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189-715: The ancient settlement at Tel Yokneam is first mentioned in Egyptian sources as a city conquered by Pharaoh Thutmose III . It appears later in the Hebrew Bible as a city defeated by Israelite leader Joshua and settled by the Tribe of Levi . It is mentioned twice in Roman sources. During the Crusades , it was called Caymont , or Cain Mons , recalling a legend that Yokneam was the site of Cain 's death. For

378-545: A Delta city, such as Memphis or Heliopolis, or in Thebes. These two latitudes give dates 20 years apart, the High and Low chronologies, respectively. The length of Thutmose III's reign is known to the day thanks to findings in the tomb of the military commander Amenemheb-Mahu. Amenemheb-Mahu records Thutmose III's death to his master's 54th regnal year, on the 30th day of the third month of Peret . The day of Thutmose III's accession

567-520: A device to his soldiers' shields, but unlike Lactantius and subsequent Christian tradition, Eusebius does not date the events to October 312 and does not connect Constantine's vision and dream-vision with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Before he compiled his church history, Eusebius edited a collection of martyrdoms of the earlier period and a biography of Pamphilus. The martyrology has not survived as

756-536: A lacuna ) which had been garrisoned by Tunip . He then moved inland and took the city and territory around Ardata; the town was pillaged and its wheatfields burned. Unlike previous plundering raids, Thutmose III garrisoned Djahy , a name which probably refers to southern Syria. This would have permitted him to ship supplies and troops between Syria and Egypt, and some have supposed that Thutmose's sixth campaign, in his thirtieth year, commenced with naval transport of troops directly to Byblos , bypassing Canaan . After

945-503: A village of that name that then existed nearby. The site name appears in 19th century sources as a variant, Tell Qamun , which was probably the local Arab name. Tel Yokneam is located in the western Jezreel Valley . The region's abundant water, moderate climate, and fertile soils allow inhabitants to grow a variety of crops in the valley and herd cattle on the slopes of the Menashe Heights and Mount Carmel . Tel Yokneam rises to

1134-667: A Byzantine church were found in the southern part of the mound. After the Islamic conquest of 634 AD, a well-planned city was established on the mound by the Abbasid Caliphate . It was gradually abandoned and was struck by an earthquake in 1033 CE . In the 12th century CE, the Crusaders built a fortified city on the site, the largest since the Iron Age . The city eventually fell to the Muslims, and

1323-463: A different sort had to be prepared. Lastly, Eusebius wrote eulogies in praise of Constantine. To all this activity must be added numerous writings of a miscellaneous nature, addresses, letters, and the like, and exegetical works that extended over the whole of his life and that include both commentaries and an important treatise on the location of biblical place names and the distances between these cities. Pamphilus and Eusebius occupied themselves with

1512-457: A dominant figure in the New Kingdom period, itself considered the height of Egyptian power. He became sole ruler after Hatshepsut's death, and conducted between 17 and 20 campaigns, all victorious, while expanding Egypt's empire to its largest extent. He also created the ancient Egyptian navy, the first combat navy in the ancient world. Historian Richard A. Gabriel referred to Thutmose III as

1701-504: A double-wall defense system. The city's Iron Age fortifications were much stronger than those of nearby Megiddo because of Yokneam's location on the border between the Kingdom of Israel and Phoenicia . The end of this period in the city's history came with the Assyrian invasion under king Tiglath-Pileser III , in 732 BCE. At the time of this occupation, Yokneam was one of the largest cities in

1890-780: A feast day on February 29 according to the official calendar of Saints created by Corbishop Rajan Achen. Eusebius was long venerated in the Roman Catholic Church. Bishop J. B. Lightfoot writes in his entry for St. Eusebius in Henry Wace 's Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century AD, with an Account of Principal Sects and Heresies (1911) that "in the Martyrologium Romanum itself he held his place for centuries" and in "Gallican service-books

2079-461: A feature which led ancient Yokneam's builders to create the terraces on which its structures were built. Yokneam stands at the junction of two major ancient (and modern) routes. The ancient international coastal highway (" Via Maris ") avoided the difficult coastal stretch along Mount Carmel's western flank by crossing the mountain along one of two pass roads , a western one ending at Yokneam, and one east of it coming out at Megiddo . The western pass

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2268-534: A fit of vengeful rage shortly after his accession. However, recent research casts serious doubt upon the popular theory of Thutmose III's vengeance. Scholars such as Charles Nims and Peter Dorman have re-examined the erasures and found that those which could be dated only began during year 46 or 47, toward the end of Thutmose's reign ( c.  1433/2  BC ). Also the monuments of Hatshepsut's chief steward, Senenmut , closely associated with her rule, were similarly defaced where they were found. Furthermore, it

2457-558: A fort was built in lower Lebanon and timber was cut for construction of a processional barque, and this probably fits best during this time frame. The fifth, sixth and seventh campaigns of Thutmose III were directed against the Phoenician cities in Syria and against Kadesh on the Orontes . In Thutmose's 29th year, he began his fifth campaign, where he first took an unknown city (the name falls in

2646-603: A fortified city, which was razed during a period known as the Late Bronze Age collapse . During the Iron Age, the city was razed and rebuilt several times; events which are attributed to the biblical accounts of the conquests by Joshua , King David , Hazael of Aram-Damascus , and the Neo-Assyrian Empire . The period between the 10th and 8th centuries BCE is considered Yokneam's golden age, during which it extended beyond

2835-415: A height of 60 meters (200 ft). The mound spans approximately 10 acres, or 40 dunams . Including its slopes, the site as a whole is relatively large, covering some 20 acres (80 dunams). The mound can be divided into three parts: a lower terrace in the north, an upper terrace in the center, and an acropolis (upper city) at the southwestern end. The top of the mound slopes steeply upward from north to south,

3024-539: A king and a small number of foreign Maryannu. Thutmose III found that taking hostages from these noble families largely ensured their loyalty. Syria rebelled again in Thutmose's 31st year and he returned for his seventh campaign, taking the port city of Ullaza and the smaller Phoenician ports, and imposing more measures to prevent rebellion. By taking away the grain stores of Syria to his recently conquered harbors for support of his occupying troops and administrators, he left

3213-609: A period, it was the center of the Lordship of Caymont , the smallest seigneurie of the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem . The earliest archaeological features of Yokneam date from the Chalcolithic period, in the fourth millennium BCE . The first structures date from the beginning of the second millennium BCE. During the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (2000–1200 BCE), Yokneam was for the most part

3402-464: A phrase often rendered into Latin as " in hoc signo vinces ". In a dream that night "the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which had appeared in the sky, and urged him to make himself a copy of the sign which had appeared in the sky, and to use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy." Eusebius relates that this happened "on a campaign he [Constantine] was conducting somewhere". It

3591-465: A revelatory dream on the eve of battle. Eusebius's work of that time, his Church History , also makes no mention of the vision. The Arch of Constantine, constructed in AD 315, neither depicts a vision nor any Christian insignia in its depiction of the battle. In his posthumous biography of Constantine, Eusebius agrees with Lactantius that Constantine received instructions in a dream to apply a Christian symbol as

3780-576: A synoptical table so that it might be easier to find the pericopes that belong together. These canon tables or "Eusebian canons" remained in use throughout the Middle Ages, and illuminated manuscript versions are important for the study of early medieval art, as they are the most elaborately decorated pages of many Gospel books . Eusebius detailed in Epistula ad Carpianum how to use his canons. The Chronicle ( Παντοδαπὴ Ἱστορία ( Pantodape historia ))

3969-570: A time labored in behalf of the Arian heresy, coming to the council of Nicæa, inspired by the Holy Spirit, followed the decision of the Fathers, and thereafter up to the time of his death lived in a most holy manner in the orthodox faith. Lesson 2 . He was, moreover, very zealous in the study of the sacred Scriptures, and along with Pamphilus the martyr was a most diligent investigator of sacred literature. At

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4158-522: A total of 10 prisoners of war. He may have fought the Mitannians to a stalemate, yet he did receive tribute from the Hittites after that campaign, which seems to indicate the outcome of the battle was in Thutmose's favor. The details about his next two campaigns are unknown. His 11th is presumed to have happened in his 36th regnal year and his 12th is presumed to have happened in his 37th year since his 13th

4347-585: A universal calendar of events from the Creation to, again, Eusebius's own time. He completed the first editions of the Ecclesiastical History and Chronicle before 300. Eusebius succeeded Agapius as Bishop of Caesarea soon after 313 and was called on by Arius who had been excommunicated by his bishop Alexander of Alexandria . An episcopal council in Caesarea pronounced Arius blameless. Eusebius enjoyed

4536-570: A very minor campaign. His 14th campaign, waged during his 39th year, was against the Shasu . The location of this campaign is impossible to determine since the Shasu were nomads who could have lived anywhere from Lebanon to the Transjordan to Edom . After this campaign, the numbers given by Thutmose's scribes to his campaigns all fall in lacunae, so they can only be counted by date. In his 40th year, tribute

4725-547: A visitor center on the mound. The park is operated by the Israel Antiquities Authority and the municipality of Yokneam Illit . It was created as part of a conservation project, with the participation of school students from Yokneam Illit. The name Yokneam ( Hebrew : יָקְנְעָם ) is Hebrew in origin, from the Hebrew Bible . During the Bronze Age, it was probably called something like 'En-qn'mu , as it appears in

4914-415: A whole, but it has been preserved almost completely in parts. It contained: Of the life of Pamphilus, only a fragment survives. A work on the martyrs of Palestine in the time of Diocletian was composed after 311; numerous fragments are scattered in legendaries which have yet to be collected. The life of Constantine was compiled after the death of the emperor and the election of his sons as Augusti (337). It

5103-588: A work ' Quaestiones ad Stephanum et Marinum , On the Differences of the Gospels (including solutions). This was written for the purpose of harmonizing the contradictions in the reports of the different Evangelists. This work was recently (2011) translated into the English language by David J. Miller and Adam C. McCollum and was published under the name Eusebius of Caesarea: Gospel Problems and Solutions . The original work

5292-462: Is born." Manetho in his Aegyptiaca ( History of Egypt ) written in Greek and paraphrased by Eusebius called him Miphrês ( Μίφρης ) and Misphragmuthôsis ( Μισφραγμούθωσις . Thutmose III was the son of Thutmose II by a secondary wife, Iset (or Aset). His father's Great Royal Wife was Hatshepsut . Her daughter, Neferure , was Thutmose's half-sister. When Thutmose II died, Thutmose III

5481-468: Is built. This conclusion is based on frequent finds of artifacts and remains from those periods during construction activity in this area. Along with the rest of the region, Yokneam came under Roman rule in 63 BCE. Potsherds are the only artifacts dated to the Roman period that have been found in the main excavation area at Tel Yokneam. Roman structures have, however, been identified below the later Byzantine and Crusader church. Some walls were attributed to

5670-560: Is connected to a cave, in which the residents buried their dead. The destruction of Yokneam in the Late Bronze Age, and its establishment during the Iron Age I period , can be associated with the conquests of the Israelites under Joshua . Yokneam is mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible , in the Book of Joshua . It first appears in a list of thirty-one city-states defeated by Joshua and

5859-512: Is divided into two parts. The first part, the Chronography ( Χρονογραφία ( Chronographia )), gives an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged according to nations. The second part, the Canons ( Χρονικοὶ Κανόνες ( Chronikoi kanones )), furnishes a synchronism of the historical material in parallel columns, the equivalent of a parallel timeline. The work as a whole has been lost in

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6048-459: Is good which is according to nature. Every rational soul has naturally a good free-will, formed for the choice of what is good. But when a man acts wrongly, nature is not to be blamed; for what is wrong, takes place not according to nature, but contrary to nature, it being the work of choice, and not of nature. A letter Eusebius is supposed to have written to Constantine 's daughter Constantina , refusing to fulfill her request for images of Christ,

6237-523: Is known about the life of Eusebius. His successor at the See of Caesarea, Acacius , wrote a Life of Eusebius , a work that has since been lost. Eusebius's own surviving works probably only represent a small portion of his total output. Beyond notices in his extant writings, the major sources are the 5th-century ecclesiastical historians Socrates , Sozomen , and Theodoret , and the 4th-century Christian author Jerome . There are assorted notices of his activities in

6426-405: Is known that Hatshepsut trusted Thutmose III to command her armies. No strong evidence has been found that Thutmose III sought to claim the throne, and after her death he kept her religious and administrative leaders. He even built his mortuary temple directly next to Hatshepsut's, showing no grudge against her. By the time the monuments of Hatshepsut were damaged, at least 25 years after her death,

6615-492: Is known to be I Shemu day four, and astronomical observations can be used to establish the exact dates of the beginning and end of the king's reign (assuming the low chronology) from 28 April 1479 BC to 11 March 1425 BC respectively. Thutmose III conducted at least 16 campaigns in 20 years. American Egyptologist James Breasted referred to him as "the Napoleon of Egypt" for his conquests and expansionism. Thutmose III

6804-589: Is known to have at least three foreign wives, Menhet, Menwi and Merti , who were buried together. At least one other wife, Nebtu , is known from a pillar in Thutmose's tomb. Following the death of Satiah, a woman named Merytre-Hatshepsut became the Great Royal Wife. She was the mother of several of his children, including the future king Amenhotep II and another son, Menkheperre , and at least four daughters: Nebetiunet , Meritamen C and D and Iset . Thutmose III reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC according to

6993-446: Is mentioned at Karnak as happening in his 38th regnal year. Part of the tribute list for his 12th campaign remains immediately before his 13th begins, and the contents recorded, specifically wild game and certain minerals of uncertain identification, might indicate that it took place on the steppe around Nukhashshe, but this remains mere speculation. In Year 38, Thutmose III conducted his 13th military campaign returning to Nuhašše for

7182-477: Is minimal, so it was probably just a minor raid. Records from his 10th campaign indicate much more fighting. By Thutmose's 35th year, the king of Mitanni had raised a large army and engaged the Egyptians around Aleppo . As usual for any Egyptian king, Thutmose boasted a total crushing victory, but this statement is suspect due to the very small amount of plunder taken. Thutmose's annals at Karnak indicate he only took

7371-583: Is more a rhetorical eulogy on the emperor than a history but is of great value on account of numerous documents incorporated into it. To the class of apologetic and dogmatic works belong: A number of writings, belonging in this category, have been entirely lost. All of the exegetical works of Eusebius have suffered damage in transmission. The majority of them are known to us only from long portions quoted in Byzantine catena-commentaries. However these portions are very extensive. Extant are: Eusebius also wrote

7560-708: Is recorded to have captured 350 cities during his rule and conquered much of the Near East from the Euphrates to Nubia during seventeen known military campaigns. He was the first pharaoh after Thutmose I to cross the Euphrates, doing so during his campaign against Mitanni . His campaign records were inscribed onto the walls of the temple of Amun at Karnak (transcribed in Urkunden IV ). He transformed Egypt into an international superpower by creating an empire that stretched from

7749-620: Is that homoousios came straight from Constantine's Hermetic background. As can be clearly seen in the Poimandres , and even more clearly in an inscription mentioned exclusively in the Theosophia , in the theological language of Egyptian paganism the word homoousios meant that the Nous-Father and the Logos-Son, who are two distinct beings, share the same perfection of the divine nature. However,

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7938-487: Is that the church-builders discovered the mausoleum, cleared it of its contents, and reused elements from it as building materials. The considerable quantity of pottery found suggests occupation of the site during the Late Roman period. Five Roman coins were found, ranging in date between 20 and 354 CE. Eusebius of Caesarea included biblical Yokneam in his Onomasticon in the 3rd century CE, writing that in his own time it

8127-496: Is the cause of all beings. But he is not merely a cause; in him everything good is included, from him all life originates, and he is the source of all virtue. God sent Christ into the world that it may partake of the blessings included in the essence of God. Eusebius expressly distinguishes the Son as distinct from Father as a ray is also distinct from its source the sun. Eusebius held that men were sinners by their own free choice and not by

8316-500: Is there any evidence of a normal, well-established Christian use of the term homoousios in its strictly Trinitarian meaning. Having once excluded any relationship of the Nicene homoousios with the Christian tradition, it becomes legitimate to propose a new explanation, based on an analysis of two pagan documents which have so far never been taken into account. The main thesis of this paper

8505-419: Is unclear from Eusebius's description whether the shields were marked with a Christian cross or with a chi-rho , a staurogram , or another similar symbol. The Latin text De mortibus persecutorum contains an early account of the 28 October 312 Battle of the Milvian Bridge written by Lactantius probably in 313, the year following the battle. Lactantius does not mention a vision in the sky but describes

8694-683: Is unclear whether the monastery of Mount Tabor had previously owned the land. Yokneam is mentioned again, as "Caymont", in a charter issued by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem on 24 February 1182 granting a fief consisting of a few shops in Acre and 480 acres of land in the territory of Caymont ( "territorio de Caimont" ) to Joscelin III . By that time, Caymont was probably a lordship . The territory did not exceed fifty square kilometers (19 sq mi). No other settlements on its lands are known today. After Saladin defeated

8883-464: Is worst, deserving of blame and punishment, because he has by his own motion neglected the natural law, and becoming the origin and fountain of wickedness, and misusing himself, not from any extraneous necessity, but from free will and judgment. The fault is in him who chooses, not in God. For God has not made nature or the substance of the soul bad; for he who is good can make nothing but what is good. Everything

9072-762: The Botanical garden of Thutmosis III . At Heliopolis, a stela dated to year 47 of Tuthmosis III. For many years, egyptologists theorized that following the death of Thutmose II , his queen Hatshepsut usurped the throne from her stepson Thutmose III. Although Thutmose III was co-regent during this time, early historians have speculated that he never forgave his stepmother for overshadowing him. Some time after her death, many of Hatshepsut's monuments and depictions were defaced or destroyed, including those in her famous mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahri . These were interpreted by early modern scholars as damnatio memoriae (erasure from recorded existence) by Thutmose III in

9261-451: The Chalcolithic period (4500–3300 BCE ). They consist only of a few cone-shaped vessels and jar handles. No architectural features can be attributed to the chalcolithic settlement, if one existed. Unexcavated areas of the site may hold more significant remains of this period, as excavations to date have reached bedrock in a very limited location only. A diverse range of pottery from this period has been found, in pockets of fill sitting on

9450-510: The Gospel of Matthew ; and many of Origen's own writings. Marginal comments in extant manuscripts note that Pamphilus and his friends and pupils, including Eusebius, corrected and revised much of the biblical text in their library. Their efforts made the hexaplaric Septuagint text increasingly popular in Syria and Palestine. Soon after joining Pamphilus's school, Eusebius started helping his master expand

9639-757: The Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History " (not to be confused with the title of Church Father ), he produced the Ecclesiastical History , On the Life of Pamphilus , the Chronicle and On the Martyrs . He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great , the first Christian Roman emperor , who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337. Little

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9828-470: The Israel Exploration Society . The excavations , between 1977 and 1988, were directed by the archaeologist Amnon Ben-Tor . Some of the digs were also headed by Renate Rosenthal and Yuval Portugali. Two other sites were studied in that project: Tel Qashish and Tel Qiri . Further excavations were conducted on the acropolis by Miriam Avissar in 1993. Today. there is an archaeological park and

10017-659: The Jezreel Valley . After this phase only a small settlement remained, and the fortifications were no longer in use. The identity of its inhabitants between the end of the 8th century BCE and the 7th century BCE is unknown. The Assyrian Empire fell to the Neo-Babylonian Empire , which in turn fell to the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE. The Levant , and Yokneam with it, came under Persian rule. Although Yokneam does not appear in any sources from

10206-740: The Knights Templar was resolved in May 1262, the Templars winning the territory. It is likely that Caymont was attacked by the Islamic Mamluk sultan Baibars sometime between 1263 and 1266. In 1283, the territory was in the possession of Al-Mansur Qalawun , the Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria. There is a 100-year break in the archaeological record between the Early Islamic phase and Yokneam's Crusader period in

10395-430: The Low Chronology of Ancient Egypt . This has been the conventional Egyptian chronology in academic circles since the 1960s, though in some circles the older dates 1504 BC to 1450 BC are preferred from the High Chronology of Egypt. These dates, just as all the dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty, are open to dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding the recording of a Heliacal Rise of Sothis in

10584-416: The Mitanni culture, were also found. The city is mentioned as "En-qn'mu" in the list of cities conquered by Pharaoh Thutmose III during his campaign in the 15th century BCE. Archaeological finds confirm that the city was devastated during the early years of the Late Bronze Age (1550–1400 BCE), with subsequent rebuilding after a gap in occupation. A figurine of the Egyptian goddess Hathor from that period

10773-444: The Obelisk of Theodosius . Thutmose also undertook building projects to the south of the main temple between the sanctuary of Amun and the temple of Mut . Immediately to the south of the main temple, he built the seventh pylon on the north–south road which entered the temple between the fourth and fifth pylons. It was built for use during his jubilee and was covered with scenes of defeated enemies. He set royal colossi on both sides of

10962-423: The Roman province of Syria Palaestina . Together with Pamphilus , Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity . He wrote the Demonstrations of the Gospel , Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels , studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in

11151-439: The Third Crusade , Qaymun was mentioned again when Saladin sent his property to Qaymun and Nazareth during the Siege of Acre . As soon as the Crusaders began their march towards Jaffa on 22 August 1191, Saladin began marching on a parallel inland course. He camped in Qaymun for one day, on 24 August 1191. That his army set up tents there suggests that the Frankish castle was already in ruins. The Treaty of Jaffa , which ended

11340-421: The textual criticism of the Septuagint text of the Old Testament and especially of the New Testament . An edition of the Septuagint seems to have been already prepared by Origen , which, according to Jerome , was revised and circulated by Eusebius and Pamphilus. For an easier survey of the material of the four Evangelists, Eusebius divided his edition of the New Testament into paragraphs and provided it with

11529-440: The " Napoleon of Egypt". Numerous recordings of his military campaigns are detailed in the inscriptions known as the Annals of Thutmose III . Thutmose's two main names transliterate as mn-ḫpr-rꜥ ḏḥwtj - ms . The first name is usually transcribed as Menkheperre and means "the Established One of the Manifestation of Ra ". The second name is transliterated as Thutmose or Tuthmosis and means "Born of Thoth " or "Thoth

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11718-403: The 15th to the 13th century BCE. The well-preserved houses excavated from this period contained an abundance of pottery, including a collection of Chocolate-on-white ware . Some of these artifacts were imports from foreign lands, including Cyprus and Mycenae . Two Egyptian tools were found, although it is not clear whether these are originals or locally-made copies. Silver earrings, typical of

11907-453: The 20th and 18th century BCE, a layer of burnet mudbrick material (different than the material used in the later period) mixed with potsherds, bones and ash. It appears that these are the remains of structures made out of mudbrick. The presence of ash and the skeleton of a young male may indicate that this settlement was violently destroyed by fire. Around these remains were two openings to a burial cave. The settlement and burial cave are dated to

12096-413: The 20th dynasty it was torn out of the coffin by robbers, who stripped it and rifled it of the jewels with which it was covered, injuring it in their haste to carry away the spoil. It was subsequently re-interred, and has remained undisturbed until the present day; but before re-burial some renovation of the wrappings was necessary, and as portions of the body had become loose, the restorers, in order to give

12285-462: The 7th century, during the Persian or Islamic conquests. Beneath a later Ottoman fortress were two pits, sealed off by a door, which contained many potsherds from the early Byzantine period. In 634–636 CE, the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate won the region from the Byzantine Empire . Although not mentioned in sources, Yokneam at that time was a well-planned, unfortified city, with a street system and symmetrical buildings constructed on terraces. The city

12474-423: The Asian regions of Syria to the North, to Upper Nubia to the south. Much is known about Thutmose "the warrior" because of his royal scribe and army commander, Thanuny, who wrote about his conquests and reign. Thutmose III was able to conquer so many lands because of revolutionary developments in military technology. The Hyksos may have brought advanced weaponry, such as horse-drawn chariots, around 1650 BC, which

12663-400: The Bronze to the Iron Age. Ceramic evidence does not permit precise dating of the razing of the city, which occurred between 1350 and 1200 BCE. Following its destruction at the end of the Bronze Age, the city was rebuilt somewhere between the 12th and the early 11th centuries BCE. It appears that the reconstruction took place within a few decades, as the new structures followed the alignment of

12852-414: The Crusaders' main coastal stronghold of Acre, to prevent the Crusaders from reconquering and re-establishing it. Caymont, known by the Muslims as "Qaymun", would be preserved and made the region's principal Muslim stronghold. Qaymun was considered a good choice because it was close enough to the sea, but far enough to thwart naval attacks. Ultimately, however, Saladin decided to fortify Acre instead. During

13041-468: The Early Roman period because of pottery found beside them. These artifacts include a cup fragment, a bowl, a krater , a cooking pot, an oil lamp , and amphorae , dating from between 50 BCE and 150 CE. An underground room discovered under the church was identified as a Roman mausoleum . It was dated to the Late Roman period, based on a sarcophagus found among the building materials of the church, and on other Roman-like building features. One interpretation

13230-486: The Egyptians adopted in the process of driving them out. Thutmose III encountered little resistance from neighbouring kingdoms, allowing him to expand his realm easily. His army also portaged boats over dry land. When Hatshepsut died on the 10th day of the sixth month of Thutmose III's 21st year, according to information from a single stela from Armant , the king of Kadesh advanced his army to Megiddo . Thutmose III mustered his own army and departed Egypt, passing through

13419-458: The Euphrates did try to defend against the Egyptian crossing. Thutmose III then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves, or at least this is the typically propagandistic way Egyptian records chose to record it. During this period of no opposition, Thutmose put up a second stele commemorating his crossing of the Euphrates next to the stele his grandfather, Thutmose I, had put up several decades earlier. A militia

13608-421: The Euphrates, the Assyrian , Babylonian and Hittite kings all gave Thutmose gifts, which he claimed as "tribute" on the walls of Karnak. The only noticeable absence is Mitanni , which would bear the brunt of the following Egyptian campaigns into Western Asia . Thutmose's second, third and fourth campaigns appear to have been nothing more than tours of Syria and Canaan to collect tribute. Traditionally,

13797-445: The Great , was the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty . Officially he ruled Egypt from 28 April 1479 BC until 11 March 1425 BC, commencing with his coronation at the age of two and concluding with his death, aged fifty-six; however, during the first 22 years of his reign, he was coregent with his stepmother and aunt, Hatshepsut , who was named the pharaoh. While he was depicted as the first on surviving monuments, both were assigned

13986-555: The Israelites, which may explain the destruction of the Late Bronze Age city. Later, it is mentioned as a city in the territory of the Tribe of Zebulun , settled by members of the Merarite clan of the Tribe of Levi . Despite the biblical account, on the basis of Phoenician and Philistine pottery finds, archaeologists have theorized that the city was rebuilt by the Canaanites with the help of

14175-591: The Jezreel Valley at Yokneam is now Highway 70 . Only the main seaport connected to Yokneam isn't Acre ('Akko) anymore, but Haifa south of it. This location, at the crossroads of significant trade routes, is the main reason for Yokneam's continuous settlement over some four millennia. Approximately two kilometers (1 mi) north and south respectively are Tel Qashish and Tel Qiri , other village sites believed to have been dependencies of Yokneam. The earliest traces of human settlement found at Tel Yokneam are from

14364-495: The Middle Bronze Age IIA period (2000–1800 BCE). The burial cave was cut in the soft limestone. It had at least three chambers, of them two were excavated. It was accessed by the excavators through holes in the ceiling of each chamber. No other entrance was discovered because of the limitations of the excavation but it is possible it was accessed through a shaft. The opinings may also provide ventilation and lighting. One of

14553-614: The Middle Bronze Age. Three other examples exist in Tel Amr, Tirat Ha-Carmel and mostly in Tel Te'enim. All of these sites, including Yokneam are located in the western part of the Jezreel Valley and the adjacent northern coastal plain. It is possible that those who were buried in those niches were people of a high status (religious, social or economic). Yokneam was a fortified city from around 1900–1650 BCE. The fortifications were built on top of

14742-487: The Middle and Late Bronze Age phases on the site. The settlement above that fill presents a completely new urban plan compared to that of the earlier habitation. In an assemblage from a later period, a beetle stamp was found on a bowl bearing the name of Pharaoh Amenemhat III , who reigned from 1860 to 1814 BCE. His reign is regarded as the golden age of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt . Late Bronze Age Yokneam lasted from

14931-476: The Persian period, it was an unfortified city at that time. The remains of a settlement from the Persian period, badly damaged by later construction, include several structures built on terraces. 70% of the pottery identified there consisted of storage jars, indicating that the area studied was the city's storage area. A comparative study of the pottery from this period indicates that the site was settled somewhere around

15120-584: The Phoenicians and Philistines in order to block Israelite access to the Via Maris trade route. The destruction of this settlement phase may be attributed to the conquests of the Israelite King David . For several decades the city was in a very poor state, until its rebuilding in the 10th century BCE. At that time, a five-meter-wide (16 ft) fortification was built, using stones mined and imported from

15309-573: The Scriptures wisely in the Church" to indicate that Eusebius was Dorotheus's pupil while the priest was resident in Antioch; others, like the scholar D. S. Wallace-Hadrill, deem the phrase too ambiguous to support the contention. Through the activities of the theologian Origen (185/6–254) and the school of his follower Pamphilus (later 3rd century – 309), Caesarea became a center of Christian learning. Origen

15498-576: The Third Crusade when it was signed on 2 September 1192, gave Qaymun and its lands to Balian of Ibelin , a prominent Frankish leader. Nothing is known of Balian's doings in Caymont, but as he was a prominent leader it is plausible that he made a significant contribution to the site. After the initial Crusader victory at Damietta , the Franks of Acre attempted to attack the Muslims, but were defeated near Caymont by

15687-690: The armies of the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, the Frankish city of Caymont fell into the hands of the Islamic Ayyubid dynasty . The city was notable enough to be mentioned in the two detailed accounts recorded. One of these states that the site, along with others in the region, was plundered by the conquerors. Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani , Saladin's secretary, wrote that upon the fall of La Fève , Caymont surrendered like other Frankish localities. In January 1188, some of Saladin's men proposed destruction of

15876-527: The attack on Hatshepsut's memory could not be taken until the death of powerful religious and administrative officials who had served under both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III. Thutmose's tomb ( KV34 ) was discovered by Victor Loret in 1898 in the Valley of the Kings . Its plan is typical of 18th Dynasty tombs, with a sharp turn at the vestibule preceding the burial chamber. Two stairways and two corridors provide access to

16065-506: The battle occurred on " Year 23, I Shemu [day] 21, the exact day of the feast of the new moon ", a lunar date. This date corresponds to 9 May 1457 BC based on Thutmose III's accession in 1479 BC. This campaign drastically changed the political situation in the ancient Near East. By taking Megiddo, Thutmose gained control of all of northern Canaan , forcing the Syrian princes to send tribute and their own sons as hostages to Egypt. Beyond

16254-462: The bedrock of the tel. Finds include bowls, platters, cooking pots, and jars that date from the entire period (3300–2100 BCE). A cylinder seal with a geometric motif, and a stamped seal were also found. Most of the finds correspond to the Early Bronze Age layer of the nearby Tel Qashish . An Egyptian vessel made of diorite , was discovered on top of the mound in the 1930s. It has been dated to

16443-435: The body was original to the pharaoh, though any gilding or decoration it might have had had been hacked off in antiquity. Eusebius Eusebius of Caesarea ( c.  AD 260/265  – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius , was a Greek Syro-Palestinian historian of Christianity , exegete , and Christian polemicist . In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima in

16632-518: The border fortress of Tjaru (Sile) on the 25th day of the eighth month. Thutmose marched his troops through the coastal plain as far as Jamnia , then inland to Yehem, a small city near Megiddo, which he reached in the middle of the ninth month of the same year. The ensuing Battle of Megiddo probably was the largest battle of Thutmose's 17 campaigns. A ridge of mountains jutting inland from Mount Carmel stood between Thutmose and Megiddo and he had three potential routes to take. The northern route and

16821-406: The burial cave, sealing one of its entrances. During this period, three different fortification systems were built. The first two of these were massive constructions of mudbrick on a stone base, with a glacis built into their outer face. The third fortification, dating to between 1750 and 1650 BCE, was less significant. A period of the site's history during which the city was unfortified began in

17010-421: The ceiling of which was supported by his heraldic pillars. He built a temenos wall around the central chapel containing smaller chapels, along with workshops and storerooms. East of the main sanctuary, he built a jubilee hall in which to celebrate his Sed festival . The main hall was built in basilica style with rows of pillars supporting the ceiling on each side of the aisle. The central two rows were higher than

17199-452: The chambers had two niches with a skeletons of a young female aged 20–25 and one aged 14–15. Next to the burials were offerings and the older female had a stone "pillow" under her skull. The other chamber was filled with soil containing potsherds and the complete skeleton of a sheep. This burial cave is unique in its shape and in the burial goods found inside of it. The burial in niches is more common in later periods but considered very rare in

17388-511: The city, and lived in Syria Palaestina in 296, when Diocletian 's army passed through the region (in the Life of Constantine , Eusebius recalls seeing Constantine traveling with the army). Eusebius was made presbyter by Agapius of Caesarea . Some, like theologian and ecclesiastical historian John Henry Newman , understand Eusebius's statement that he had heard Dorotheus of Tyre "expound

17577-589: The control of the land, and can be dated to 380 BCE. The mound remained deserted until the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great defeated Persia, conquering the region in 333 BCE. The pottery record indicates that the site was populated almost a century after the conquest, between the end of the 3rd century and the late 2nd century BCE. Over 20 jar-handles with stamps were found among the Hellenistic artifacts, dating to between 250 and 125 BCE. One stamp may be dated to

17766-455: The core of the collection that Pamphilus established. Pamphilus also managed a school that was similar to (or perhaps a re-establishment of ) that of Origen. He was compared to Demetrius of Phalerum —as well as to another (evidently, learnèd) scholar by the name of "Pisistratus" —for Pamphilus had gathered Bibles "from all parts of the world". Like his model Origen, Pamphilus maintained close contact with his students. Eusebius, in his history of

17955-456: The council evidently did not force the insertion of the word and instead adopted a text related to the confession of Jerusalem. The role of Constantine remained uncertain during the council. Alternate views have suggested that Gibbon's dismissal of Eusebius is inappropriate: While many have shared Burckhardt's assessment, particularly with reference to the Life of Constantine , others, while not pretending to extol his merits, have acknowledged

18144-410: The cursive script of a funerary papyrus rather than the more lavish wall decorations typical of most other royal tombs. The colouring is similarly muted, executed in simple black figures accompanied by text on a cream background with highlights in red and pink. The decorations depict the pharaoh aiding the deities in defeating Apep , the serpent of chaos , thereby helping to ensure the daily rebirth of

18333-403: The days of the prophets of old, would take place at the coming of the Christ, which I will presently shew to have been fulfilled as never before in accordance with the predictions" ( Demonstratio Evangelica VIII). From a dogmatic point of view, Eusebius is related in his views to Origen . Like Origen, he started from the fundamental thought of the absolute sovereignty ( monarchia ) of God. God

18522-424: The early 12th century. The Crusader's city was fortified, and probably the largest settlement on the site since the Iron Age. Structures were found in all of the excavation areas. The fortification system featured a two-meter-wide (6.6 ft) rampart supported by a retaining wall, and a drainage system to protect it from the weather. A large building with a kitchen, and a big public building were identified beside

18711-463: The early 18th Dynasty, to create drinking vessels by the core-formed method . Thutmose dedicated far more attention to Karnak than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he rebuilt the hypostyle hall of his grandfather Thutmose I , dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Pylon VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber in front of it,

18900-496: The early church due to Eusebius's access to materials now lost. Eusebius's Life of Constantine ( Vita Constantini ) is a eulogy or panegyric , and therefore its style and selection of facts are affected by its purpose, rendering it inadequate as a continuation of the Church History. As the historian Socrates Scholasticus said, at the opening of his history which was designed as a continuation of Eusebius, "Also in writing

19089-413: The elderly Thutmose III was in a coregency with his son Amenhotep II . Currently, the purposeful destruction of the memory of Hatshepsut is seen as an attempt to ensure a smooth succession for Amenhotep II, as opposed to any of the surviving relatives of Hatshepsut with an equal or better claim to the throne. Later, Amenhotep II even claimed that he had built the structures he defaced. It may also be that

19278-503: The emperor himself had recounted to him that some time between the death of his father – the augustus Constantius – and his final battle against his rival Maxentius as augustus in the West, Constantine experienced a vision in which he and his soldiers beheld a Christian symbol, "a cross-shaped trophy formed from light", above the sun at midday. Attached to the symbol was the phrase "by this conquer" ( ἐν τούτῳ νίκα , en toútōi níka ),

19467-479: The evidence of pottery and glassware finds, the city was gradually abandoned. A major earthquake in 1033 CE is known to have devastated the region, and signs of an earthquake can be observed in the remains of the settlement. The settlement appears to have been finally abandoned sometime during the 11th century. Ceramics from this period are some of the most luxurious of their time. After the First Crusade , Yokneam

19656-548: The famished cities of Syria without the means to fund further rebellions. After Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni , a Hurrian country with an Indo-Aryan ruling class. However, to reach Mitanni, he had to cross the Euphrates River. He sailed directly to Byblos and made boats which he took with him over land on what appeared to otherwise be just another tour of Syria, and he proceeded with

19845-695: The favor of the Emperor Constantine . Because of this he was called upon to present the creed of his own church to the 318 attendees of the Council of Nicaea in 325. However, the anti-Arian creed from Palestine prevailed, becoming the basis for the Nicene Creed . The theological views of Arius, that taught the subordination of the Son to the Father , continued to be controversial. Eustathius of Antioch strongly opposed

20034-491: The final years of the Middle Bronze Age, and lasted well into the Iron Age. In the first unfortified settlement phase, between 1650 and 1550 BCE, inhabitants buried the dead, particularly children, under the floors of houses in burial jars or tombs, with offerings laid beside the bodies. One notable offering was an artistic vessel in the shape of what appears to be a donkey, from whose mouth liquid could be poured. A one-meter-deep (3 ft 3 in) layer of dirt fill separates

20223-515: The first part of Eusebius's Chronicle , of which only a few fragments exist in Greek, has been preserved entirely in Armenian , though with lacunae. The Chronicle as preserved extends to the year 325. In his Church History or Ecclesiastical History , Eusebius wrote the first surviving history of the Christian Church as a chronologically ordered account, based on earlier sources, complete from

20412-505: The following year, he was again summoned before a synod in Tyre at which Eusebius of Caesarea presided. Athanasius, foreseeing the result, went to Constantinople to bring his cause before the Emperor. Constantine called the bishops to his court, among them Eusebius. Athanasius was condemned and exiled at the end of 335. Eusebius remained in the Emperor's favour throughout this time and more than once

20601-583: The former category he includes evidence of Eusebius in several martyrologies and being entitled "Blessed" dating back to Victorius of Aquitaine . Valois includes both Usuardus and Notker , who list his feast as June 21 in the Roman Martyrology, and a Gallican breviary is included for June 21 that reads as follows: Of the holy Eusebius, bishop and confessor. Lesson 1 . Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine, on account of his friendship with Pamphilus

20790-451: The growing influence of Origen 's theology as the root of Arianism . Eusebius, an admirer of Origen, was reproached by Eustathius for deviating from the Nicene faith. Eusebius prevailed and Eustathius was deposed at a synod in Antioch . However, Athanasius of Alexandria became a more powerful opponent and in 334 he was summoned before a synod in Caesarea (which he refused to attend). In

20979-445: The historian is commemorated as a saint." However, Lightfoot notes that in "the revision of this Martyrology under Gregory XIII his name was struck out, and Eusebius of Samosata was substituted, under the mistaken idea that Caesarea had been substituted for Samosata by a mistake." The Roman Catholic author Henri Valois includes in his translations on Eusebius's writings testimonies of ancient authors in favor and against Eusebius; in

21168-445: The irreplaceable value of his works which may principally reside in the copious quotations that they contain from other sources, often lost. The earliest recorded feast day of Eusebius is found in the earliest known Syrian Martyrology dating to the year 411 translated by William Wright . The Martyrology lists his feast day as May 30. Eusebius continues to be venerated as a Saint by the modern-day Syrian Orthodox Church as well, with

21357-441: The late 3rd century BCE, establishing an even earlier Hellenic presence. The walls of a large structure were discovered, with most of the building eroded down the slope. A more notable discovery was a square watchtower , overlooking the junction below the mound. Its base measured three square meters (32 sq ft). Some Hellenistic pottery was discovered on the northeastern slope of the mound. Pottery found in another building on

21546-502: The late 5th century BCE, but this study relies on the small quantity of pottery found in Yokneam. At some point, the structures were modified and the terraces were destroyed. The structures featured Phoenician-style architecture, which was quite common during that period. Personal names on pottery, written in Aramaic , include names of Hebrew, Persian, and Phoenician origin, indicating that Yokneam

21735-611: The late stages of the First Dynasty of Egypt or early stages of the Second Dynasty , sometime in the first half of the third millennium BCE. No architectural features attributed to the Early Bronze Age have been unearthed during excavations on the site. There is a gap in the archaeological record of at least a century between the Early Bronze Age and later remains. The Middle Bronze Age remains at Tel Yokneam were found directly on

21924-495: The library's collections and broaden access to its resources. At about this time Eusebius compiled a Collection of Ancient Martyrdoms , presumably for use as a general reference tool. In the 290s, Eusebius began work on his most important work, the Ecclesiastical History , a narrative history of the Church and Christian community from the Apostolic Age to Eusebius's own time. At about the same time, he worked on his Chronicle ,

22113-456: The life of Constantine, this same author has but slightly treated of matters regarding Arius , being more intent on the rhetorical finish of his composition and the praises of the emperor than on an accurate statement of facts." The work was unfinished at Eusebius's death. Some scholars have questioned the Eusebian authorship of this work. Writing after Constantine had died, Eusebius claimed that

22302-512: The limestone bedrock. In the Middle Bronze, Yokneam can be divided into Strata XXV–XXI, with the earliest architectural remains uncovered dating to MB IIA. Form strata XXIV (MB IIA) to the end of MB IIB, Yoqneam was fortified with three successive fortifications systems. The city was unfortified in the MB IIC (Stratum XXI). Underneath the wall of Yokneam which was constructed sometime before between

22491-643: The list of 119 cities conquered by Pharaoh Thutmose III . This form of the name possibly derives from the nearby springs (or "en" ) and is perhaps a corruption of "'En Yoqneam" ("Spring of Yoqneam"). The site is mentioned in the Onomasticon of Eusebius as a village called Kammona . Jerome described it as Cimona . Following the Muslim conquest, the site was called Qaymun . After the First Crusade , around 1130 Fetellus referred to it as Cain Mons ( Kaym Mons or Kaim Monte , literally "Cain's Mountain"), identifying

22680-644: The major cities in Syria. Thutmose moved his troops by land up the coastal road and put down rebellions in the Arka plain ("Arkantu" in Thutmose's chronicle) and moved on Tunip. After taking Tunip, his attention turned to Kadesh again. He engaged and destroyed three surrounding Mitannian garrisons and returned to Egypt in victory. His victory in this final campaign was neither complete nor permanent since he did not take Kadesh, and Tunip could not have remained aligned to him for very long, certainly not beyond his own death. This victory however, must have had quite an impact, for

22869-406: The martyr, took from him the surname of Pamphili; inasmuch as along with this same Pamphilus he was a most diligent investigator of sacred literature. The man indeed is very worthy of being remembered in these times, both for his skill in many things, and for his wonderful genius, and by both Gentiles and Christians he was held distinguished and most noble among philosophers. This man, after having for

23058-450: The martyrs of his own time and the past, and this led him to the history of the whole Church and finally to the history of the world, which, to him, was only a preparation for ecclesiastical history. Then followed the time of the Arian controversies, and dogmatic questions came into the foreground. Christianity at last found recognition by the State; and this brought new problems – apologies of

23247-403: The material directly after the text of the first campaign has been considered to be the second campaign. This text records tribute from the area which the Egyptians called Retjenu (roughly equivalent to Canaan) and it was also at this time that Assyria paid a second "tribute" to Thutmose III. It is probable that these texts come from Thutmose's 40th year or later and thus have nothing to do with

23436-463: The material for the tablets was mined in one of two specific locations on Mount Carmel. One of these is located only two kilometers (1.2 mi) from Tel Yokneam. In one of the letters, the city named is G-ma-te. The relationship between the name G-ma-te and 'En-qn'mu or Yokneam is unclear. Ba'lu-mehir was summoned to Megiddo along with King Labaya of the city of Shechem , who was accused by Egypt of acts of aggression against other kingdoms. Ba'lu-mehir

23625-404: The mound's eastern slope dated that structure to the Hellenistic period also. Among the potsherds were fragments of wine jars from the island of Rhodes . Yokneam seems to have been sparsely populated during the Hellenistic period. The main settlement between the Hellenistic and Byzantine periods was apparently on the hill south of the mound, on which the first the modern-day town of Yokneam Illit

23814-485: The mound's limits. The city was protected at that time by a massive fortification system. During Persian rule (539–330 BC) Yokneam was a dense, unfortified, and cosmopolitan city, housing Jews, Phoenicians, and Persians. Very little has been found in Yokneam from the Hellenistic , Roman, and Byzantine periods (333 BCE–634 CE), because the settlement was probably located on a different hill, south of Tel Yokneam. The remains of

24003-432: The mummy the necessary firmness, compressed it between four oar-shaped slips of wood, painted white, and placed, three inside the wrappings and one outside, under the bands which confined the winding-sheet. Of the face, which was undamaged, Maspero says the following: Happily the face, which had been plastered over with pitch at the time of embalming, did not suffer at all from this rough treatment, and appeared intact when

24192-565: The nation famous, firstly the kingship, secondly that of prophet, and lastly the high priesthood. The prophecies said that the abolition and complete destruction of all these three together would be the sign of the presence of the Christ. And that the proofs that the times had come, would lie in the ceasing of the Mosaic worship, the desolation of Jerusalem and its Temple, and the subjection of the whole Jewish race to its enemies. ...The holy oracles foretold that all these changes, which had not been made in

24381-425: The nearby Mount Carmel . A drainage system was installed to protect the fortifications from the rain. The wall reached a height of at least 4 meters (13 ft). Yokneam was razed and resettled again in the 9th century BCE. The most probable reason for the destruction was the invasion of Aram-Damascus , under King Hazael , who reigned from 842 to 796 BCE. The city was rebuilt during the occupation. The new city had

24570-485: The necessity of their natures. Eusebius said: The Creator of all things has impressed a natural law upon the soul of every man, as an assistant and ally in his conduct, pointing out to him the right way by this law; but, by the free liberty with which he is endowed, making the choice of what is best worthy of praise and acceptance, he has acted rightly, not by force, but from his own free-will, when he had it in his power to act otherwise, As, again, making him who chooses what

24759-506: The next tribute lists include Adana, a Cilician city. In Year 50, Thutmose III waged his last military campaign. He attacked Nubia, but only went so far as the fourth cataract of the Nile. Although no king of Egypt had ever penetrated so far with an army, previous kings' campaigns had spread Egyptian culture that far already, and the earliest Egyptian document found at Gebel Barkal dates from three years before Thutmose's campaign. Thutmose III

24948-423: The old buildings. The Iron Age city has three distinct periods. In the first, the majority of finds were locally-made Canaanite tools and pottery, characteristic of the Late Bronze Age, although some artifacts of Phoenician and Philistine origin were also found. One notable structure of that period is known as the "House of Oil", as the tools and olive pits found in it indicate it was an oil mill . The house

25137-465: The original Greek, but it may be reconstructed from later chronographists of the Byzantine school who made excerpts from the work, especially George Syncellus . The tables of the second part have been completely preserved in a Latin translation by Jerome, and both parts are still extant in an Armenian translation. The loss of the Greek originals has given the Armenian translation a special importance; thus,

25326-491: The others to create windows where the ceiling was split. Two of the smaller rooms in this temple contained the reliefs of the survey of the plants and animals of Canaan which he took in his third campaign. East of the Iput-Isut, he erected another temple to Aten, where he was depicted as being supported by Amun . It was inside this temple that Thutmose planned on erecting his tekhen waty , or "unique obelisk." The tekhen waty

25515-517: The painstaking labor of original research. Hence, much has been preserved, quoted by Eusebius, which otherwise would have been lost. The literary productions of Eusebius reflect on the whole the course of his life. At first, he occupied himself with works on biblical criticism under the influence of Pamphilus and probably of Dorotheus of Tyre of the School of Antioch . Afterward, the persecutions under Diocletian and Galerius directed his attention to

25704-555: The period of the Apostles to his own epoch. The time scheme correlated the history with the reigns of the Roman Emperors, and the scope was broad. Included were the bishops and other teachers of the Church, Christian relations with the Jews and those deemed heretical, and the Christian martyrs through 324. Although its accuracy and biases have been questioned, it remains an important source on

25893-491: The persecutions, alludes to the fact that many of the Caesarean martyrs lived together, presumably under Pamphilus. Soon after Pamphilus settled in Caesarea ( c. 280s), he began teaching Eusebius, who was then somewhere between twenty and twenty-five. Because of his close relationship with his schoolmaster, Eusebius was sometimes called Eusebius Pamphili : "Eusebius, son of Pamphilus". The name may also indicate that Eusebius

26082-485: The plain of Esdraelon, brilliantly cutting between the rear of the Canaanite forces and Megiddo city. For some reason, the Canaanite forces did not attack his army as it emerged, and Thutmose routed them decisively. After the victory, his troops stopped to plunder the enemy, who was able to escape into Megiddo. Thutmose was forced to besiege the city, and finally took it after a siege of seven or eight months. The size of

26271-401: The preceding and succeeding phases of occupation but from any other settlement period. This may reflect the fact that a city had not existed on the site since the end of the Persian period, some 1000 years earlier. The houses were built using local stone, rather than material imported from nearby Mount Carmel as in previous periods; an observation common to this and later periods. According to

26460-415: The protecting mask was removed. Its appearance does not answer to our ideal of the conqueror. His statues, though not representing him as a type of manly beauty, yet give him refined, intelligent features, but a comparison with the mummy shows that the artists have idealised their model. The forehead is abnormally low, the eyes deeply sunk, the jaw heavy, the lips thick, and the cheek-bones extremely prominent;

26649-591: The pylon and put two more obelisks on the south face in front of the gateway. The eastern obelisk's base remains in place, but the western obelisk was transported to the Hippodrome in Constantinople. Farther south along the road, he put up Pylon VIII, which Hatshepsut had begun. East of the road, he dug a sacred lake of 250 by 400 feet and placed another alabaster bark shrine near it. He commissioned royal artists to depict his extensive collections of fauna and flora in

26838-408: The reign of Amenhotep I . A papyrus from Amenhotep I's reign records this astronomical observation which theoretically could be used to perfectly correlate the Egyptian chronology with the modern calendar; however, to do this the latitude where the observation was taken must also be known. This document has no note of the place of observation, but it can safely be assumed that it was taken in either

27027-438: The reign of Hatshepsut . Thutmose's architects and artisans showed great continuity with the formal style of previous kings, but several developments set him apart from his predecessors. Although he followed the traditional relief styles for most of his reign, after his 42nd year he began having himself depicted wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and a šndyt-kilt, an unprecedented style. Architecturally, his use of pillars also

27216-609: The reign of Constantine (336). Most of Eusebius's letters are lost. His letters to Carpianus and Flacillus exist complete. Fragments of a letter to the empress Constantia also exists. Eusebius is fairly unusual in his preterist , or fulfilled, eschatological view. Saying "the Holy Scriptures foretell that there will be unmistakable signs of the Coming of Christ. Now there were among the Hebrews three outstanding offices of dignity, which made

27405-696: The same time he has written many things, but especially the following books: The Præparatio Evangelica, the Ecclesiastical History, Against Porphyry, a very bitter enemy of the Christians; he has also composed Six Apologies in Behalf of Origen, a Life of Pamphilus the Martyr, from whom on account of friendship he took his surname, in three books; likewise very learned Commentaries on the hundred and fifty Psalms. Lesson 3 . Moreover, as we read, after having ascertained

27594-617: The sea along the foot of the northeastern slopes of the Manasseh Heights and the Carmel, via both Megiddo and Yokneam. In modern terms, the ridge road or "Way of the Patriarchs" largely corresponds to Highway 60 , the ancient route connecting it via Ta'anakh , Megiddo, and Yokneam with the coast is now followed by the Jenin - Haifa road ( Highway 66 for the first section), and the pass road entering

27783-492: The second campaign at all. If so, no records of this campaign have been found. Thutmose's third campaign was not considered significant enough to appear in his otherwise extensive Annals at Karnak. A survey was made of the animals and plants he found in Canaan, which was illustrated on the walls of a special room at Karnak. This survey is dated to Thutmose's 25th year. No record remains of Thutmose's fourth campaign, but at some point

27972-461: The shape of a cartouche. On the two pillars in the middle of the chamber are passages from the Litanies of Re celebrating the later sun deity, who was identified with the pharaoh at this time. On the other pillar is a unique image depicting Thutmosis III being suckled by the goddess Isis in the guise of the tree. The wall decorations are executed in a simple "diagrammatic" way, imitating the manner of

28161-546: The site with a legend of Cain's slaying at the hand of his descendant, Lamech . The name "Cain Mons" is probably a corruption of the Arabic "Qaymun", or "Caimum" as the name appeared in the first Latin sources. The name was later transformed into Caymont . In 1799, Pierre Jacotin labeled the site Chateau d'El Kireh (Castle of Qira). The castle mentioned is probably the Ottoman castle attributed to Zahir al-Umar . " Qira " refers to

28350-453: The southern route, both of which went around the mountain, were judged by his council of war to be the safest, but Thutmose (as he boasted in an inscription) called them cowards and took the dangerous route through the Aruna mountain pass, only wide enough for single-file "horse after horse and man after man." Such a pass does indeed exist, although not as narrow as Thutmose claims, and emerges on

28539-477: The sufferings of many holy martyrs in all the provinces, and the lives of confessors and virgins, he has written concerning these saints twenty books; while on account of these books therefore, and especially on account of his Præparatio Evangelica, he was held most distinguished among the Gentiles, because of his love of truth he contemned the ancestral worship of the gods. He has written also a Chronicle, extending from

28728-579: The sultan of Damascus, Al-Mu'azzam Isa . In a treaty signed during the Seventh Crusade , Caymont is listed among the castles that remained in Frankish hands. A lord of Caymont mentioned in 1253, Aymarri, is its last known lord. In 1256, Pope Alexander IV gave the destroyed monastery of Tabor, which included Caymont, to the Knights Hospitaller . An ownership dispute between the Hospitallers and

28917-569: The sun as well as the pharaoh's own resurrection. According to Peter Der Manuelian, a statement in the tomb biography of the official Amenemheb establishes that Thutmose III died in Year 54, III Peret day 30 of his reign after ruling Egypt for "53 years, 10 months and 26 days" (Urk. 180.15). Thutmose III died one month and four days before the start of his 54th regnal year. When the co-regencies with Hatshepsut and Amenhotep II are deducted, he ruled as sole pharaoh for just over 30 years. Thutmose III's mummy

29106-407: The third-century churches throughout the known world, a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen. On his deathbed, Origen had made a bequest of his private library to the Christian community in the city. Together with the books of his patron Ambrosius , Origen's library (including the original manuscripts of his works ) formed

29295-520: The troops arrived in Syria, they proceeded into the Jordan River valley and moved north, pillaging Kadesh's lands. Turning west again, Thutmose took Simyra and quelled a rebellion in Ardata, which apparently had rebelled again. To stop such rebellions, Thutmose began taking hostages from the cities in Syria. The policy of these cities was driven by their nobles, aligned to Mitanni and typically consisting of

29484-461: The two forces is difficult to determine, but Redford uses the time to march the army through the pass estimate the Egyptian numbers, and the number of sheep and goats captured in the battle to estimate the Canaanite force, concluding both armies were around 10,000 men. Most scholars believe that the Egyptian army was more numerous. According to Thutmose III's Hall of Annals in the Temple of Amun at Karnak,

29673-496: The usual raiding and pillaging as he moved north through the lands he had already taken. He continued north through the territory belonging to the still unconquered cities of Aleppo and Carchemish and quickly crossed the Euphrates in his boats, taking the Mitannian king entirely by surprise. It appears that Mitanni was not expecting an invasion, so they had no army of any kind ready to defend against Thutmose, although their ships on

29862-499: The usual royal names and insignia and neither is given any obvious seniority over the other. Thutmose served as commander of Hatshepsut's armies. During the final two years of his reign after the death of his firstborn son and heir Amenemhat , he appointed his son and successor Amenhotep II as junior co-regent. Thutmose III is regarded as one of the greatest warriors, military commanders, and military strategists of all time, as Egypt's preeminent warrior pharaoh and conqueror, and as

30051-425: The vestibule, which is preceded by a quadrangular shaft or "well". A complete version of Amduat , an important New Kingdom funerary text , is in the vestibule, making it the first tomb where the complete text was found. The burial chamber, supported by two pillars, is oval-shaped and its ceiling decorated with stars, symbolizing the cave of the deity Sokar . In the middle lies a large red quartzite sarcophagus in

30240-400: The wall. Significant public structures in the south included the city gate, a fort, and a church. The fort occupies 15% of the entire available area of the mound. It was several stories high, with watchtowers at its corners. The castle is attributed to King Baldwin I of Jerusalem , who reigned between 1100 and 1118 CE. The church was built on top of the earlier Byzantine church. A crusader tower

30429-466: The whole recalling the physiognomy of Thûtmosis II, though with a greater show of energy. Maspero was so disheartened at the state of the mummy and the prospect that all of the other mummies were similarly damaged (as it turned out, few were in so poor a state) that he would not unwrap another for several years. Unlike many other examples from the Deir el-Bahri Cache, the wooden mummiform coffin that contained

30618-483: The word homoousios ( consubstantial ) "was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine." According to Eusebius of Caesarea, the word homoousios was inserted in the Nicene Creed solely by the personal order of Constantine. But this statement is highly problematic. It is very difficult to explain the seeming paradoxical fact that this word, along with the explanation given by Constantine,

30807-407: The works of Plato and to an extensive range of later philosophic works, largely from Middle Platonists from Philo to the late 2nd century. Whatever its secular contents, the primary aim of Origen and Pamphilus's school was to promote sacred learning. The library's biblical and theological contents were more impressive: Origen's Hexapla and Tetrapla ; a copy of the original Aramaic version of

30996-405: The writings of his contemporaries Athanasius , Arius , Eusebius of Nicomedia , and Alexander of Alexandria . Eusebius's pupil, Eusebius of Emesa , provides some incidental information. Most scholars date the birth of Eusebius to some point between AD 260 and 265. He was most likely born in or around Caesarea Maritima . Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized and instructed in

31185-413: Was a cosmopolitan city during the Persian period. Signs of a large fire are seen in one of the structures, where complete storage jars were found. This suggests the settlement's sudden destruction by fire. After this event, the site seems to have been partially or completely abandoned. Only a few pits remained. This violent destruction may be attributed to conflicts between the Persians and the Egyptians over

31374-402: Was a great builder and constructed over 50 temples, although some of these are now lost and only mentioned in written records. He also commissioned the building of many tombs for nobles, which were made with greater craftsmanship than ever before. His reign was also a period of great stylistic changes in the sculpture, paintings and reliefs associated with construction, much of it beginning during

31563-412: Was a village called Cammona, "situated in the great plain, six Roman miles north of Legio , on the way to Ptolemais ". A Byzantine church, built between the 4th and 7th centuries CE, was found below the ruins of a later Crusader church. It was built, in turn, on top of the Roman mausoleum. The church may originally have been built as the burial place of a saint. It was probably destroyed somewhere around

31752-401: Was accepted by the "Arian" Eusebius, whereas it has left no traces at all in the works of his opponents, the leaders of the anti-Arian party such as Alexander of Alexandria , Ossius of Cordova , Marcellus of Ancyra , and Eustathius of Antioch , who are usually considered Constantine's theological advisers and the strongest supporters of the council. Neither before nor during Constantine's time

31941-422: Was also translated into Syriac , and lengthy quotations exist in a catena in that language, and also in Arabic catenas. Eusebius also wrote treatises on the biblical past; these three treatises have been lost. They were: The addresses and sermons of Eusebius are mostly lost, but some have been preserved, e.g., a sermon on the consecration of the church in Tyre and an address on the thirtieth anniversary of

32130-462: Was collected from foreign powers, but it is unknown if this was considered a campaign (i.e. if the king went with it or if it was led by an official). Only the tribute list remains from Thutmose's next campaign, and nothing may be deduced about it except that it was probably another raid to the frontiers around Niy. His final Asian campaign is better documented. Sometime before Thutmose's 42nd year, Mitanni apparently began spreading revolt among all

32319-435: Was designed to stand alone instead as part of a pair and is the tallest obelisk ever successfully cut. It was not, however, erected until Thutmose IV raised it 35 years later. It was later moved to Rome by Emperor Constantius II and is now known as the Lateran Obelisk . In 390 AD, Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I re-erected another obelisk from the Temple of Karnak in the Hippodrome of Constantinople , now known as

32508-419: Was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut in 1881. He was interred along with those of other 18th and 19th Dynasty leaders Ahmose I , Amenhotep I , Thutmose I , Thutmose II , Ramesses I , Seti I , Ramesses II and Ramesses IX , as well as the 21st Dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I , Pinedjem II and Siamun . While it is popularly thought that his mummy originally

32697-437: Was established during the second half of the 9th century CE, probably during the rule of Ahmad ibn Tulun , who united Egypt, Syria, and the Levant in 878 CE. The Egyptian rulers consolidated their control over the country, which was subject to political instability. This period in the site's history is unique. The settlement's layout, the orientation of its buildings, the architecture and construction methods differ not only from

32886-551: Was exonerated with the explicit approval of the Emperor Constantine. After the Emperor's death ( c.  337 ), Eusebius wrote the Life of Constantine , an important historical work because of eyewitness accounts and the use of primary sources. Of the extensive literary activity of Eusebius, a relatively large portion has been preserved. Although posterity suspected him of Arianism , Eusebius had made himself indispensable by his method of authorship; his comprehensive and careful excerpts from original sources saved his successors

33075-438: Was found, with foundations on the hill's bedrock. The 18-by-22-meter (59 ft × 72 ft) tower connects with the city wall, and its ruins still stand 3 meters (9.8 ft) high. A residential complex was found between the church and the tower, with a courtyard featuring a tabun oven and public toilets. Thutmose III Thutmose III (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes ), sometimes called Thutmose

33264-424: Was found. Late Bronze Age Yokneam may be identified with one of the city-states mentioned in the Amarna letters (1360–1332 BCE). A petrographic study of the letters suggests that Yokneam was a city-state, and that one of its kings was called Ba'lu-mehir ( mehir is a West Semitic word for "warrior"). Ba'lu-mehir sent four letters, written on clay tablets. The association with Yokneam is based on indications that

33453-400: Was in relatively poor condition. The mummy had been damaged extensively in antiquity by tomb robbers and its wrappings subsequently cut into and torn by the Rassul family, who had rediscovered the tomb and its contents only a few years before. Maspero's description of the body provides an idea as to the severity of the damage: His mummy was not securely hidden away, for towards the close of

33642-470: Was included in the newly established Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem . It appears in Latin sources for the first time in a decree issued by Pope Paschal II . The decree stated that Yokneam, under the name Caimum, belonged to the monastery of Mount Tabor . It was possibly still in Muslim hands at that time, as was the case for most of the places listed. It is likely that King Baldwin I of Jerusalem took Yokneam during his campaign against Acre in 1104, and it

33831-548: Was largely responsible for the collection of usage information, or which churches were using which gospels, regarding the texts which became the New Testament . The information used to create the late-fourth-century Easter Letter , which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History [HE] of Eusebius of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. Eusebius got his information about what texts were accepted by

34020-449: Was made Pamphilus' heir. Pamphilus gave Eusebius a strong admiration for the thought of Origen. Neither Pamphilus nor Eusebius knew Origen personally; Pamphilus probably picked up Origenist ideas during his studies under Pierius (nicknamed "Origen Junior" ) in Alexandria. Eusebius's Preparation for the Gospel bears witness to the literary tastes of Origen: Eusebius quotes no comedy, tragedy, or lyric poetry, but makes reference to all

34209-407: Was probably an ally of his. Archaeological investigations suggest that the city was destroyed in a large fire sometime between the second half of the 13th century BCE and the beginning of the 12th century BCE. Late Bronze Age Yokneam's destruction by fire, as with many other Ancient Near Eastern cities, occurred during a period known as the Late Bronze Age collapse , which marks the transition from

34398-428: Was quoted in the decrees (now lost) of the Iconoclast Council of Hieria in 754, and later quoted in part in the rebuttal of the Hieria decrees in the Second Council of Nicaea of 787, now the only source from which some of the text is known. The authenticity or authorship of the letter remains uncertain. In the June 2002 issue of the Church History journal, Pier Franco Beatrice reports that Eusebius testified that

34587-458: Was raised to fight the invaders, but it fared very poorly. Thutmose III then returned to Syria by way of Niy, where he records that he engaged in an elephant hunt. He collected tribute from foreign powers and returned to Egypt in victory. Thutmose III returned to Syria for his ninth campaign in his 34th year, but this appears to have been just a raid of the area called Nukhashshe , a region populated by semi-nomadic people. The plunder recorded

34776-413: Was ready to rule. Some Egyptologists speculate that Thutmose married his half-sister, Neferure, but there is no conclusive evidence. Neferure, may have been the mother of Thutmose's firstborn son, Amenemhat . Alternatively, the Great Royal Wife Satiah is believed to have been the mother of Amenemhat. Amenemhat predeceased his father. Surviving records attest to several other wives of Thutmose. He

34965-425: Was rebuilt by the Mamluks during the 14th century CE. After the Ottoman conquest of 1517 CE, a fortress was built in the 18th century, and later abandoned in the 19th century. The site, which had remained abandoned, was surveyed by the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1878, and by Avner Raban in the 1970s. It was first excavated as part of a "Yoqne'am Regional Project" run by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and

35154-401: Was too young to rule. Hatshepsut became his regent , soon his co-regent, and shortly after that, declared herself pharaoh while never denying kingship to Thutmose III. During his childhood, Hatshepsut ruled Egypt in practice and name, achieving prosperity and success. When Thutmose III reached a suitable age and demonstrated his capacity, she appointed him to head her armies, and at her death, he

35343-565: Was unprecedented. He built Egypt's only known set of heraldic pillars, two large columns standing alone instead of being part of a set supporting the roof. His jubilee hall was also revolutionary and is arguably the earliest known building created in the basilica style. Thutmose's artisans achieved new heights of skill in painting, and tombs from his reign were the earliest to be entirely painted instead of painted reliefs. Although not directly pertaining to his monuments, it appears that Thutmose's artisans had learned glass making skills, developed in

35532-467: Was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero in 1886, it was in fact first unwrapped by Émile Brugsch , the Egyptologist who supervised the evacuation of the mummies from the Deir el-Bahri Cache in 1881. It was unwrapped soon after its arrival in the Boulak Museum while Maspero was away in France, and the Director General of the Egyptian Antiquities Service ordered the mummy re-wrapped. So when it was "officially" unwrapped by Maspero in 1886, he almost certainly knew it

35721-456: Was used by those heading for Phoenicia , the eastern one by those bound for Damascus and places further north. The pass exiting near Yokneam follows in its final part a valley called in Arabic Wadi Milh , "Salt Wadi " (unsuccessfully Hebraised to Nahal Yokne'am). Another major route, the hill road that went along the ridge of the Judean and Samarian Mountains , split once it reached the Jezreel Valley, with one continuation heading towards

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