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140-578: The British Union of Fascists ( BUF ) was a British fascist political party formed in 1932 by Oswald Mosley . Mosley changed its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists in 1936 and, in 1937, to the British Union . In 1939, following the start of the Second World War , the party was proscribed by the British government and in 1940 it was disbanded. The BUF emerged in 1932 from
280-468: A national syndicalist economic system guided by a corporate state . While Mosley was against liberal or, as Matthew Worley puts it, "untrammelled" capitalism, he wasn't against the system as a whole—rather, he wanted to retain capitalism and "make it more perfect". For Mosely, a more perfect system was for the State to manage capitalism, with the government regulating "the factors of supply and demand by
420-623: A 31% increase in numbers since the census of 2011. According to the 2011 census, 5,887 Jews lived in Scotland for a total of 277,653 self-identified Jews in the United Kingdom. This does not include much smaller communities in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories ; notably, there are Jewish communities in Gibraltar , Jersey and Bermuda , amongst others. However, this final figure
560-514: A BF splinter group the National Fascisti , were more ideologically fascist but smaller, drew little attention and had little impact — "their actions were limited to petty demonstrations and acts of vandalism" — although it was through these groups that leading fascists of the 1930s developed. For instance, along with Arnold Leese, Nesta Helen Webster , Neil Francis Hawkins , E.G. Mandeville Roe, H.J. Donavan, and William Joyce all started in
700-508: A British fascist corporatist economic system. Specific policies could take ideas and inspiration from theorists and politicians of various stripes: for instance, as well as being informed by Italian and Nazi fascism, Mosley's economic policy took inspiration from Keynes and Roosevelt . Mosley is also seen as taking political and economic arguments from the Edwardian radical right and was influenced by Hegel and Nietzsche . There have been
840-640: A Jewish plurality. Further afield from London, there is also a significant community in St Albans , as well as other smaller communities throughout the county. There are over 10,300 Jews in Essex , of which 4,380 live in the district of Epping Forest , in the county's southwest. There is also a significant community in Southend . In total, London and the counties around it are host to 70.56% of England and Wales' Jewish population, as of 2021. The next most significant population
980-445: A National Corporation and the government would nominate consumer representatives. The corporations would make decisions on prices, output, and competition, and on expansion and contraction of industries. The corporatism of the BUF was often talked about using the metaphor of the (healthy, youthful, athletic) body, in which "[e]very organ plays a part in relation to the whole and in harmony with
1120-448: A few councillors at local government level during the 1930s (including Charles Bentinck Budd ( Worthing , Sussex ), 1934; Ronald Creasy ( Eye, Suffolk ), 1938) but did not win any parliamentary seats. Two former members of the BUF, Major Sir Jocelyn Lucas and Harold Soref , were later elected as Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs). Having lost the funding of newspaper magnate Lord Rothermere , that it had previously enjoyed, at
1260-460: A form of pre-industrial aristocratic rule in which industrial interests were to be controlled by political appointees and financial interests made the servant of the state by tightening control over investments". The fascism of the BUF had "selective pacifism": it was non-interventionist and argued against war when it was not in defence of the United Kingdom or the British Empire . It believed
1400-434: A further 80,000 between 1938 and 1945. The late 1940s and early 1950s proved to be the high point, numerically speaking, for British Jewry. A decline followed, as many of the new arrivals moved to Israel, moved back to Europe, or emigrated elsewhere, and many other individuals assimilated. The decline continued into the 1990s, but has since reversed. The estimates given before the 2001 Census are likely not directly comparable to
1540-828: A history filled with Diaspora , dishes varied heavily and included fish, meat, spaghetti, pudding, or soup. Before the 2015 general election , 69% of British Jews surveyed were planning to vote for the Conservative Party , while 22% would vote for the Labour Party . A May 2016 poll of British Jews showed 77% would vote Conservative, 13.4% Labour, and 7.3% Liberal Democrat. An October 2019 poll of British Jews showed 64% would vote Conservative, 24% Liberal Democrat, and only 6% Labour. Jews are typically seen as predominantly middle-class, though historically many Jews lived in working-class communities of London. According to polling in 2015, politicians' attitudes towards Israel influence
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#17328369902961680-562: A lesser extent over the same period, going from 1,844 to 1,889 (+2.4%). Going into the 19th century, the Jewish population was small, likely no more than 20,000 individuals. However, the population quadrupled in just a few decades after 1881 as a large number of Jews fled oppression in the Russian Empire. The population increased by as much as 50% between 1933 and 1945, with the United Kingdom admitting around 70,000 Jews between 1933 and 1938, and
1820-447: A level at which it stayed until the end of the decade (see below), at which point it increased to about 22,500. Following Olympia, the BUF's antisemitism became more prominent. Bret Rubin contends that, as the BUF's concepts were not taking hold, the group was "pressured to conform to existing fascist stereotypes" in a bid for popularity. Mosley considered this new tack the reason for the increase in membership his group experienced in
1960-936: A net gain of Jewish immigrants, to the point Israelis now represent around 6% of the British Jewish community. The majority of the Jews in the UK live in southeastern England, particularly in and around London . Around 145,480 Jews live in London itself - more than half the Jewish population of the entire country - notably the North London boroughs of Barnet (56,620), Hackney (17,430), Camden (10,080), Haringey (9,400), Harrow (7,300), Redbridge (6,410), Westminster (5,630), Brent (3,720), Enfield (3,710), Islington (2,710) and Kensington and Chelsea (2,680). There are also 30,220 Jews living in districts that are not quite London, but are outside
2100-530: A number of anti-fascist protestors were attacked by the paramilitary wing of the BUF, the Fascist Defence Force , isolated the party from much of its following. The party's embrace of Nazi -style antisemitism in 1936 led to increasingly violent confrontations with anti-fascists, notably the 1936 Battle of Cable Street in London's East End . The Public Order Act 1936 , which banned political uniforms and responded to increasing political violence, had
2240-463: A number of British fascist groups, each with their own emphases; some less developed than others. Below are tenets shared by many of the groups, or those set out by the most established groups. Like others on the right, British fascists diagnose the nation as in decline and under threat. For the BUF, the fragmenting of the British Empire and the changes in gender roles following WWI were examples of
2380-519: A particularly strong effect on the BUF whose supporters were known as "Blackshirts" after the uniforms they wore. Growing British hostility towards Nazi Germany , with which the British press persistently associated the BUF, further contributed to the decline of the movement's membership. The party was finally banned by the British government on 23 May 1940 after the start of the Second World War, amid suspicion that its remaining supporters might form
2520-585: A petition to allow Jews to return, the majority of the Protectorate Government turned it down. Despite the Protectorate government's rejection of the Rabbi's petition, the community considers 1656 to mark the readmission of the Jews to England and Wales. In mid-nineteenth century British-ruled Ireland, Daniel O'Connell , known as "The Liberator" for his work on Catholic Emancipation , worked successfully for
2660-623: A political pariah, "the hated leader of a radical oppositional movement". The BUF still had moderate public support, however, and membership rose when it started its anti-war campaign in 1938. By September 1939, membership was about 22,500. Following the start of World War II and fearing a fifth column supporting the Axis powers , the BUF was banned in May 1940 under Defence Regulation 18B ; just under 800 of its members were imprisoned, including most of its leadership. Other fascist groups, including The Link,
2800-678: A pro-Nazi " fifth column ". A number of prominent BUF members were arrested and interned under Defence Regulation 18B . Oswald Mosley was the youngest elected Conservative MP before crossing the floor in 1922, joining first Labour and, shortly afterward, the Independent Labour Party . He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Ramsay MacDonald 's Labour government , advising on rising unemployment. In 1930, Mosley issued his Mosley Memorandum, which fused protectionism with
2940-586: A proto- Keynesian programme of policies designed to tackle the problem of unemployment, and he resigned from the Labour Party soon after, in early 1931, when the plans were rejected. He immediately formed the New Party , with policies based on his memorandum. The party won 16% of the vote at a by-election in Ashton-under-Lyne in early 1931; however, it failed to achieve any other electoral success. During 1931,
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#17328369902963080-684: A solution adequate to the problem and worthy of the modern mind". They found "the money spent on both scientific and technical research [was] absurdly inadequate". In the period after the First World War, there was unrest and change in the United Kingdom and the British Empire: unrest in Egypt , for instance, civil war in Ireland , the rise of Indian nationalism in the British Raj , strikes in Scotland ;
3220-419: A surer way to preserve the empire, support the monarchy, and continue to agitate for an ethnically homogeneous nation". It aimed a lot of its attention at recruiting young members and was more than an outlet for political interests, running branch activities, dances, camps. Women comprised a quarter of its membership. Active membership of the group declined to about 5,000 in 1935 following a rally they held at
3360-475: A traitor and condemned him for his extreme antisemitism. The historian Stephen Dorril revealed in his book Blackshirts that secret envoys from the Nazis had donated about £50,000 to the BUF. By 1939, total BUF membership had declined to just 20,000. On 23 May 1940, Mosley and some 740 other party members were interned under Defence Regulation 18B . The BUF then called on its followers to resist invasion, but it
3500-636: A transformation away from liberal democracy , while its social policies oppose feminism , LGBT rights , and societal permissiveness . Operating around a highly centralised structure that gave its chair near total control, the BNP built links with far-right parties across Europe and created various sub-groups, including a record label and trade union. The BNP attracted most support from within White British working-class communities in northern and eastern England, particularly among middle-aged and elderly men. A poll in
3640-513: Is an active synagogue in St Brelade , Jersey , although the Jewish population of the island is only 49. There is only a small number of Jews on the Isle of Man, with no synagogue. The British Jewish population has an older profile than the general population. In England and Wales, the median age of male Jews is 41.2, while the figure for all males is 36.1; Jewish females have a median age of 44.3, while
3780-569: Is considered an undercount. Demographers David Graham and Stanley Waterman give several reasons as for why: the underenumeration for censuses in general; the question did not record secular Jews; the voluntary nature of the question; suspicion by Jews of such questions; and the high non-response rate for large numbers of Haredi Jews. By comparison, the Jewish Virtual Library estimated a Jewish population of 291,000 ( not limited to adherents of Judaism) in 2012, making Britain's Jewish community
3920-535: Is heavily over-subscribed and applies strict rules on admissions, which led to a discrimination court case, R (E) v Governing Body of JFS , in 2009. In 2011, another large state-funded school opened in North London named JCoSS , the first cross-denomination Jewish secondary school in the UK. The Union of Jewish Students is an umbrella organisation that represents Jewish students at university. In 2011 there were over 50 Jewish Societies. British Jews generally have high levels of educational achievement. Compared to
4060-756: Is in Greater Manchester, a community of more than 28,000, mostly in Bury (10,730), Salford (10,370), Manchester (2,630), and Trafford (2,410). There are also significant communities in Leeds (6,270), Gateshead (2,910), Brighton (2,460), St Albans (2,240), and Southend (2,060). Some historically sizeable communities like Liverpool , Bournemouth and Birmingham have experienced a steady decline and now number fewer than 2,000 self-identifying Jews each; conversely, there are small but growing communities in places like Bristol , Oxford and Cambridge . The most Jewish county in
4200-637: Is the form of fascism which is promoted by some political parties and movements in the United Kingdom . It is based on British ultranationalism and imperialism and had aspects of Italian fascism and Nazism both before and after World War II . Historical examples of fascist organisations in Britain include the British Fascists (1923–1934), the British National Fascists (1924–1928),
4340-579: Is thought that the blood libel which accused Jews of ritual murder originated in Northern England, leading to massacres and increasing discrimination. The Jewish presence continued until King Edward I 's Edict of Expulsion in 1290. Jews were readmitted into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, though it is believed that crypto-Jews lived in England during
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4480-519: The Daily Mail to withdraw its support for the movement. The level of violence shown at the rally shocked many, with the effect of turning neutral parties against the BUF and contributing to anti-fascist support. One observer claimed: "I came to the conclusion that Mosley was a political maniac, and that all decent English people must combine to kill his movement." In Belfast in April 1934 an autonomous wing of
4620-628: The Jewish News , Jewish Telegraph , Hamodia , the Jewish Tribune and Jewish Renaissance . In April 2020, The Jewish Chronicle and the Jewish News , which had announced plans to merge in February and later announced plans for a joint liquidation, continued as separate entities after the former was acquired by a consortium. Cookbooks grew in popularity in Britain during the mid-1800s and shaped
4760-621: The Battle of Cable Street in 1936, when the fascists were forced to abandon their march through an area with a large Jewish population when the police clearing the way were unable to remove barricades defended by trade unionists, left wing groups and residents. In the aftermath of the Holocaust , undisguised racial hatred of Jews became unacceptable in British society . Outbursts of antisemitism emanating from far right groups continued, however, leading to
4900-801: The British National Party (1982–present), Britain First (2011–present), National Action (2013–2017), and the Sonnenkrieg Division (2015–2020). Parties inspired by British fascist movements include the New Zealand National Front (1968–2019) and the Australian Protectionist Party (2007–present). British fascism, like other fascisms, lacks a common "intellectual genealogy"; it developed its ideas from various sources, British and foreign. British fascism acknowledges
5040-563: The Combat 18 paramilitary — its name a coded reference to Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler — to protect its events from anti-fascist protesters. A growing 'moderniser' faction was frustrated by Tyndall's leadership, and ousted him in 1999. The new leader Nick Griffin sought to broaden the BNP's electoral base by presenting a more moderate image, targeting concerns about rising immigration rates, and emphasising localised community campaigns. This resulted in increased electoral growth throughout
5180-529: The Great Depression . For the BUF, this new economic policy, in which the state would use capitalism for its own purposes, could only be achieved under the leadership of a dictator, supported by elected experts. The current political system, according to the BUF, was old, slow and unfit for the modern age. The BUF marked itself as a modern movement with an interest in technology, and also saw itself connected and loyal to British traditions and history, like
5320-838: The Imperial Fascist League (1929–1939), the British Union of Fascists (1932–1940), the British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women (1937–1948), the National Socialist League (1937–1939), The Link (1937-1940), the British People's Party (1939–1954) and the Union Movement (1948–1978). More recent examples of British fascist groups include the British Movement (1968–1983), the National Front (1967–present),
5460-524: The Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that in England the orthodox community was growing by nearly 5% per year, while the non-haredi community was decreasing by 0.3% per year. It has been also documented that in terms of births, between 2007 and 2015, the estimated number of Strictly Orthodox births per annum increased by 35%, rising from 1,431 to 1,932. Meanwhile, the estimated number of ‘Mainstream’ (non-Strictly Orthodox) births per annum increased to
5600-526: The London Assembly , and two Members of the European Parliament . Taking its name from that of a defunct 1960s far-right party , the BNP was created by John Tyndall and other former members of the fascist National Front (NF). During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly. Instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating
5740-511: The London Borough of Harrow said in 2015 that it had the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in Europe. There are a number of Jewish newspapers , magazines and other media published in Britain on a national or regional level. The most well known is The Jewish Chronicle , founded in 1841 and the world's oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper. Other publications include
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5880-646: The Olympia exhibition centre in London on 7 June 1934. During the rally, anti-fascist hecklers were beaten up by BUF stewards. Although this was not the first time this happened, this time it resulting in disastrous publicity for the BUF. Lord Rothermere , the owner of the Daily Mail and the Sunday Dispatch , removed his public support for the group. However, support still came from both urban and rural areas and membership possibly increased to about 16,000 by late 1936,
6020-492: The Red Hand of Ulster . The BUF became more antisemitic over 1934–35 owing to the growing influence of Nazi sympathisers within the party, such as William Joyce and John Beckett , which provoked the resignation of members such as Robert Forgan . This antisemitic emphasis and these high-profile resignations resulted in a significant decline in membership, dropping to below 8,000 by the end of 1935, and, ultimately, Mosley shifted
6160-674: The Russian Empire due to pogroms and the May Laws between 1880 and the imposition of tighter immigration restrictions in 1905 sought their way to the Isles. Many German and Polish Jews seeking to escape the Nazi Holocaust arrived in Britain before and after the Second World War . Around 80-90% of British Jews today are Ashkenazi. Following de-colonisation, the late twentieth century saw Yemeni Jews Iraqi Jews and Baghdadi Jews settle in
6300-469: The Russian Revolution had begun in 1917 and was inspiring people; the labour movement was gaining more importance; more people had been given the right to vote . According to historian Liam Liburd, organised fascism began in Britain because "the forces of diehard conservatism , a sort of semi- aristocratic movement of ex-military men and of Tory peers ", were fearful about these challenges to
6440-511: The United Kingdom rose by just under 4% between 2001 and 2021. The first recorded Jewish community in Britain was brought to England in 1070 by King William the Conqueror who believed the Jewish population's commercial skills would make his newly won country more prosperous. At the end of the 12th century, a series of blood libels and fatal pogroms were perpetrated in England, particularly on
6580-471: The white genocide conspiracy theory , calling for global racial separatism and condemning interracial relationships . Under Tyndall, the BNP emphasised anti-semitism and Holocaust denial , promoting the conspiracy theory that Jews seek to dominate the world through both communism and international capitalism . Under Griffin, the party's focus switched from anti-semitism towards Islamophobia . It promotes economic protectionism , Euroscepticism , and
6720-620: The "Irish Connection" and the BUF held both Protestant and Catholic religious branches. Mosley condemned the Liberal government of David Lloyd George for being responsible for allowing reprisals between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. As a result of the BUF's conciliatory approach to Catholics, it gained a substantial support amongst Catholics, and several BUF leaders in Hull, Blackburn, and Bolton, were Catholics. Support by Catholic Irish in Stepney for
6860-446: The "local patriotisms" in Europe would give a way to the "greater patriotism to the unified country". However, before that, it would be necessary to build nations with sound and well-balanced economic basis. In 1936, Oswald Mosley warned of the possibility of the "brother's war" in Europe, instead, urging them to focus on the Soviet Russia. However, Mosley considered British fascism as a unique movement, and wrote that Britain would assume
7000-493: The 1935 general election the party urged voters to abstain, calling for "Fascism Next Time". There never was a "next time" as the next general election was not held until July 1945, five years after the dissolution of the BUF. Towards the middle of the 1930s, the BUF's violent clashes with opponents began to alienate some middle-class supporters, and membership decreased. At the Olympia rally in London, in 1934, BUF stewards violently ejected anti-fascist disrupters, and this led
7140-849: The 2000s suggested that most Britons favoured a ban on the party. It faced much opposition from anti-fascists, religious organisations, the mainstream media, and most politicians, and BNP members were banned from various professions. Does not include organisations focused on Unionism which do not mention British nationalism in their official makeup. Does not include organisations supportive of Unionism or Scottish independence without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup. Does not include organisations supportive of Unionism or Welsh independence without mentioning nationalism in their official makeup. British Jews British Jews (often referred to collectively as British Jewry or Anglo-Jewry ) are British citizens who are Jewish . The number of people who identified as Jews in
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#17328369902967280-444: The 2000s, to the extent that it became the most electorally successful far-right party in British history. By the 2015 general election, the BNP's membership and vote share had declined dramatically, groups like Britain First and National Action had splintered off, and the English Defence League had supplanted it as the UK's foremost far-right group. Ideologically positioned on the extreme-right or far-right of British politics,
7420-477: The BF. Fascism in Britain became mainstream, however, with the establishment of the Mosley's British Union of Fascists. The British Union of Fascists (BUF) was formed by Sir Oswald Mosley in October 1932 following his failed attempt to start a more traditional political party, the New Party . The BUF was "Britain's most intellectually coherent fascist movement". Mosley's main policy was economic: an imperialist, isolationist economy that would pull Britain out of
7560-529: The BNP has been characterised as fascist or neo-fascist by political scientists . Under Tyndall's leadership, it was more specifically regarded as neo-Nazi . The party is ethnic nationalist , and it once espoused the view that only white people should be citizens of the United Kingdom. It calls for an end to non-white migration into the UK. It called initially for the compulsory expulsion of non-whites but, since 1999, it has advocated voluntary removals with financial incentives. It promotes biological racism and
7700-450: The BUF increased after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War that involved clerical traditionalist and fascist forces fighting against an anti-clerical government. On racial issues, the various British fascist movements held different—although invariably racist—policies. Mosley's BUF believed that culture created national and racial differences—a policy closer to the views on race by Italian fascism rather than German Nazism . Initially
7840-400: The BUF was not explicitly anti-Semitic . In April and May 1933, the BUF newspaper The Blackshirt wrote that antisemitism was not an inherent characteristic of fascism. Rather, BUF considered it to be attributable to the specific German circumstances. On the contrary, Jewish issue was unknown to the Italian fascism, which BUF considered as "perfect". The BUF's ideology was in fact based upon
7980-540: The BUF's economic policies would offer them true equality – unlike its continental counterparts, the movement insisted it would not require women to return to domesticity and that the corporatist state would ensure adequate representation for housewives, while it would also guarantee equal wages for women and remove the marriage bar that restricted the employment of married women. The BUF also offered support for new mothers (due to concerns of falling birth rates), while also offering effective birth control, as Mosley believed it
8120-409: The BUF's focus on British nationalism and instead focused on promoting the idea of Pan-European nationalism . Mosley's pan-Europeanism was inspired by German philosopher Oswald Spengler and his concept of unity of European culture and its primary Faustian symbols. For the BUF, only a dictator could bring to an end the weaknesses of the current political and economic system and bring in and manage
8260-439: The BUF's membership. In a January 2010 BBC documentary, Mother Was A Blackshirt , James Maw reported that in 1914 Norah Elam was placed in a Holloway Prison cell with Emmeline Pankhurst for her involvement with the suffragette movement, and, in 1940, she was returned to the same prison with Diana Mosley , this time for her involvement with the fascist movement. Another leading suffragette, Mary Richardson , became head of
8400-536: The BUF, where Mosley was seen as an inspirer of hate and the level of popular opposition towards the BUF was illustrated. At least 6,000 policemen charged with protecting the up-to 5,000 strong fascists' march through a Jewish area of London clashed with an anti-fascist counterdemonstration of at least 100,000 people. Then the BUF suffered from the Public Order Act 1936 , passed in 1937 in part in response to Cable Street, which banned political uniforms and paramilitarism. According to Bret Rubin, by 1937 Mosley had become
8540-411: The British Union of Fascists, while inspired by, for example, Italian fascism's ideas on the Corporate State, claimed both its economic and political agenda intend to embody that of Tudor England (1485–1603). It claimed that its advocacy of a centralised national authoritarian state was based upon the Tudor state's hostility to party factions and to self-interested sectional interests, and upon
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#17328369902968680-557: The British nation in a number of ways. The division between workers and employers, for instance, would be resolved, they argued, by the "machinery of government" (i.e., the corporate state ) providing an "equitable distribution of the proceeds of industry" to those involved. The BUF also sought to by healing sectarian divide between Protestant and Catholic Britons, and in particular it sought to appeal to Catholic Irish living in Britain. The BUF declared support for complete religious toleration. BUF Leader Sir Oswald Mosley emphasised
8820-408: The British public's fears about a dictator by saying they could vote the government out if necessary (and the monarch would select new ministers to take their places). Other members of the BUF, however, advocated for a dictator in the style of Italy's or Germany's, as did Arnold Leese of the Imperial Fascist League. For Mosley, the corporate state was to give the nation its direction: it would set
8960-522: The British status quo and connected them together with belief in a Jewish world plot . Historian Camilla Schofield summarizes these "early threads" of British fascism as "imperial anxiety, revulsion towards the undiscipled masses , fear of communism , and antisemitism " and to them adds "stories of a glorious, unblemished past". Within months of Mussolini taking power in Italy (his government forming on 31 October 1922), organised British fascism had begun (the first British group with "fascists" in its name
9100-417: The Census, as the Census is based purely on self-identification, whereas the estimates are based on community membership, and it is probably the decline from 450,000 to 266,740 is more like a decline from 450,000 to somewhere between 300,000 and 350,000 going by the metrics of the estimators. Contemporary Jewish demographers like Sergio DellaPergola give figures around 300,000 for the British Jewish population in
9240-438: The English ban on Jews extended to Wales. There is only one known record of a Jew in Wales between 1290 and the annexation, but it is possible individuals did persist there after 1290. A small community of conversos was identified in Bristol in 1609 and banished. In 1656, Oliver Cromwell made it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement in England and Wales would no longer be enforced, but when Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel brought
9380-412: The Glasgow suburb of Newton Mearns . Glasgow itself has around 970 Jews. Edinburgh counts 1,270 Jews; the remaining 35% of Scottish Jewry is scattered throughout the country. The largest Welsh community is in Cardiff , with almost 700 Jews, comprising about a third of the Welsh Jewish population and 0.19% of the population of Cardiff itself. The only synagogue in Northern Ireland is in Belfast , where
9520-555: The IFL was of a similar opinion. The BUF declared support for the British monarchy , regarding the monarchy as a beneficial institution for its role in bringing Britain to preeminence in the world, and seeing it as a symbol of Britain's imperial splendour. Its support went as far as "Absolute loyalty to the Crown" with Mosley saying that British fascists aimed to "in every way maintain its dignity". The BUF declared its support for complete religious toleration, but also declared that it sought to merge both religious and secular spheres of
9660-405: The Imperial Fascist League, and the Nordic League, also closed, or ceased public activity, as war approached. However, British fascist organisations and individuals still operated during WWII. The British National Party (BNP) is a British fascist political party. Founded in 1982, it reached its greatest level of success in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in local government , one seat on
9800-420: The Jewish faith. There are around 454 synagogues in the country , and it is estimated that 56.3% of all households across the UK with at least one Jew living within them held synagogue membership in 2016. The percentage of households adhering to specific denominations is as follows: Those in the United Kingdom who consider themselves Jews identify as follows: The Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue in
9940-502: The Jews from England . The Jewish population emigrated to countries such as Poland which protected them by law . A small English community persisted in hiding despite the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland , which was an independent kingdom until 1707; however, there is no record of a Jewish presence in Scotland before the 18th century. Jews were also not banned in Wales at the time, but England eventually annexed Wales under Henry VIII . When Henry VIII's England annexed Wales,
10080-502: The New Party became increasingly influenced by fascism . The following year, after a January 1932 visit to Benito Mussolini in Italy , Mosley's own conversion to fascism was confirmed. He wound up the New Party in April, but preserved its youth movement, which would form the core of the BUF, intact. He spent the summer that year writing a fascist programme, The Greater Britain , and this formed
10220-559: The Tudor goal of national integration through a centralised authoritarian state. Supporters saw the Tudor state as a prototype fascist state. In 1935 A. L. Glasfurd, a member of the British Union of Fascists (BUF), praised Henry VII 's subjugation of "lawless barons who had brought about the Wars of the Roses "; he also praised the "Tudor dictatorship" for introducing national policies and restrictions on
10360-503: The UK is Hertfordshire, which is 2.23% Jewish; this is followed by the City of London , at 2.06%, and then Greater London at 1.63%. Greater Manchester is 1.00% Jewish, Essex is 0.70% and East Sussex is 0.65%. No other county is as much as 0.50% Jewish. The least Jewish county or principal area in England and Wales is Merthyr Tydfil , which is less than 0.01% Jewish despite once having had a significant community. Hertsmere and Barnet councils are
10500-431: The UK. This has resulted in some synagogues establishing French-language Shabbat services . In 2018, 534 Britons emigrated to Israel , representing the third consecutive annual decline. The figure was one third down on 2015 and was the lowest for five years. Meanwhile, immigration of Jews from Israel is consistently higher than emigration of Jews to Israel, at a ratio of about 3:2, meaning the British Jewish community has
10640-450: The United Kingdom. A multicultural community, in 2006, British Jews celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England. According to the 2021 United Kingdom census , there were 271,327 Jews in England and Wales , or 0.5% of the overall population, whilst in the 2021 Northern Irish census, there were 439 self-identified Jews comprising just 0.02% of the population, but marking
10780-482: The accusation by Arnold Leese , who left the BF and lead the Imperial Fascist League , of being "conservatism with knobs on". The rest of the decade before the formation of the BUF was marked by the formation and splintering of a number of smaller fascist groups. The BF, the largest of this period, peaked at a membership of several thousand but dwindled by the early 1930s to between 300 and 400 members. Other groups, like
10920-511: The authority. Under a Britain run by Mosley's fascists, girls would be educated up to the age of 15 so that they would be able to serve their families and the nation, and married women would be allowed to work but wouldn't need to because men, who are better suited to work, would receive higher wages so husbands would provide for their families. Mosley called for a 'return of seriousness and the restoration of social values' to curb homosexuality. The British Union of Fascists (BUF) sought to unify
11060-516: The basis of policy of the BUF, which was launched on 1 October 1932 at 12 Great George Street in London. The BUF claimed 50,000 members at one point, and the Daily Mail , running the headline "Hurrah for the Blackshirts!", was an early supporter. The first Director of Propaganda, appointed in February 1933, was Wilfred Risdon , who was responsible for organising all of Mosley's public meetings. Despite strong resistance from anti-fascists, including
11200-504: The borough of Hertsmere in southwestern Hertfordshire adjacent to Jewish areas in Barnet and Harrow . Towns and villages in Hertsmere with large Jewish populations include Borehamwood (6,160), Bushey (5,590), and Radlett (2,980). Some 30% of Radlett's population is Jewish, as is 20% of Bushey's and 17% of Borehamwood's, 21% of neighbouring Shenley 's and 36% of nearby Elstree , which has
11340-633: The boundaries of London itself, of which 21,270 are in southern Hertfordshire and 4,930 are in southwestern Essex, giving a total population of 175,690 Jews in London and the districts and boroughs immediately surrounding it, as compared to 95,640 in the rest of England and Wales combined. In total, including communities some distance from London, just under 46,000 Jews live in the six counties bordering Greater London, of which two-thirds live in areas immediately adjacent to London. There are, in total, more than 26,400 Jews in Hertfordshire , of which 18,350 are in
11480-523: The community has fewer than 100 active members, although 439 people recorded their religion as Jewish in the Northern Irish census of 2021; despite remarkable growth since the previous census in 2011, this still leaves the Northern Irish community as the smallest of the four Home Nations both in overall numbers and percentage terms. There are small communities throughout the Channel Islands, and there
11620-443: The country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew language instruction are commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools. The majority of Jewish schools in Britain are funded by the government. Jewish educational centres are plentiful, large-scale projects. One of the country's most famous Jewish schools is the state-funded JFS in London which opened in 1732 and has about 2100 students. It
11760-616: The early 2010s, since when it has grown. The great majority (83.2%) of Jews in England and Wales were born in the UK. In 2015, about 6% of Jews in England held an Israeli passport. In 2019, the Office for National Statistics estimated that 21,000 people resident in the UK were born in Israel, up from 11,890 in 2001. Of the 21,000, 8,000 had Israeli nationality. In 2013, it was reported that antisemitic attacks in France led to an exodus of French Jews to
11900-633: The east coast. Notably, on 16 March 1190, during the run up to the Third Crusade , the Jewish population of York was massacred at the site where Clifford's Tower now stands, and King Edward I of England passed the Statute of the Jewry ( Statutum de Judaismo ) in 1275, restricting the community's activities, most notably outlawing the practice of usury (charging interest). Fifteen years later when Edward found that many of these provisions were ignored, he expelled
12040-452: The election after 1935, and in 1936 he announced a list of BUF candidates for that election, with Elam nominated to stand for Northampton. Mosley accompanied Elam to Northampton to introduce her to her electorate at a meeting in the Town Hall. At that meeting Mosley announced that "he was glad indeed to have the opportunity of introducing the first candidate, and ... [thereby] killed for all time
12180-490: The election. Outside the region, large Jewish constituencies voted for Labour, namely Bury South and Blackley and Broughton . Some MPs, such as Robert Jenrick and Keir Starmer , while not Jewish themselves, are married to Jews and have Jewish children. The earliest Jewish settlement was recorded in 1070, soon after the Norman Conquest . Jews living in England at this time experienced religious discrimination and it
12320-413: The electoral defeat of its antecedent, the New Party , in the 1931 general election . The BUF's foundation was initially met with popular support, and it attracted a sizeable following, with the party claiming 50,000 members at one point. The press baron Lord Rothermere was a notable early supporter. As the party became increasingly radical, however, support declined. The Olympia Rally of 1934, in which
12460-584: The export of English capital by self-serving private speculators . Glasfurd also praised the Tudor state for instituting a planned economy that he claimed was a predecessor of the "scientific" national economic planning of fascism. British fascism also claimed the legacy of Oliver Cromwell , who dominated the British Isles in the 1650s; Oswald Mosley claimed that Cromwell brought about "the first fascist age in England". English political theorist Thomas Hobbes in his work Leviathan (1651) systematised
12600-517: The expulsion. Jews were regularly subjected to discrimination and humiliation which waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually declining. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the number of Jews in Britain greatly increased due to the exodus from Russia , which resulted in a large community forming in the East End of London . Popular sentiment against immigration was used by the British Union of Fascists to incite hatred against Jews, leading to
12740-413: The fifth largest in the world. This equates to 0.43% of the population of the United Kingdom. The absolute number of Jews has been gradually rising since records began; in the 2011 census , 263,346 people in England and Wales answered "Jewish" to the voluntary question on religion, compared with 259,927 in of 2001. The 2001 Census included a (voluntary) religion question ("What is your religion?") for
12880-415: The figure for all females is 38.1. About 24% of the community are over the age of 65 (compared to 16% of the general population of England and Wales). In the 2001 census, Jews were the only group in which the number of persons in the 75-plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65–74 cohort. About 60% of school-age Jewish children attend Jewish schools. Jewish day schools and yeshivas are found throughout
13020-440: The first time in its history; 266,740 people listed their religion as "Jewish". However, the subject of who is a Jew is complex, and the religion question did not record people who may be Jewish through other means, such as ethnically and culturally. Of people who chose Jewish as their religion, 97% put White as their ethnic group. However, a report by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) suggests that, although there
13160-434: The formation of the 43 Group led by Jewish ex-servicemen which broke up fascist meetings from 1945 to early 1950. Records of antisemitic incidents have been compiled since 1984, although changing reporting practices and levels of reporting make comparison over time difficult. The Community Security Trust (CST) was formed in 1994 to "[protect] British Jews from antisemitism and related threats". It works in conjunction with
13300-481: The general population, they are 40% less likely to have no qualifications, and 80% more likely to have "higher-level" qualifications. With the exception of under-25s, younger Jews tend to be better educated than older ones. However, dozens of the all-day educational establishments in the Haredi community of Stamford Hill , which are accused of neglecting secular skills such as English and maths, claim not to be schools under
13440-474: The general population; 89.2% of these were students. In a 2010 study, average income per working adult was £15.44 an hour. Median income and wealth were significantly higher than other religious groups. In a 2015 study, poverty has risen the fastest per generation than other religious groups. The 2021 census for England and Wales recorded 72.3% of Jews either owning their home with a mortgage (32.5%) or outright (39.8%). 20.9% rent privately or live rent free and
13580-449: The glory of its Creator". The BUF stressed the need for Britain to be linked to modernity , especially in economics. Mosley had declared such in 1931 in addressing the action needed in response to the onset of the Great Depression : "we have to face modern problems with modern minds, we should then be able to lift this great economic problem and national emergency far above the turmoil of party clamour and with national unity could achieve
13720-524: The group were anti-communism and the British status quo: they were concerned about the labour movement, the Labour party's leftist politics, and communism, which they saw as the threat to Britain and its empire. Of 1920s British fascism, G. C. Webber says members of the movements wanted a "stronger dose of conservatism than the Conservative Party could or would provide", and the BF was no exception: it
13860-416: The ideology of absolutism that advocated an all-powerful absolute monarchy to maintain order within a state . Hobbes' theory of absolutism became highly influential in fascist theory. British fascists claimed that its corporatist economic policy accords with England's historical medieval guild system , with its enlightened regulation of wages, prices and conditions of labour providing precedents for
14000-617: The inspiration and legacy of Italian fascism and Nazism but it also states that it is not a mere application of a "foreign" ideology , alleging roots within British traditions. Early British fascism, as seen in the British Fascists, initially had "little evidence of fascism in its ideology". It evolved its ideals in response to conservative influences on the domestic scene and the post-war anti-labour movement. From Italian fascism it took inspiration of strong leadership and strong opposition to communism. Later British fascism, as seen in
14140-460: The leading role in the world, with Germany as a complementary, since Germany did not strive to build an empire, as it considered this to be a threat to its racial purity. Mosley, on the other hand, thought that Britain would maintain racial purity while maintaining its empire as well. After the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945, Sir Oswald Mosley founded the Union Movement (UM) as the successor to his inter-war BUF. The Union Movement diverged from
14280-456: The limits within which individuals and the economy function and "[w]ithin these limits all activities would be permitted and private enterprise and profit-making encouraged". Foremost, this politics was to be economic: employers' groups and employees' groups within their specific industries would be grouped together into "corporations" that represented their sector (e.g., agricultural, iron and steel, textiles, etc.—there would be twenty of them) in
14420-599: The local Jewish community , the Labour Party , the Independent Labour Party and the Communist Party of Great Britain , the BUF found a following in the East End of London , where in the London County Council elections of March 1937, it obtained reasonably successful results in Bethnal Green , Shoreditch and Limehouse , polling almost 8,000 votes, although none of its candidates was elected. The BUF did elect
14560-629: The manipulation of wages and price levels". Mosley declared: "Capitalism is a system by which capital uses the nation for its own purposes. Fascism is a system by which the nation uses capital for its own purposes". Thus, Webber categorises Mosley as a "capitalist statist " and Rubin describes the BUF's economics as "fascist capitalism". The BUF also wanted Britain and its empire to be self-sufficient, an autarky . In contrast to Mosley, Imperial Fascist League leader Arnold Lees was, according to Webber, an "anti-capitalist statist". He had "old-fashioned" solutions to economic issues, wanting to "re-establish
14700-483: The meaning of the Department for Education. The annual Limmud festival is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community, attracting a wide range of international presenters. The 2001 UK Census showed that 30.5% of economically active Jews were self-employed, compared to a figure of 14.2% for the general population. Jews aged 16–24 were less likely to be economically active than their counterparts in
14840-494: The mid-1930s. However, Rubin continues, rather than being accepted by mainstream Britain, the BUF became "a safe haven for anti-Semites, lonely military officers, and radical pseudo-intellectuals", and "the average Briton regarded him as a dangerous and violent would-be despot". The BUF was regarded as not fascist enough by the Imperial Fascist League, however. The Battle of Cable Street in 1936 dealt another blow to
14980-450: The monarchy and the Tudors. It received funding from both Italy's National Fascist Party and Germany's Nazi Party . A number of smaller fascist groups formed and splintered during the years the BUF operated, but it was Mosley's group that had most public success. The BUF had its peak membership — between 40,000 and 50,000 members — in its first few years of existence, partly because of
15120-610: The most Jewish local authorities in England, with Jews composing one in six and seven residents respectively. Finchley and Golders Green is the political constituency with the largest Jewish population in the UK. The Scottish population is concentrated in Greater Glasgow , which counts around 2,500 Jews. Around 30% of the Scottish Jewish population, or around 1,510 people, resides in East Renfrewshire, largely in or around
15260-472: The nation into a "higher harmony" between church and state, by supporting political representation for leading clerics in the House of Lords and state maintenance for religious schools for those who demanded them. The BUF declared its support for Christianity and its opposition to atheism , saying "atheism will perish under British Union; Christianity will find encouragement and security, in which it may prosper to
15400-432: The new. The dictatorship would not be constrained by committees and talk but would be defined by action. Mosley's idealised fascist leader was stylised in his post-war writing as the "Thought-Deed Man", described by Daniel Sonabend as "a philosopher, scientist and statesman combined, a man whose genius allowed him to see how the world should be, and then, through his prodigious will, make it so". Mosely tried to assuage
15540-585: The one now ruling Italy would be beneficial to Britain. The interwar fascist group that left the most indelible mark on Britain was Oswald Mosley 's British Union of Fascists (BUF), founded in 1932; but Britain's first avowedly fascist group, the British Fascists (BF), formed a decade earlier, in 1923, a matter of months after Mussolini took power in Italy. The BF was inspired more by Mussolini's example than his ideology, perhaps, at least initially, being "fascist in name only". The uniting threads for members of
15680-593: The only threat to the British Empire was from the Soviet Union . In defence of this policy Mosley pointed to Benjamin Disraeli who opposed going to war with Turkey over its mistreatment of Armenians. BUF and IFL economic policies were isolationist, desiring Britain and its empire to be an autarky. BUF militarism was strong: for William Joyce, "war and imperialism were the ultimate expressions of national identity against which there could be no valid objections". Leese of
15820-417: The other hand, promoted pro-Nazi racial policy including anti-Semitism. The British Union of Fascists differed from other fascists in viewing the evolution in neo-Lamarckian terms. Lamarckism viewed the adaptation in terms of the interaction between the mind and will of man and the environment, rather than in terms of random mutation and natural selection like Darwinism . Mosley and the BUF emphasized
15960-407: The overall cuisine that British Jews experienced by teaching and inspiring housewives how to cook. The shaping of Jewish food overtime told the story of their frequent migration throughout Europe. There was a lot of influence from Eastern European and Ashkenazi food. This resulted in the common staples of Anglo-Jewish women to keep bread, bagels, and potatoes consistently in their homes. Since, they had
16100-577: The party in Northern Ireland called the "Ulster Fascists" was founded. The branch was a failure and became virtually extinct after less than a year in existence. It had ties with the Blueshirts in the Irish Free State and voiced support for a United Ireland , describing the partition of Ireland as "an insurmountable barrier to peace, and prosperity in Ireland". Its logo combined the fasces with
16240-557: The party's focus back to mainstream politics. There were frequent and continuous violent clashes between BUF party members and anti-fascist protesters, most famously at the Battle of Cable Street in October 1936, when organised anti-fascists prevented the BUF from marching through Cable Street. However, the party later staged other marches through the East End without incident, albeit not on Cable Street itself. BUF support for Edward VIII and
16380-562: The peace campaign to prevent a second World War saw membership and public support rise once more. The government was sufficiently concerned by the party's growing prominence to pass the Public Order Act 1936 , which banned political uniforms and required police consent for political marches. In 1937, William Joyce and other Nazi sympathisers split from the party to form the National Socialist League , which quickly folded, with most of its members interned . Mosley later denounced Joyce as
16520-452: The position of German womanhood". The BBC report described how Elam's fascist philosophy grew from her suffragette experiences, how the British fascist movement became largely driven by women, how they targeted young women from an early age, how the first British fascist movement was founded by a woman, and how the leading lights of the suffragettes had, with Oswald Mosley , founded the BUF. Mosley's electoral strategy had been to prepare for
16660-436: The readmission and was unofficially legitimised in 1656, which is the date counted by the Jewish community as the re-admittance of the Jews to England (which at the time included Wales). A trickle of Ashkenazi immigration primarily from German countries continued from the late 17th century to the early 19th century. As for the second wave of Ashkenazi immigration, a large wave of Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants fleeing persecution in
16800-474: The religion question or the ethnicity one. From 2005 to 2008, the Jewish population increased from 275,000 to 280,000, attributed largely to the high birth rates of Haredi (or ultra-Orthodox) Jews . Research by the University of Manchester in 2007 showed that 75% of British Jewish births were to the Haredi community. Ultra-Orthodox women have an average of 6.9 children, and secular Jewish women 1.65. In 2015,
16940-471: The remaining 6.8% live in social housing . In 2016, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that the intermarriage rate for the Jewish community in the UK was 26%. This was less than half of the US rate of 58% and showed little change from the rate in the early 1980s of 23%, though more than twice the 11% level of the end of the 1960s. Around one third of the children of mixed marriages are brought up in
17080-516: The repeal of the "De Judaismo" law , which prescribed a special yellow badge for Jews. Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), of Jewish birth although he joined the Church of England , served in government for three decades, twice as prime minister . The oldest Jewish community in Britain is the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community , which traces back to the 1630s when it existed clandestinely in London before
17220-414: The service of community. He wrote: "every Blackshirt is an individual cell of a collective Caesarism . The organised will of devoted masses, subject to a voluntary discipline and inspired by the passionate ideal of natural survival, replacing the will to power and a higher order of the individual superman". Mosley developed his thoughts from heroic vitalism and creative evolutionism. He believed that Europe
17360-405: The suggestion that National Socialism proposed putting British women back into the home; this is simply not true. Mrs Elam [he went on] had fought in the past for women's suffrage ... and was a great example of the emancipation of women in Britain." Former suffragettes were drawn to the BUF for a variety of reasons. Many felt the movement's energy reminded them of the suffragettes, while others felt
17500-560: The support the fascists received from the Daily Mail and the Sunday Dispatch . Mosley, too, was a charismatic leader and people were attracted to what Bret Rubin calls the "flash and zeal" of the movement. The group attracted people from across the political spectrum, although most of its members were from families that supported the Conservative party, people for whom British fascism was "a more staunch expression of their toryism ,
17640-424: The supreme effort of modern man to challenge and overcome the human destiny which in every previous civilisation has ordained irretrievable downfall". The BUF considered fascism as a "European tradition", "European movement", a new spirit of transformation, stronger than national distinctions. It believed that fascism would one day "unite Europe in a new civilization". In June 1934, Robert Gordon-Canning wrote that
17780-415: The theory of German philosopher Oswald Spengler , who described that Magian Jews and Faustian Europeans were bound to live in friction with each other. In contrast to the Nazis, however, Mosley's anti-Semitism was largely conspiratorial rather than racial, with Mosley often stating "he was against the Jews not for what they were, but for what they did". Arnold Leese 's Imperial Fascist League , on
17920-493: The views on race of Austrian Jewish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz and Scottish anthropologist Arthur Keith , who defined race formation as the result of dynamic historical and political processes established within the confines of the nation state and that the defining characteristics of a people were determined by the interaction of heredity , environment, culture, and evolution over a historical period of time. However, Mosley later prominently asserted anti-Semitism , invoking
18060-566: The vote of three out of four British Jews. As per a 2023 survey, four out of five British Jews identify as Zionists . In London, most of the top constituencies with the largest Jewish populations voted Conservative in the 2010 general election - these are namely, Finchley and Golders Green , Hendon , Harrow East , Chipping Barnet , Ilford North , and Hertsmere in Hertfordshire. The exceptions were Hackney North and Stoke Newington and Hampstead and Kilburn , which both voted Labour in
18200-500: The weaknesses of British society. The BUF and the Union Movement described the weaknesses they saw in misogynistic terms, equating them with femininity. The decline was blamed on liberalism and outside (usually Jewish) influences and propagandists. The fascist cure to this decline was renewal of the nation. Renewal for the BUF included the assertion of masculinity as virile, strong, hard and fortitudinous, and saw man as rightfully
18340-529: The whole". Corporatist policies would also be spread to the empire. It was seen as natural that the Dominions would accept these policies as it would be beneficial to them. The spread of corporatist policies would have also led to an increased hold on India and British fascists argued that it would have improved working conditions there. In economics, the BUF opposed both socialism and laissez-faire economics for being an outmoded system and proposed instead
18480-458: The wilful determination of the species to rise above the limitations of material environment is the dominating factor in evolution. … In fact every tendency in modern science assures us that in superb effort the human spirit can soar beyond the restraint of time and circumstance." Mosley synthetized the Nietzschean and Christian values. He believed that fascism was the will to power harnessed into
18620-468: The willpower as the prime agent of the evolution. Therefore, he viewed the main changes in the history as being driven by the social and cultural factors rather than the physical. The adaptation, according to Mosley, was a response to the events and the will to transform the reality. Like German philosopher Oswald Spengler , Mosley viewed the race as a feature of culture, expression of its symbols and values. Mosley wrote that "biology begins again to teach that
18760-634: The women's section of the BUF. Mary Sophia Allen OBE was a former branch leader of the West of England Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). At the outbreak of the First World War, she joined the Women Police Volunteers , becoming the WPV Commandant in 1920. She met Mosley at the January Club in April 1932, going on to speak at the club following her visit to Germany, "to learn the truth about of
18900-417: Was "basically a Conservative movement", attracting the "Die Hards" in the Conservative party, members of the military and the aristocracy, advocating for the interests of the aristocracy and the Conservative vote. The BF was active in strikebreaking and stewarding for far-right and Conservative speakers. Its lack of truly fascist ideology and tepid action led to members defecting to other fascist groups and
19040-504: Was an apparent option to write down "Jewish" for this question, it did not occur to many, because of "skin colour" and nationality bias, and that if "Jewish" was an explicit option, the results—only 2,594 respondents were Jewish solely by ethnicity—would have been different. The religion question appeared in the 2011 Census , but there was still no explicit option for "Jewish" in the ethnic-group question. The Board of Deputies had encouraged all Jews to indicate they were Jewish, either through
19180-480: Was declared unlawful on 10 July 1940 and ceased its activities. After the war, Mosley made several unsuccessful attempts to return to political life, one such being through the Union Movement , but he had no successes. Attracted by "modern" fascist policies, such as ending the widespread practice of sacking women from their jobs on marriage, many women joined the Blackshirts – particularly in economically depressed Lancashire. Eventually women constituted one-quarter of
19320-516: Was facing a historic crisis, and that it would have been overcome through a strong will, ushering Europe into the new order. Mosley argued that Spengler was mistaken in his cultural pessimism, instead claiming that fascism based on modern science could rejuvenate Western culture. He came to see fascism as a "mutiny against destiny", writing that "rise of the National Socialist and Fascist doctrine throughout Europe represents in historic determinism
19460-428: Was not in the national interest to have a populace ignorant of modern scientific knowledge. While these policies were motivated more out of making the best use of women's skills in state interest than any kind of feminism , it was still a draw for many suffragettes. Despite the short period of its operation the BUF attracted prominent members and supporters. These included: British fascism British fascism
19600-464: Was the British Fascists , which formed on 6 May 1923 ), inspired by what they saw as Mussolini taking charge of a weak parliamentary system and instilling discipline and national pride, and getting rid of corruption in government. According to historian Martin Pugh , British fascists argued there were the same kind of problems they saw in Italy within Britain and its empire so a political movement similar to
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