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60-503: Trinity Green is a public park located on the edge of Stockton Town Centre in Stockton-on-Tees , England . The park is dominated by the preserved ruins and Grade II* listed building of Holy Trinity Church which was gutted by fire in Autumn 1991. Trinity Green was given to the town of Stockton by Bishop William van Mildert at the start of the 19th century, and now serves a space open to

120-610: A grassy slope overlooking the riverside, which becomes an amphitheatre during large events. From Castlegate Quay, the tree-lined path along the waterfront toward the Princess of Wales Bridge opens into green space and a car park for events. Beyond the Princess of Wales Bridge, the slipway at the River Tees Watersports Centre is situated at the western area of Northshore, which is currently under development, and which leads to

180-416: A manor or religious house. It is thought that Stockton fell into this category, and perhaps the name is an indication that Stockton was an outpost of Durham or Norton which were both important Anglo-Saxon centres. Stockton was a township in the ancient parish of Norton until 1713, when it became an independent parish in its own right. Norton and Stockton's historic roles were reversed in 1913 when Norton

240-465: A market charter to our town of Stockton a market upon every Wednesday for ever . The town grew into a small but busy port, exporting wool and importing wine , which was in demand by the upper class. However, even by the standards of the time, medieval Stockton-on-Tees was a small town, with a population of only approximately 1,000; the town did not grow for centuries. Scotland captured Stockton Castle in 1644, and occupied it until 1646. The castle

300-521: A pointed doorway with label stops . There were also once coupled and decorated windows adjourning the chancel. These windows were in the Lancet and Rose styles, and were placed into the nave and transepts with 'poppyhead' label moulds . In the tower, there were once windows in blind tracery with arches above. 54°33′37″N 1°18′55″W  /  54.5602°N 1.3153°W  / 54.5602; -1.3153 Stockton-on-Tees Stockton-on-Tees

360-480: A variety of architectural types, which help to define the town's identity. The shops predominantly have narrow frontages stretching back to gain floorspace. This burgage plot style is particularly evident around the marketplace and on side streets such as Silver Street, Finkle Street and Ramsgate. There is also the surviving ruins of the gothic style church in Trinity Green , which dates back to 1834. Before 2022,

420-506: Is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate). Stockton town centre is the heart of the borough. The High Street —the widest in the UK —heads north through the town centre from the junction of Bridge Road and Yarm Lane, to Maxwell's Corner, where Norton Road and Bishopton Lane begin. Dovecot Street runs west from the High Street's midway point, and further north, Church Road extends east toward Northshore and

480-578: Is a market town in County Durham , England, with a population of 84,815 at the 2021 UK census . It gives its name to and is the largest settlement in the wider Borough of Stockton-on-Tees . It is part of Teesside and the Tees Valley , on the northern bank of the River Tees . The Tees was straightened in the early 19th century for larger ships to access the town. The ports have since relocated closer to

540-401: Is a wide 4-bay nave with lower transepts with gabled extensions pointing towards the east. There are also a double bayed chancel . On the east of the transept , there is a small gabled porch . The tower of the church is at west end, and displays a large hexagonal base for the now missing steeple, as well as the main entrance below. The tower has set back buttresses and pinnacles ,

600-592: Is an Anglo-Saxon place name with the common ending ton , meaning farm , or homestead . Stock is thought by some to derive from the Anglo-Saxon Stocc , meaning log , tree trunk , or wooden post . Stockton could therefore mean a farm built of logs . This is disputed because when Stocc forms the first part of a place name, it usually indicates a derivation from the similar word Stoc , meaning cell , monastery , or place . Stoc in place name such as Stoke or Stow usually indicates farms which belonged to

660-696: Is linked to the town centre by the Teesquay Millennium Footbridge , Princess of Wales Bridge , and Infinity Bridge . In 1995, after four years' construction, the Tees Barrage was commissioned, permanently holding the upstream river waters at the level of an average high tide. In 2007, funding from the European Regional Development Fund and English Heritage secured the ruins of the Holy Trinity Church, and renovated

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720-502: Is often used when referring to dams, retaining walls and other structures holding back earth. Early examples of buttresses are found on the Eanna Temple (ancient Uruk ), dating to as early as the 4th millennium BC. In addition to flying and ordinary buttresses, brick and masonry buttresses that support wall corners can be classified according to their ground plan. A clasping or clamped buttress has an L-shaped ground plan surrounding

780-730: Is partially located within the borough, several miles west of the town. The airport offers domestic flights and services international festival destinations, especially in the EU . Stockton is famous as the home of the friction match and the Stockton and Darlington Railway , which operated the world's first steam-hauled passenger train in 1825. The town also has the world's oldest passenger railway station building. Industry and engineering remained central to Stockton's economy over many years, and major industries have included shipbuilding and repair, heavy engineering, steel, and chemicals manufacturing. However, during

840-459: Is situated on the north side of the river where Bridge Road approaches Victoria Bridge . The area is characterised by a mixture of office and residential accommodation, including the colourful twelve-storey Mezzino student apartments at Rialto Court, a Mecca Bingo hall, Burger King and the two-storey Grosvenor Casino , which opened in September 2011. Adjacent to the wharf is Castlegate Quay, which

900-739: Is the second largest centre in the town. Stockton-on-Tees has an oceanic climate typical of the United Kingdom. Being sheltered by the Lake District and Pennines to the west, Stockton is relatively dry for the U.K., with on average 25 inches (643 mm) of rain a year. Its climate is more continental climate than other parts of the U.K., with above average summer temperatures, and below average winter temperatures. Summer highs typically reach approximately 20 °C (68 °F), while winter lows can fall to several degrees below 0 °C (32 °F). The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate

960-523: The Commissioners' church Act of 1818. It was designed by John and Benjamin Green , and construction began in 1834. It was consecrated as an Anglican church on December 22, 1835, making it the first parish church of Stockton. The church spire originally measured 200 feet high making it the tallest building in the area at the time, however, the top was lost during a gale in 1882. Holy Trinity continued to serve

1020-601: The Eston Hills resulted in blast furnaces lining the River Tees from Stockton to the river's mouth. In 1820, an Act set up the Commissioners, a body with responsibility for lighting and cleaning the streets, and from 1822, Stockton-on-Tees was lit by gas. In 1822, Stockton witnessed an event which changed the face of the world forever, and which heralded the dawn of a new era in trade, industry and travel. The first rail of George Stephenson 's Stockton and Darlington Railway

1080-580: The North Riding of Yorkshire , and Westmorland during this period, exporting mainly rope, agricultural produce and lead from the Yorkshire Dales . Iron making and engineering entered the local economy in the 18th century The town grew rapidly as the Industrial Revolution started, the population grew from 10,000 in 1851 to over 50,000 in 1901 as workers moved in. The discovery of iron ore in

1140-528: The North Sea and ships are no longer able to sail from the sea to the town due to the Tees Barrage , which was installed to manage tidal flooding . The Stockton and Darlington Railway , on which coal was ferried to the town for shipment, served the port during early part of the Industrial Revolution . The railway was also the world's first permanent steam-locomotive-powered passenger railway. Stockton

1200-534: The 13th century, the bishop changed the village of Stockton into a borough ; the exact date the borough was founded is unknown, but it was being described as a borough by 1283. When the bishop freed Stockton's serfs , craftsmen moved to the new town. The bishop had a residence in Stockton Castle , which was a fortified manor house, the first recorded reference to which was in 1376. Stockton's market traces its history to 1310, when Bishop Bek of Durham granted

1260-534: The 1930s, slums were cleared, and the first council houses were built. On 10 September 1933, the Battle of Stockton took place, in which between 200 and 300 supporters of the British Union of Fascists were taken to Stockton to hold a rally, but they were driven out of town by up to 2,000 anti-fascist demonstrators. In the late 20th century, manufacturing severely declined, with the service industries developed into

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1320-562: The A1046 continues to its northern terminus at Port Clarence . The A139 connects the town centre with the northern suburb of Norton . This was the original route for the A19 before a bypass was built to the east of the town. The A177 runs from Stockton town centre to Durham . Known as Durham Road, it passes Sedgefield en route, and is a major route in to and out of Stockton. The A66 connects Stockton directly to Middlesbrough (8 miles (13 km) to

1380-511: The Anglican community of Stockton faithfully for many years, being listed as a Grade II* protected building on the January 19, 1951. In September 1955 it was reported that the churchyard was to be converted into an open space. From this point onwards, the area was designated a public park for local citizens, but the church itself continued to be in service. The church continued to operate until 1982 when

1440-517: The Green Dragon Studios ( recording studios ) and Britain's oldest surviving Georgian Theatre . Alongside retail outlets, Stockton town centre also has a variety of services including national banks and building societies, travel agents, a post office, hairdressers, beauticians, cafés, and restaurants. The refurbishment of some period buildings has provided space for small firms including solicitors, recruitment agencies, and accountants. Since

1500-846: The Millennium Bridge. This permanent colourful illumination is intended to add value to the riverside businesses and restaurants and play an important part in the council's events programme throughout the year. Stockton is one of 12 towns in England to share in £1.2 million of funding, support from retail guru Mary Portas and her own team, as part of the Portas Pilot scheme. Selected from over 370 applications, Stockton's Town Team Consortium , comprising Stockton Council, Tees Music Alliance, Durham University Queen's Campus, town centre retailers, A Way Out and Stockton Heritage in Partnership, will have

1560-566: The River Tees run almost parallel to the rear of the centre. The Teesquay Millennium Footbridge links the Castlegate Quay on the north side of the river to Teesdale Business Park and Durham University 's Queen's Campus on the south side in the ceremonial county of the North Riding of Yorkshire. Situated at the north west end of the town centre is Wellington Square shopping centre, built on

1620-566: The River Tees. At the centre of the High Street stands Stockton-on-Tees Town Hall , dating from 1735, and the Georgian-style Shambles Market Hall. Around the town hall, the largest outdoor market in North East England, which has been in existence since the 1300s, continues to be held every Wednesday and Saturday. Much of the town centre has a Georgian and late medieval influence, with a number of listed buildings and

1680-533: The Tees Barrage. The town is served by two main arterial roads: the transpennine A66 (east/west) and the A19 (north/south). The A19 connects Stockton with York in the south, and extends to Peterlee and Sunderland , to the north. East of the town centre is the A1046, a mostly dual carriageway which runs through Portrack as Portrack Lane, a major retail zone, particularly for home furnishings and DIY . From Portrack,

1740-492: The area. Stockton station, located above the High Street, serves the town; however, more regular and long-distance trains run from nearby Thornaby . Northern routinely serves both stations with local and regional services, whereas at Thornaby TransPennine Express runs an hourly service between Saltburn-by-the-Sea and Manchester Airport via York and LNER stops once both ways every weekday between Middlesbrough and London King's Cross . Teesside International Airport

1800-495: The construction of the Tees Barrage in 1995, the level of the River Tees through the town has permanently been held at high tide, creating a backdrop for riverside events and facilitating watersports activities such as rowing, canoeing, jet skiing, and dragon boat racing. Stockton town centre is elevated above the river, and is separated from the riverside by the A1305 Riverside Road, a dual carriageway which runs parallel to

1860-479: The decline in members and finances forced it to close. In 1985 the building was taken over by the Greek Orthodox church , but the church was plagued by vandalism until it was destroyed by fire in Autumn of 1991 and added to the ' Heritage At Risk register ' by Historic England . The cause of the fire was never established. The ruin continued to be vandalised until it was protected by a steel fence. In 2007, funding

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1920-436: The decorated Gothic style still remains today. The remaining building is entirely adorned with Ashlar stone. On each wall there are gabled buttresses with scrolled label stops , with set back buttresses at each corner. At each of these corners there are Pinnacle towers , with gargoyles below. Each wall is also arcaded with parapets built at the top, with each having a corbel arch with minimal gabled stone . There

1980-497: The east) and Darlington (10 miles (16 km) to the west). Beyond Darlington lies the A1(M) . The A66 is connected to Stockton centre by the A135 . The old A135 was renumbered A1027, and this continues through the town to Billingham . The A135 is named '1825 Way' to commemorate the former Stockton and Darlington Railway 's opening; the 1825 Way's northern end is St John's Crossing, adjacent to

2040-620: The eventual aim being to bring distinctive high-quality city-scale assets to the centre of the Tees Valley, including the town centres of Stockton and Middlesbrough. The project will include the existing developments at North Shore, Stockton and Middlesbrough, with many others over a 15- to 20-year period. In February 2020 it was announced that the Castlegate Shopping Centre is set to be demolished in 2022. Buttress The term counterfort can be synonymous with buttress and

2100-450: The factories; however, the port declined as business moved downstream to Middlesbrough . Stockton witnessed another development in 1827. Local chemist John Walker invented the friction match in his shop at 59 High Street. The first sale of these matches was recorded in his sales-book on 7 April 1827, to a Mr. Hixon, a solicitor in the town. Since he did not obtain a patent, Walker received neither fame nor wealth for his invention, but he

2160-502: The increased population, a hospital opened in Stockton in 1862, and a public library opened in 1877. Public transport also became important. Steam trams began running in the streets in 1881, and these were replaced by electric trams in 1897. Stockton was still dominated by the engineering industry in the 1930s, and there was also a chemicals industry in the town. Buses replaced the trams in 1931. Public housing also became necessary, and in

2220-430: The land of an existing burial site called "The Monument" (originally a mass grave from a prior cholera outbreak ) to the town of Stockton. Upon this land, the process of building of and designing the gothic style Holy Trinity Church began, using funds originally allocated for church building in the Commissioners' church Act of 1818. It was designed by John and Benjamin Green , and construction began in 1834. It

2280-527: The nearby Bishop's Ferry. Until the opening of the Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge in 1911, this was the Tees's most downstream bridging point. From the end of the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution transformed Stockton from a small and quiet market town into a flourishing centre of heavy industry. In 1833, the then Bishop of Durham, William Van Mildert (1765 - 1836) gifted five acres and

2340-539: The north and south banks of the Tees are retained by steel sheet pile walls, and have footpaths along the river edge. The Tees Walkway on the north bank of the river can be accessed from the town centre by the Teesquay Millennium Footbridge or the Riverside Footbridge, and incorporates a cycle path which forms part of the National Cycle Network . The 11-metre Aeolian Motion wind sculpture stands on

2400-552: The north bank of the River Tees . The town's northern and western extremities are on slightly higher ground than the town centre, which is directly on the Tees. Stockton experiences occasional earth tremors. For example, it was the epicentre of a tremor measuring 2.8 on the Richter scale on 23 January 2020. The town has many areas outside of the town centre; Fairfield , Portrack , Hardwick , Hartburn , Elm Tree Farm , Norton , Roseworth , Newtown , Bishopsgarth and Oxbridge . Norton

2460-465: The old Stockton Railway Station buildings. A number of bus services operate in Stockton, and most services pass through the High Street. The services cover large areas of the region including Middlesbrough , Teesside Park , Thornaby-on-Tees , Billingham , Sedgefield , Durham , Sunderland , Peterlee , and Newcastle upon Tyne . Stagecoach on Teesside and Arriva North East are the major service providers, while six smaller companies also operate in

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2520-473: The old Wellington Street. Opened in 2001 at a cost of £43 million, it houses 46 shop units. The town centre has retained a number of original yards such as Wasp Nest Yard, Hambletonian Yard, and Ship Inn Yard. Most notable is Green Dragon Yard, a courtyard of restored historic warehouses within a series of alleyways . Considered the cultural quarter of the town, this houses the Green Dragon public house,

2580-440: The opportunity to share in expert advice and guidance from a range of retail experts. The Stockton-Middlesbrough Initiative is a 20-year vision for regenerating the urban core of the Tees Valley , the main focus being the 30 km (12 sq mi) area along the banks of the River Tees between the two centres of Stockton and Middlesbrough . The master plan has been drawn up by environmental design specialists Gillespies,

2640-444: The public, hosting occasional cultural and community events. In 1833 the then Bishop of Durham, William Van Mildert (1765 - 1836) gifted five acres and the land of an existing burial site called "The Monument" (originally a mass grave from a prior cholera outbreak ) to the town of Stockton . Upon this land, the process of building of and designing Holy Trinity Church began, using funds originally allocated for church building in

2700-516: The river from Northshore to Chandlers Wharf. From the town centre, Bishop Street, Silver Street, Calvert's Lane, and Thistle Green offer views of the river where it meanders around Teesdale Business Park. Durham University Queen's Campus can be seen on the opposite side, alongside the skyline of Middlesbrough in the middle distance and Roseberry Topping in the Cleveland Hills , approximately fifteen miles (24 km) south east. Chandlers Wharf

2760-516: The ruin. With the safety of the site being secured, the status of the protected building was removed from the Heritage At Risk register in June of that year. The park is now the site of many of Stockton's cultural events such as Stockton International Riverside Festival and its carnival , as well hosts annual Remembrance Day services. The church once featured a highly ornamental exterior, however

2820-408: The site into Trinity Green , removing the site from Historic England 's ' Heritage At Risk register '. Work is under way to develop the north bank of the River Tees in Stockton with the £300 million Northshore scheme, which will include new offices, leisure facilities, housing, a 150-bedroom hotel, and a new campus for Durham University. In 2012, a long-term scheme aimed at transforming

2880-427: The town centre area was announced, with investment of approximately £38 million, just over £20 million being contributed by Stockton Borough Council, and the remainder coming from the private sector and grants. The investment programme aimed to attract more retailers, businesses, and shoppers to the town by opening up new spaces and links to the River Tees, providing easier access and parking, and capitalising on

2940-557: The town centre retail was largely concentrated within two shopping centres, Castlegate and Wellington Square. Wellington Square has open shops on pedestrian-only paths whereas the Castlegate, opened in 1972 and currently undergoing demolition, was a building which incorporated a multi-storey car park and an indoor market. Its façade was a dominant feature along the south east of the High Street, its site bounded by Finkle Street, Bridge Road and Tower Street. The Riverside dual carriageway and

3000-403: The town's heritage and cultural assets. Plans include the introduction of an expansive plaza area 'Infinity View' that will open up the pedestrian area to dramatic views of the award-winning Infinity Bridge. Under the scheme, the banks of the River Tees will be transformed with a series of impressive light installations which will stretch along the waterfront, from the Princess of Wales Bridge to

3060-464: The town's primary employers. The Ragworth district near the town centre was the scene of rioting in July 1992, when local youths threw stones at buildings, set cars alight, and threw missiles at police and fire crews. The area later saw a £12 million regeneration which involved mass demolition and refurbishment of existing properties, and construction of new housing and community facilities. Stockton lies on

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3120-479: The twentieth century, Teesside's heavy industry declined dramatically. Since the 1980s, Stockton has seen an increase in service industries. The development of Teesdale Business Park on the south bank of the River Tees has created commercial space with many large service providers opening call centres and offices in the area. Durham University 's Queen's Campus is also situated within the Teesdale development, which

3180-521: Was able to retire some years before his death. He died in 1859 at the age of 78, and is buried in the parish churchyard in Norton village. The first bell for Big Ben was cast by John Warner and Sons in Norton on 6 August 1856, but it was damaged beyond repair while being tested on site, and it had to be replaced by a foundry closer to Westminster, the Whitechapel Bell Foundry . To cater to

3240-401: Was absorbed into the borough of Stockton. Stockton is reportedly the home of the fossilised remains of the most northerly hippopotamus ever discovered. In 1958, an archeological dig four miles (6 km) north-west of the town uncovered a 125,000-year-old hippo's molar tooth. However, no one knows exactly where the tooth was discovered, who discovered it, or why the dig took place. The tooth

3300-399: Was consecrated as an Anglican church on 22 December 1835. Shipbuilding, which had started in the 15th century, prospered in the town through the 17th and 18th centuries, with smaller-scale industries also developing. These included brick, sail, and rope making, the latter now reflected in road names such as Ropery Street in the town centre. Stockton became the major port for County Durham ,

3360-577: Was destroyed at the order of Oliver Cromwell at the end of the Civil War . A shopping centre, the Castlegate Centre, now occupies the castle area, and this is scheduled for demolition in 2022. No known accurate depictions of the castle exist. The Town House (now called the Town Hall) was built in 1735, and Stockton's first theatre opened in 1766. In 1771, a five-arch stone bridge was built, replacing

3420-402: Was laid near St. John's crossing on Bridge Road. Hauled by Locomotion No 1 , Stephenson himself manned the engine on its first journey on 27 September 1825. Fellow engineer and friend Timothy Hackworth acted as guard. This was the world's first passenger railway, connecting Stockton with Shildon . The opening of the railway greatly boosted Stockton's economy, making it easier to bring coal to

3480-576: Was once the town's main dock. The quayside is still occupied by Georgian warehouses which have been converted into a number of business units, restaurants, and a gym . A full-size replica of Captain James Cook's ship HM Bark Endeavour was once moored at the quayside, but was sold and moved after refurbishment to a mooring in Whitby. The Teesside Princess, a two-deck river boat, is docked alongside, and offers river cruises all year to Yarm via Preston Park. Both

3540-410: Was secured to improve the site using funding from the European Regional Development Fund , as well as an additional £350,000 was secured through discussion between the local government and English Heritage . By 2009, the site had undergone renovation with works including boundary improvements, entrance features, seating, a heritage trail and interpretation panels and preparation works for illumination of

3600-530: Was sent to the borough's librarian and curator, G. F. Leighton, who then sent it to the Natural History Museum in London . Since then, the tooth has been missing despite efforts to locate it. Stockton began as an Anglo-Saxon settlement on high ground close to the northern bank of the River Tees . Stockton was described as a manor by 1138, and was purchased by Bishop Pudsey of Durham in 1189. During

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