In a parliamentary system , advice is a formal and usually binding instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another. Heads of state often act on the basis of advice issued by prime ministers or other government ministers. For example, in constitutional monarchies , the monarch usually appoints ministers of the Crown on the advice of their prime minister.
5-415: A privy council is a body that advises a head of state , typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government . The term "privy" (from French privé ) signifies private or secret. Consequently, a privy council, more common in the past, existed as a group of a ruling monarch's most trusted court advisors. Its purpose was to consistently provide confidential advice on matters of state. Despite
10-400: A constitutional crisis . Although most advice is binding, in comparatively rare instances it is not. For example, many heads of state may choose not to follow advice on a dissolution of parliament where the government has lost the confidence of that body. In some cases, whether the advice is mandatory or truly just advisory depends on the context and authority of the person offering it. Hence
15-495: The Westminster system , advice may legally be rejected; for example, in several Commonwealth realms , the monarch is not legally obliged to accept the advice of his or her ministers. This lack of obligation forms part of the basis for the monarch's reserve powers . Nevertheless, the convention that the head of state accept ministerial advice is so strong that in ordinary circumstances, refusal to do so would almost certainly provoke
20-523: The president of Ireland ordinarily is obliged to dissolve Dáil Éireann (Assembly of Ireland) when advised to do so by the taoiseach (prime minister). However, if a taoiseach has (in the words of the Constitution of Ireland ) "ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann " (i.e., lost the confidence of parliament) the president has the option of refusing to follow that advice, and thus force
25-500: The abolition of monarchy, some privy councils remained operational, while others were individually disbanded, allowing the monarchical system to continue to exist without a secret crown council. Advice (constitutional) Among the most prominent forms of advice offered are, among other things: In some states, the duty to accept advice is legally enforceable, either recognized as a binding obligation under jus cogens principles or established by constitution or statute . Under
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