been strung from Creston on

9028-409: The Greyhound buses included the shipping of fresh fruit. In 1933, Wynndel connected to the West Kootenay Power & Light (WKP&L) transmission lines from the Goat River Dam opening that year. The next year, the water supply system from the Wynndel Irrigation District dam on Duck Creek commenced operation. By 1935, electricity powered 90 per cent of residences. In 1937, the low road from Creston

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9176-466: The Kootenay River and created a natural dam where the Kootenay turns west out of Kootenay Lake. After the glaciers retreated, Kootenay Lake receded to its present level, and the Kootenay Flats were formed. The First Peoples of the Kootenay River valley (the residents at the time of European contact) were the Ktunaxa people (often referred to as Kootenai ) from whom the river's name derives. Ktunaxa creation myths state that their people were created by

9324-406: The Kootenay River watershed trend north-northwest to south-southeast as is common in much of British Columbia. The underlying rock is generally stable and contains more outcroppings of metamorphic and igneous rock as one progresses westwards. Formations of Cambrian and Devonian rock also appear in small amounts in the U.S. portion of the Kootenay. Bedrock composes much of the streambed in

9472-415: The Kootenay River, this time reaching present-day Montana and Idaho, where he established Kullyspell House and Saleesh House , trading posts on Lake Pend Oreille and the Clark Fork , respectively. After spending a winter in Montana, he tried to reach the Columbia by traveling down the Pend Oreille River but failed in this attempt, eventually returning to Kootenae House via the Kootenay River northwards

9620-406: The Kootenay and Flathead River watersheds. The Flathead is a tributary of the Clark Fork River - Pend Oreille River system which borders the Kootenay watershed on the southwest. The upper Columbia River basin forms the boundary on the north, and the Kicking Horse River watershed also borders the north side of the Kootenay basin. To the southwest is the Priest River , a Pend Oreille tributary. On

9768-415: The Kootenay enlarged Columbia River through a tunnel to the headwaters of the Thompson River in the northwest, and thence to the Fraser River valley of southwestern British Columbia. Platelayer A platelayer , fettler or trackman is a railway employee who inspects and maintains the permanent way of a railway, usually under the charge of a foreman called (in UK, Australia and NZ)

9916-430: The Kootenay from Brilliant, to produce jam and marmalade. The Doukhobors then established a ferry across the Columbia River, and a suspension bridge serving the same purpose was completed in 1913. For many years, Brilliant continued to be a major center in the region's lumber industry. However, Doukhobor views on education and the extremist actions of a Doukhobor group called the Sons of Freedom eventually spelled

10064-418: The Kootenay upstream of the big bend. Steamboats also operated briefly on the lower river and Kootenay Lake to service silver mines in the nearby mountains. In modern times, boats continue to ply Kootenay Lake and limited reaches of the Kootenay River. Mining is also an important economic sector of the Kootenay River area. Although originally valuable minerals such as gold and silver were unearthed, today coal

10212-409: The Kootenay was the Annerly in 1893. Later vessels, such as the Gwendoline , had mixed success. Captain Frank P. Armstrong , who had piloted several earlier steamboats on the Golden-Jennings run, was her builder and when she was about three-quarters completed, Armstrong decided to take her to Golden to complete the job. Gwendoline sailed up to the canal, which unfortunately was unusable because

10360-507: The Kootenay would rise each spring and early summers with "enormous freshets that every summer flood the Kootenay River valley",. Such extreme variations are no longer common on the river below Libby Dam. As early as 1898, without building a dam, the original Lower Bonnington Power Plant was generating hydroelectricity from Bonnington Falls in the Kootenay River near the confluence of the Slocan River in order to supply water to mines in Rossland, British Columbia . For Upper Bonnington ,

10508-428: The Kootenay's watershed is in British Columbia, while 23 percent is in Montana and 6 percent is in Idaho. The Kootenay is one of only a few rivers that cross the US–Canada border multiple times: the others are the Milk River , a tributary of the Missouri River ; the Souris River , a tributary of the Assiniboine River ; and the Kettle River , a tributary of the Columbia River. The Kootenay River watershed

10656-466: The Kootenay, were followed by the discovery of silver and galena mines in the Kootenay Lake and Slocan Valley areas (Silvery Slocan), leading rapidly to the settlement of the region and the creation of various "silver city" boomtowns, notably Nelson , at the outlet of Kootenay Lake, Kaslo , midway up its north arm, New Denver , Silverton , Slocan City and Sandon in the 1880s and 1890s. By 1889,

10804-755: The Pend Oreille basin via the Purcell Trench formed a natural corridor through which natives of the area could interact. The barrier formed by the Rocky Mountains to the east, however, meant that tribes of the area, especially the Ktunaxa, were economically and linguistically isolated from the Great Plains tribes (with the exception of the Shoshone , whose territory spanned both sides of the Rockies). Logging began in

10952-618: The Quilxka Nupika ( supreme being ) and have always lived in the region; one reads "I have created you Kootenai people to look after this beautiful land, to honor and guard and celebrate my Creation here." However, linguistic and other evidence suggests that they are descended from Great Plains tribes that were driven out of their historic territory by the Blackfeet in the 16th century. The Ktunaxa are considered quite isolated from other Pacific Northwest and Great Plains tribes. Their language

11100-602: The Rockies later that year through North Kootenay Pass near Lower and Upper Kananaskis Lakes , after traveling up the Elk River . The series of expeditions he would later lead through 1859 were to be known as the Palliser Expeditions , or officially, the British North American Exploring Expedition, which, although involved some travel west of the Rockies, was mostly limited to the east side of

11248-448: The Rocky Mountain Trench in southeastern British Columbia). This would allow for the generation of increased hydroelectric power on the Columbia. It would also make easier the reclamation of the Kootenay Flats, an area south of Kootenay Lake, for agricultural purposes—spring freshets once raised the level of the lake by up to 8 metres (26 ft), inundating the lowlands around it. There were also never-implemented plans to divert part of

11396-481: The Sons of Freedom, or as some historians put it, by the lover of one of Verigin's handmaidens. Over 7,000 people attended Verigin's funeral. The Doukhobor leader was buried in an elaborate tomb on a headland overlooking the city of Brilliant and the Kootenay and Columbia Rivers. Verigin was succeeded by his son, Peter P. Verigin, who arrived from Russia in 1927. Despite the economic reforms he created in response to debt to

11544-408: The U.S. Dams, power plants and diversions of the Kootenay River, of which there are many, have been built for a variety of reasons throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The seven dams on the Kootenay serve many purposes, ranging from generation of local electricity to regulation of Columbia River flow between Canada and the United States. None provide for navigation or fish passage. In former times,

11692-466: The US-Canada Border, Lake Koocanusa is formed by Libby Dam east of Libby, Montana . The Kootenai (as it is now named) receives the Fisher River just downstream of the dam and turns west, forming the "Big Bend" around the southern end of the Purcell Mountains and Libby . About 15 km (9.3 mi) below Libby it drops over Kootenai Falls . The Kootenai turns northwest at Troy, Montana , before

11840-407: The US. To a limited extent, the Kootenay River has also been used for navigation. Commercial navigation began with steamboats in the 19th century to transport ores, lumber, passengers and other imported and exported products between the Kootenay River valley and the Canadian Pacific Railway station at Golden, British Columbia . Boat travel on the upper river ceased when a rail line was built along

11988-436: The Winlaw and Wigen mills were 30,000 and 15,000 feet respectively. During spring, logs were floated down the Goat River to the Winlaw mill pond. In 1923, a Winlaw mill worker sustained a crushed foot in machinery, requiring an amputation below the knee. The next year, Monrad Wigen set up his portable sawmill at Lizard Creek, and three million feet of lumber burned in the Winlaw yard fire. The Winlaw office building, destroyed in

12136-400: The Wynndel Mercantile. In 1923, the co-op store doubled its retail space and erected an ice house to hold up to 50 tons of ice blocks cut locally. In 1924, the Butterfield store moved immediately west across the CP track, the co-op store closed, the Wynndel Mercantile acquired the inventory, the co-op building became warehouse storage, and an ice cream parlor was added to the store. Months later,

12284-462: The Wynndel box factory (Monrad Wigen) made over 100,000 crates, and the mill boarding house opened. In 1920, both mills ran at capacity, the Winlaw bunkhouse was extended, and Wigen installed an overhead sprinkler at his mill, which minimized damage during a fire months later. The Homeseeker's, Washum and Stokes, and the Russian were smaller mills briefly operating around this time. The daily capacities of

12432-454: The Wynndel flats to harvest wild berries, hunt, and later graze cattle. While surveying the Dewdney Trail in 1865, the government expeditionary party crossed the Purcell Mountains via Duck Creek. The completed trail forded the Kootenay River about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) west of today's Wynndel, travelled northeast and then southeast via present day Wynndel and Creston, before following

12580-533: The addition of an ice cream parlor. That year, the Wynndel Co-Operative Trading Co. opened, the other two general stores were burgled, and a teacherage was erected. For the 1921/22 school year, an empty Winlaw bunkhouse provided temporary accommodation for an additional school classroom until a new two-room school building opened for the following year. The old schoolhouse continued to be used for social events. From 1922 or 1923, Jas. W. Wood operated

12728-543: The alternative spellings of Wynndel, Wyndel, Wyndell, and Wynndell remained in common usage. In pronunciation, locals emphasize the first syllable, whereas outsiders often prefer the second. During construction, the CP rail head passed northwestward toward Kuskonook in September 1898. The Wynndel vicinity was not a stop on the local service beginning that October or the Fort Macleod one beginning that December. The building of

12876-522: The area included the Montana Salish (in the south), and Shuswap (in the north), but these tribes were mostly not on the main river. In 1806, explorer David Thompson set out from Saskatchewan to find the source of the Columbia. He crossed over the Canadian Rockies through Howse Pass and eventually arrived on the banks of the Kootenay, which he thought to be the Columbia. Thompson traveled down

13024-536: The canal and one of the last on the Kootenay was the North Star , also piloted by Captain Armstrong. In 1902, Armstrong decided to take North Star to sail on the Columbia instead, finding business on the Kootenay less and less profitable as the mines in the region played out, as the CPR established its Kootenay Central Railway branch, and for a variety of other reasons. In June of that year, Armstrong took North Star to

13172-485: The case with many other BC gold towns also) but was eclipsed as a supply centre with the creation of nearby Fort Steele . The Chinese miners continued to work the "played-out" claims abandoned by American and Canadian miners, taking what little gold was left. Fisherville eventually was abandoned, its buildings left to ruin, and little remains of the settlement today. Other gold rushes on the Moyie and Goat Rivers, tributaries of

13320-591: The co-op precooling plant capacity was enlarged from four to seven carloads. The berry harvest comprised 26 carloads of strawberries, 1 of raspberries, 2 of cherries, and 2 of raspberry/cherry mix, a 25 per cent increase over the 1934 crop total. During World War II , berry demand was high. About 15 tons of the 1939 crop went to the UK for making jam. In 1947, a large modern packing house was erected, with refrigeration capacity for 36,000 boxes of apples. The larger poultry farms were Abbott 1946–1961 and Thompson 1945–1967. In 1967,

13468-479: The construction of any dams on the Columbia (Columbia River dams now block salmon from reaching any of the salmon run streams above Chief Joseph Dam ) which overflowed into Columbia Lake. It was with the creation of this temporary body of water that salmon somehow managed to swim over the submerged Canal Flats and into the Kootenay, where they became trapped. Populations of large land mammals such as caribou, moose, deer, elk, have been declining dramatically since

13616-443: The creation of a canal between the Kootenay River and Columbia Lake. Construction of the 2-kilometre (1.2 mi)-long, 14-metre (46 ft)-broad channel was finished in 1889. The Baillie-Grohman Canal , as it was called, had one lock which was 30 metres (98 ft) long and 9 metres (30 ft) wide. Because of the rugged terrain and rough waters on the two rivers, especially on the glacier-fed Kootenay, steamboat operation

13764-405: The depot building, Duck Creek became a flag stop. In the new year, Duck Creek formally replaced Wynndel junction as the stop, and the unused station building was relocated to Duck Creek. The two places were 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) apart. The CP section crew was occasionally augmented by an extra gang. In 1915, CP installed a phone at the station and erected a new freight shed. In 1917, CP built

13912-563: The early 19th century were the first to refer to them as Kootenai , which means "water people" in an Algonquian language. It may also mean "deer robes," referring to their excellent skill for hunting deer. In some written records from the early 19th century, also by the French, the Ktunaxa were sometimes called the Flatbows ( Arcs plats ) and the river called the Flatbow River. Other inhabitants of

14060-557: The early miners, but government officials changed it to Wild Horse . The new town's site was officially named Kootenai (though still known as Fisherville), also spelled Kootenay and Koutenais and also known as Wild Horse. Galbraith's Ferry was established across the Kootenay near Fort Steele to facilitate crossing by the incoming rush of prospectors and merchants. Most of the gold was mined out by 1864, in June of which one American prospector wrote that some 200 miners were arriving each day. By 1865

14208-654: The east side, over the Continental Divide, the Bow River and Oldman River take rise. Both are tributaries of the South Saskatchewan River , which is part of the Hudson Bay drainage basin. The geologic story of the Kootenay is strongly connected to the geology of the Columbia, Selkirk, and Rocky Mountains. The mountains in much of the Kootenay River catchment are composed of Precambrian sedimentary rock of

14356-482: The end of their settlement. In the 1920s, unknown arsonists destroyed several public schools in Brilliant as an act against British Columbia law. Then in 1924, on a routine rail trip to Grand Forks, Peter Verigin and seven other people were killed by a dynamite explosion that completely destroyed the coach that he was traveling in. Pieces of battery and alarm clock indicated that this was the work of people who intentionally wanted to kill Verigin, most likely members of

14504-530: The existing CPL&T poles and on new poles to Sirdar, creating a Nelson–Creston link. After increasing by one phone in 1918 and 1919, residential subscribers totalled five. The initial subscribers were likely the business enterprises. From 1927, work on the Kuskanook–Gray Creek highway section continued. In summer 1931, this work was complete and the Fraser's Landing–Gray Creek Kootenay Lake Ferry auto route

14652-408: The falls instead of below them— and Upper Bonnington Dam, when completed in 1906, only generated hydroelectric power, and has served that purpose ever since. Commercial demand led to two more dams at the falls, these were South Slocan Dam in 1928, and Corra Linn Dam , at the rapids above Bonnington in 1932. Three of the dams are of the run-of-the-river type, the 4.5 km length of the falls

14800-504: The federal government, his arrival coincided with a terrible depression and bankruptcy which caused the Doukhobors to lose most of their lands. Verigin Jr. died in 1939 and by 1963, almost all Doukhobor lands were sold to the government. Today, little remains of the former settlement at Brilliant except for Verigin's tomb. The Doukhobor suspension bridge spanning the Kootenay River still stands, and

14948-402: The fertile riverside lands have been flooded by the construction of dams (most notably Libby Dam in Montana, which backs water into Canada). Only about two percent of the entire Kootenay basin (1,005 square kilometres (388 sq mi) is used for agriculture, and much of that is for pasture and foraging). Crops such as oats, barley and wheat account for 62 percent of the agricultural output of

15096-428: The first Wynndel fall fair was held. In 1932, 19,775 crates of strawberries and 2,000 of raspberries were shipped. The next year, the co-op erected a new warehouse. In 1934, work began on the Wynndel end of the dyking project, finishing about six months later. At Wynndel, one part was 6 metres (20 ft) high, and Duck Creek was diverted. Drainage pipes also handled irrigation. The dyke stretched to Creston. Also in 1935,

15244-434: The first dam built for the treaty, was raised in 1967 and increased the 25-kilometre (16 mi) long size of Duncan Lake to a reservoir 45 kilometres (28 mi) long. Because of its purpose, it has no power generation facilities. Libby Dam, the fourth and last dam built under the treaty, was completed in 1975 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The other two dams built for the treaty, Keenleyside and Mica, are both on

15392-422: The first dam built on the river, the original goal was to improve navigation between Kootenay Lake and the Kootenay's mouth on the Columbia by drowning the dangerous Bonnington Falls rapids that also blocked fish migration, and hopefully introducing fish to the upper river by constructing a fish ladder. None of these amenities for steamboats or salmon were ever constructed — in fact, the dam ended up being built above

15540-436: The first people to live along the Kootenay River. For hundreds of years, they hunted and fished on the river, quite isolated from neighboring tribes. In the 19th century, Canadian explorer David Thompson became the first recorded European to reach the Kootenay and established trading posts throughout the region. A gold rush followed by silver and galena strikes in the late 19th century drew thousands of miners and settlers to

15688-407: The flats, and destroyed by the 1948 flood. The earliest Caucasian births in the locality were in 1907, namely Beth Putnam (for parentage see #Notable people ) and then Olga Hagen. Edward Butterfield was the inaugural postmaster 1910–1931. In 1911, school commenced in a log bunkhouse. Officially recognized the next year, the building soon became overcrowded. In 1912, Winlaw provided a building for

15836-593: The following spring. Through the early 19th century, Thompson continued to trade furs throughout the Kootenay region for the North West Company , and for the few years when he had a total monopoly over the Canadian fur trade west of the Rockies, he outlawed alcoholic drinks altogether. He was known to have written, "I had made it a law to myself that no alcohol should pass the mountains in my company". When two of Thompson's trading partners tried to make him take two barrels of rum to Kootanae House, Thompson "placed

15984-442: The fruit co-op from founder O.J. Wigen. After storm damage the next year, many orchards were not replanted. In 1926, a 400-ton capacity ice house and dedicated railway siding were installed. The next year, a 24 by 9 metres (78 by 30 ft) precooling plant opened, comprising three precooling rooms. The facility processed three loaded iced cars daily. By 1928, 40 hectares (100 acres) of strawberries were harvested annually. In 1930,

16132-413: The gates of the lock had been dynamited due to a Kootenay flood. Armstrong was forced to portage the vessel and eventually made it to Golden. Gwendoline eventually sailed back south to Jennings to haul iron ore on the Kootenay. She was also the only ship to ever travel through the canal by proper means and made two of the only three steamboat trips through the canal. The last ship ever to pass through

16280-480: The larger fruit packing sheds. At that time, news coverage adopted the name Wynndel for Duck Creek. The first year of local automobile ownership was 1917. In 1919, the clubhouse-packing shed received a concrete foundation, and Edward Butterfield's son Douglas entered into partnership to assume the store management. In 1920, Butterfield & Son enlarged the store, and D.J. Dewar opened the Wynndel Mercantile. The Butterfield renovations continued into 1921, which included

16428-483: The lineside of the British railway network still includes a large number of abandoned and generally dilapidated platelayers' huts. As platelayers usually work in gangs, the head and assistant are known as Railway Ganger and Assistant Ganger. Platelayers' huts were generally a single room, immediately adjacent to the running lines, equipped with a table, chairs, and a simple stove for heating. In Sweden, each railway employed

16576-420: The lower river called it aqkoktlaqatl , a name whose meaning is not certain. The name "Flatbow River" comes from the name the Blackfeet used to call the Ktunaxa, for their "powerful, stylish bows", and was later recorded by French-Canadian fur traders. While searching for the ultimate source of the Columbia River, explorer David Thompson encountered Columbia Lake , where the Columbia River starts north as

16724-417: The more perishable produce. The Midland and Pacific grain elevator, completed in 1937, ceased operations by the 1980s, and was demolished in 2013. By the 1980s, only three commercial berry growers remained. Most of the orchards had disappeared. In 1909, J.J. Grady sawmill established a sawmill. In May 1911, Murphy Bros. bought the 30,000-foot-daily capacity mill but resold to J.B. Winlaw in the fall. In 1914,

16872-469: The mountains. Because of the steep rapids and falls between Kootenay Lake and the river's mouth, the Kootenay (with the exception of its tributary, the Slocan River ) has never been a significant stream for the annual runs of Columbia River salmon. However, landlocked salmon inhabit the upper reaches of the river above and in Kootenay Lake. This is attributed to a Kootenay River flood a long time ago, before

17020-605: The northeast side of the Beaverfoot Range of southeastern British Columbia and flows initially southeast through a marshy valley in Kootenay National Park . The river becomes significantly larger at its confluence with the Vermilion River , which is actually the larger of the two where they meet near Kootenay Crossing. The Kootenay continues southeast, receiving the Palliser River from the left, and flows south into

17168-469: The northern Kootenay River watershed and heavily shaped the peaks and valleys one sees today. The glacier that formed Kootenay Lake caused the river to back up into an enormous body of water that stretched to Libby, Montana , near where the Libby Dam now stands, and possibly even connected to Lake Pend Oreille , which also was much enlarged at the time. Glacially deposited sediments buried the old streambed of

17316-558: The old dams. The canal is used to generate hydroelectricity , as are the four dams. After the falls and the junction with the Slocan River the last 18 kilometres (11 mi) of the river is a gradual slope to the merger with the Columbia. In 1944 the last privately owned development Brilliant Dam was built, just 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) before the Kootenay river flows into the Columbia River at Castlegar . The Columbia Basin

17464-433: The one-room high school opened at the far end of the school grounds, but operated for just over a year, before pupils transferred to the new Creston Valley High School. In 1949, the building was moved closer to the school, and was called the senior room. By 1937, Jas Brown worked as a mechanic, and by 1939, the garage was called Speedway Motors, a partnership with Neil Swain. Since the pair had a history of acquiring garages, it

17612-624: The passenger train for expedited delivery. In 1915, the first full boxcar load of strawberries was shipped out, and the season total was 7,762 crates. In 1916, Wynndel withdrew from the Fruit Growers Union in the Creston Valley. The strawberry harvest was 11,018 crates, comprising nine carloads, in 1916, about 6,500 crates in 1918 and 9,000 in 1919. During the 1910s, attempts at tomato growing proved unviable. However, O.J. Wigen grew bumper potato crops. In 1923, Elias Uri took over as manager of

17760-452: The peak of the rush was over, and the diggings had been found not as rich as previously believed when news arrived in 1865 of the strikes in the Big Bend of the Columbia and the bulk of the mining population moved there en masse . Fisherville, which had a Hudson's Bay post and other businesses, continued on with a few hundred residents for a few years (most of them Chinese by the end, as was

17908-415: The region in great amounts providing jobs and income for inhabitants of the area. Even in relatively uninhabited regions of the watershed, logging roads criss-cross the hills and mountainsides. Over 90 percent of the Kootenay basin is forested, but only about 10 percent of the area is not affected by some kind of lumber-industry development, now defined as about twenty "roadless areas" or "blocks", with 18 in

18056-570: The region, bringing developments such as railroads and steamboat navigation. The Doukhobors , a Russian religious sect, established a short-lived colony, Brilliant , at the Kootenay's mouth; subsequently dispersing into many settlements, they contributed to the region's timber and agricultural industries. As with many Pacific Northwest rivers, many dams were built on the Kootenay in the 20th century to generate electricity and protect against floods and droughts. Water levels of Kootenay Lake are artificially regulated, and numerous hydroelectric dams block

18204-517: The region, much of which is used locally or exported by rail. The primary agricultural region is the Kootenai Valley of northern Idaho south of Kootenay Lake. The West Kootenay, however, is transitioning from a coal-mining to a tourism-based economy, and the rest of the Kootenay region is also starting to do so. The economy of southeastern British Columbia is becoming increasingly reliant on tourism, and several Canadian national and state parks have already been established, and several national forests in

18352-403: The reintroduction of wolves. Species almost entirely gone that were once common in the area include the white-tailed jackrabbit , pygmy short-horned lizard , band-tailed pigeon and passenger pigeon . After exploitation of the Kootenay basin by fur trappers, the beaver population was nearly exterminated as well. Even before non-aboriginal people came to the region, the Kootenay River valley

18500-488: The river between Kootenay Lake and the Columbia River. Upstream of Kootenay Lake, most of the river is free-flowing with the exception of the Libby Dam in Montana, which forms Lake Koocanusa . The river was described with slightly different names by two groups of the local Ktunaxa (Kootenai) Indian tribes. These indigenous people who lived along the upper river knew it as aqkinmiluk , simply meaning "river". The people along

18648-405: The river broadens into a series of sloughs, side-channels, marshes and small lakes before entering Kootenay Lake. This biologically diverse area, the Kootenay Flats, once supported over 1 million migratory birds every year, before the river was diked and many of the wetlands converted to agriculture. Naturally, the Kootenay has a high sediment content because of high erosion of glacial sediments in

18796-688: The river in its winding course, including the Vermilion , Cross , Palliser , White , Wild Horse , St. Mary , Elk , Fisher , Yaak , Moyie , Goat , and Slocan rivers. Many river basins border the Kootenay—some are part of the Columbia Basin, while others drain to distant shores of the North American continent. On the south and southeast, the divide formed by the Cabinet and Whitefish ranges separate

18944-480: The river ways but turned back when he was attacked by Native Americans. The following year, Thompson, his family, and several men made another attempt at finding the Columbia. They crossed over the Rockies at a more northerly spot and traveled down the Blaeberry River to the Columbia, eventually discovering Columbia Lake and establishing there the trading post Kootenae House . In the spring of 1808, he set off down

19092-598: The river, especially in the Lake Koocanusa area and the Montana-Idaho portion of the watershed. In the Canada portion of the watershed, an alpine meadow ecozone occupies most of the high ridges and valleys of the mountains. In the Canadian portion of the Columbia Basin , almost half of which is part of the Kootenay River basin, there are 447 species of terrestrial vertebrates. Most of the Kootenay basin lies within

19240-425: The river. Near Brilliant the Kootenay forms a small inland delta then enters the Columbia River near Castlegar . At 50,298 square kilometres (19,420 sq mi), the Kootenay river's watershed is one of the largest sub-basins of the Columbia River system . The watershed stretches almost 400 kilometres (250 mi) from north to south and 250 kilometres (160 mi) from east to west, roughly defining

19388-500: The sawmill and planer mill to electric power, installed a gangsaw , remodelled the sawmill, and added a progressive dry kiln . Jack and Bob, Monrad's sons, were involved in the business and assumed the management in 1971. In 1992, a new and larger gangsaw was installed. After 2000, a complete upgrade of the mill machinery was undertaken. In 2011, an outside CEO was appointed to restructure the boutique business. Employees number about 100. In 2014, Wynndel Box & Lumber adopted WynnWood as

19536-508: The site. This has remained the only general store. In 1971, the unused teacherage was demolished. Completed for the 1975/76 school year were three classrooms, an office, a library, and auditorium, which replaced the former facilities. In 1981, the Wynndel Fire Department opened the firehall. The population, which was largely farmers, was about 125 by 1919, 150 by 1920, 325 by 1928, 396 by 1943, 550 by 1946, and 501 by 1951. In 1907,

19684-413: The social club on its formation. The building was called the club house. In 1913, a new schoolhouse was completed, and Edward Butterfield opened the first store about this time, described as a small seasonal general store. In 1915, Butterfield enlarged the building, bringing the store and post office under the same roof. By this time, dances were also held in the schoolhouse, and out of the harvest season, in

19832-484: The son of O.J. Wigen opened a mill, commonly called the Monrad Wigen sawmill and/or box factory. The next year, a large extension was added to the box factory building. During the spring high water, logs were towed to the bay and hauled by horses to the mill. In 1918, Wigen built a tramway to transport logs from the slough to the mill. Under construction since the prior year, the new Winlaw sawmill opened in 1919. That year,

19980-540: The south, with a portage at Canal Flats. Kootenay's steamboat era was short and lasted for only about 28 years. In 1882, as part of an incentive to help navigation on the Golden-Jennings run and possibly divert water northwards to the Interior of British Columbia in order to provide flood control for a low-lying area south of Kootenay Lake, called Kootenay Flats, European adventurer William Adolf Baillie-Grohman proposed

20128-430: The southerners mainly fished. Notably, the Ktunaxa were the first tribe west of the Rockies to capture and use feral European-introduced horses for their own use. The origin and meaning of the name "Kootenai" are uncertain. Before their discovery by Europeans, they were known as Ksanka , "people of the standing arrow". It is thought that French-Canadian fur trappers of the Hudson's Bay Company and other companies in

20276-481: The three times weekly mixed train ran no farther north than Creston. In early 1905, the respective junction stations were renamed Wilkes, probably after Fred Wilkes, a CP telegraph linesman from Fernie . The change to Wynndell a couple of years later, may have loosely derived from Wilkes or Wigen. Wynn is a runic letter in Old and Middle English representing the W sound and a dell is a valley. In June 1913, on completion of

20424-401: The two kegs on a vicious horse and by noon the kegs were empty and in pieces, the horse rubbing his load against the rocks to get rid of it ... I told them what I had done, and that I would do the same to every keg of alcohol." Of course, wine, beer, rum, and other intoxicating drinks were imported in time. John Palliser crossed the Rockies through a pass in 1858 that led to the headwaters of

20572-529: The upper and lower reaches of the Kootenay, but in the middle portion, alluvial sediments allow the river to meander over a broader valley floor. The sediments probably originated through heavy glaciation during the previous Ice Age . About 15,000 years ago, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet advanced southwards into present-day BC, Montana, and Idaho, blocking the Kootenay River at the outlet of Kootenay Lake, which did not yet exist. Glaciers covered most of

20720-426: The world's steel-making coal comes from the region. Most of the coal from the East Kootenay coalfields is exported to Japan and Korea . Lead, zinc, copper and silver are still mined at some places in the Kootenay River basin, notably at the giant Sullivan Mine near Kimberley, British Columbia , which is the largest in the Kootenay watershed. Agriculture , however, is a much less important industry, and many of

20868-561: Was already a small settlement on the site, called Waterloo, but Verigin renamed it Brilliant , for the "sparkling waters" of the river. The whole area was known by the name, Dolina Ooteschenie , meaning "valley of consolation". By 1913, there were already more than 5,000 Doukhobors living in the region. When they first arrived in British Columbia, the Doukhobors began felling trees in the Kootenay River valley to build their first homesteads . They also cleared areas of level ground in order to plant orchards and fields and constructed sawmills on

21016-619: Was an important path of trade and transport between the tribes of the Canadian Rockies and the Idaho Panhandle, mostly between the Ktunaxa (who practiced agriculture and aquaculture ) and the Salish, Blackfeet and Pend d'Oreilles of the south and east, and with the Shuswap in the north. The physiographic continuation of the Kootenai Valley southwards from present-day Bonners Ferry, Idaho into

21164-455: Was completed, but the district road conditions varied from poor to passable. Today's Highway 3A, the rebuilt high road south, opened as a gravel road in 1950, and reconstruction north to Kuskanook was completed in 1954, both being paved soon after construction. A later Creston Bus Lines provided a Creston–Wynndel service at least for 1947–1953. The October 1963 opening of the Salmo –Creston highway over

21312-433: Was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1995. The Northwest Power and Conservation Council divides the Kootenay River watershed into six biomes: aquatic (rivers and lakes), riparian zones , wetlands, grassland/shrubs, moderately wet forest, and dry forest. The forested zones extend through the alpine and subalpine reaches of the watershed, while grasslands dominate the low terraces and plateaus surrounding

21460-636: Was extremely difficult and proved to be anything but cost-effective. The roughest water was in Jennings Canyon, now mostly submerged in the Lake Koocanusa reservoir behind Libby Dam . Two of the first steamers, the Duchess and the Cline , sank when transporting miners to the Wild Horse gold rush on the Kootenay. Both ships had not even reached Canal Flats when they hit rocks in the Columbia. The first steamboat to run

21608-436: Was in decrepit condition (having been out of use for many years) and "entirely impracticable for horses". They re-blazed the trail for many miles and returned to Kootenay Lake by mid-October of the same year. The expedition's findings were later to become important transportation routes through the Rockies to the Kootenays area, and the trail that they followed later became the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway . In 1863,

21756-506: Was inaugurated, improving the access to Nelson. Commencing that year, the Creston–Nelson Greyhound bus route followed the east shore. On at least one occasion, a Creston garage car ferried Greyhound passengers between Wynndel and Creston, because of adverse road conditions. Creston Bus Lines bought a new Hayes-Anderson coach in 1935, but the route details and period of operation are unclear. The parcel and freight delivery role of

21904-558: Was the largest community hall in BC. An addition was installed on the side of the building in 1954. The St. Helen's Roman Catholic church building opened in 1948 and closed around 1964. The Church of God building held services 1952–1959. In 1961, a new two-room building was erected for grades 4–6, the old building housing grades 1–3. In 1962, the United church ceased regular services, but a Sunday school continued. Services resumed briefly 1964–1965. In 1964,

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