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41-558: Transjordan may refer to: Transjordan (region) , an area to the east of the Jordan River Oultrejordain , a Crusader lordship (1118–1187), also called Transjordan Emirate of Transjordan , British protectorate (1921–1946) Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan , a former name (1946–1949) for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan See also [ edit ] Transjordan in

82-633: A human, professional translator. Douglas Hofstadter gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as " Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y a sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes. " That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers". Often, first-generation immigrants create something of

123-456: A literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a pidgin . Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., Spanglish or Denglisch . For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from the German word Schaukelstuhl instead of "rocking chair". Literal translation of idioms

164-653: A massive altar called the Witness by the Jordan River. This causes the "whole congregation of the Israelites" to prepare for war. They first sent a delegation to the Transjordanians, accusing them of making God angry and suggesting their land may be unclean. In response to this, the Transjordanians said that the altar is not for offerings, but is only a "witness". The western tribes were satisfied and return home. Assis argues that

205-539: A military and trade road along the fortified Limes Arabicus . The Incense Route comprised a network of major ancient land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with Eastern and Southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the Levant and Egypt through Northeastern Africa and Arabia to India and beyond. The incense land trade from South Arabia to

246-644: A new wave of semi-nomadic West Semitic-speaking peoples known collectively as the Ahlamu . Over time, the Arameans emerged as the dominant tribe amongst the Ahlamu; with the destruction of the Hittites and the decline of Assyria in the late 11th century BCE, they gained control over much of Syria and Transjordan. The regions they inhabited became known as Aram (Aramea) and Eber-Nari . The Book of Numbers (chapter 32 ) tells how

287-589: A serious problem to the Pharisees because many marriages with Ammonite (and Moabite) wives had taken place in the days of Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 13:23 ). The men had married women of the various nations without conversion, which made the children not Jewish. The legitimacy of David 's claim to royalty was disputed on account of his descent from Ruth, the Moabite. King David spent time in the Transjordan after he had fled from

328-453: A translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the Divine Comedy

369-406: A work written in a language they do not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. Literal translation can also denote

410-549: Is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation). It is to be distinguished from an interpretation (done, for example, by an interpreter ). Literal translation leads to mistranslation of idioms , which can be a serious problem for machine translation . The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating

451-521: Is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called calques , e.g., beer garden from German Biergarten . The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this

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492-424: Is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English words and Italian grammar . Early machine translations (as of 1962 at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases , which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in

533-457: Is regarded as a prose translation. The term literal translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to (or is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. A literal English translation of the German phrase " Ich habe Hunger " would be "I have hunger" in English, but this

574-659: Is used in Arabic : شرق الأردن , romanized :  Sharq al ʾUrdun , lit.   'East of the Jordan';. The Shasu were Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. In a 15th-century BCE list of enemies inscribed on column bases at the temple of Soleb built by Amenhotep III , six groups of Shasu are noted; the Shasu of S'rr ,

615-715: The Ammonites and Moabites as the "children of Lot". Throughout the Bible, the Ammonites and Israelites are portrayed as mutual antagonists. During the Exodus , the Israelites were prohibited by the Ammonites from passing through their lands ( Deuteronomy 23:4 ). In the Book of Judges , the Ammonites work with Eglon , king of the Moabites against Israel. Attacks by the Ammonites on Israelite communities east of

656-468: The Mediterranean flourished between roughly the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Literal translation Literal translation , direct translation , or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory , another term for literal translation

697-591: The pharaohs of ancient Egypt before the Late Bronze Age collapse . When Canaanite confederacies centered on Megiddo and Kadesh came under the control of the New Kingdom of Egypt . However, the empire's control was sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter-city conflict. During the Late Bronze Age collapse the Amorites of Syria disappeared after being displaced or absorbed by

738-585: The Bible , an area east of the Jordan River mentioned in the Hebrew Bible The East Bank of the Jordan (song) , a song written by Ze'ev Jabotinsky , the Revisionist Zionist leader. [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

779-670: The British and in 1949 the country changed its name to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", after the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . The prefix trans- is Latin and means "across" or beyond, and so "Transjordan" refers to the land on the other side of the Jordan River . The equivalent term for the west side is the Cisjordan – literally, "on this side of

820-510: The Far East across the eastern desert while other caravans brought myrrh and frankincense from the south. The region of Hauran then called "Auranitis" came under the control of the Nabataean kingdom. And the city of Bosra then called "Bostra" became the northern capital of the kingdom while its southern capital was Petra . After Pompey 's military conquest of Syria, Judaea, and Transjordan. Control of

861-634: The Jordan is portrayed as "a barrier to the promised land ", but in Deuteronomy 1:7 and 11:24 , the Transjordan is an "integral part of the promised land." Unlike the other tribal allotments in Joshua, the Transjordanian territory was not divided by lot. Jacob Milgrom suggests that it is assigned by Moses rather than by God. Lori Rowlett argues that in the Book of Joshua, the Transjordanian tribes function as

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902-447: The Jordan were the impetus behind the unification of the tribes under Saul ( 1 Samuel 11:1–15 ). According to both Books of Kings ( 14:21–31 ) and Books of Chronicles ( 12:13 ), Naamah was an Ammonite. She was the only wife of King Solomon to be mentioned by name in the Tanakh as having borne a child. She was the mother of Solomon's successor, Rehoboam . The Ammonites presented

943-557: The Jordan', which was then translated to Latin : trans Iordanen , lit.   'beyond the Jordan' in the Vulgate . However, some authors give the Hebrew : עבר הירדן , romanized :  ʿēḇer hayyardēn , lit.   'beyond the Jordan', as the basis for Transjordan, which is also the Modern Hebrew usage. Whereas the term "East" as in "towards the sunrise"

984-632: The Jordan, that Josephus et al. called Perea . Jerash was a prominent central community for the surrounding region during the Neolithic period and was also inhabited during the Bronze Age . Ancient Greek inscriptions from the city, and the literary works of Iamblichus and the Etymologicum Magnum indicate that the city was founded as "Gerasa" by Alexander the Great or his general Perdiccas , for

1025-504: The Shasu of Rbn , the Shasu of Sm't , the Shasu of Wrbr , the Shasu of Yhw , and the Shasu of Pysps . Some scholars link the Israelites and the worship of a deity named Yahweh with the Shasu. The Egyptian geographical term Retjenu is traditionally identified as an area covering Sinai and Canaan south of Lebanon, with the regions of Amurru and Apu to the north. As such, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to

1066-628: The Zarqa. Since Og's territory was not on the route to Canaan, it was "more naturally part of the Promised Land", and so the Manassites' status is less problematic than that of the Reubenites or Gadites. In Joshua 1 , Joshua affirms Moses' decision and urges the men of the two-and-a-half tribes to help in the conquest, which they are willing to do. In Joshua 22 , the Transjordanian tribes returned and built

1107-599: The [River] Jordan". Both terms reflect the biblical perspective, as different regions were seen when looked at from the Holy Land . The Tanakh 's Hebrew : בעבר הַיַּרְדֵּן מִזְרָח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ‎ , romanized :  bʿēḇer hayyardēn mizrāḥ haššemeš , lit.   'beyond the Jordan towards the sunrise', is translated in the Septuagint to Ancient Greek : πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου, , romanized :  translit. péran toú Iordánou, , lit.   'beyond

1148-510: The biblical writers. Horst Seebass argues that in Numbers "one finds awareness of Transjordan as being holy to YHWH ." He argues for this based on the presence of the Cities of Refuge there, and because land taken in a holy war is always holy. Richard Hess , on the other hand, asserts that "the Transjordanian tribes were not in the land of promise." Moshe Weinfeld argues that in the Book of Joshua,

1189-546: The city was later transferred to Herod the Great and his heirs until 106 CE, when Bosra was incorporated into the new Roman province of Arabia Petraea . The Herodian kingdom of Judaea was a client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BCE, and included Samaria and Perea . And when Herod died in 4 BCE, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian Tetrarchy . Provincia Arabia Petraea or simply Arabia,

1230-403: The half-tribe of Manasseh. Some of these traditions provide only an idealized picture of Israelite possessions east of the Jordan; others are no more than vague generalizations. Num 21.21–35, for example, says only that the land the people occupied extended from Wadi Arnon to Wadi Jabbok , the boundary of the Amorites . There is some ambiguity about the status of the Transjordan in the mind of

1271-558: The inverse of the Gibeonites (mentioned in Joshua 9 ). Whereas the former have the right ethnicity, but wrong geographical location, the latter have the wrong ethnicity, but are "within the boundary of the 'pure' geographical location." According to Genesis , ( 19:37–38 ), Ammon and Moab were born to Lot and Lot's younger and elder daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah . The Bible refers to both

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1312-420: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transjordan&oldid=1184633814 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Transjordan (region) The region , known as Transjordan,

1353-413: The original language. For translating synthetic languages , a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by

1394-608: The purpose of settling retired Macedonian soldiers (γῆρας— gēras —means "old age" in Ancient Greek). It was a city of the Decapolis, and is one of the most important and best preserved Ancient Roman cities in the Near East . The Nabataeans ' trading network was centered on strings of oases that they controlled. The Nabataean kingdom reached its territorial zenith during the reign of Aretas III (87-62 BCE), when it encompassed parts of

1435-475: The rebellion of his son Absalom ( 2 Samuel 17–19 ). The Decapolis is named from its ten cities enumerated by Pliny the Elder (23–79). What Pliny calls Decapolis , Ptolemy (c. 100–c. 170) calls Cœle-Syria . Ptolemy does not use the term "Transjordan", but rather the periphrasis "across the Jordan". And he enumerates the cities; Cosmas, Libias , Callirhoe , Gazorus, Epicaeros—as being in this district—east of

1476-622: The territory of modern Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel. Bosra is located in a geographical area called the Hauran plateau. The soil of this volcanic plateau made it a fertile region for the cultivation of domesticated cereals during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution . The city was noted in Egyptian documents of the 14th century BCE, and was situated on the trade routes where caravans brought spices from India and

1517-519: The tribes of Reuben and Gad came to Moses to ask if they could settle in the Transjordan. Moses is dubious, but the two tribes promise to join in the conquest of the land , so Moses grants them this region to live in. The Tribe of Manasseh is not mentioned until verse 33. David Jobling suggests that this is because Manasseh settled in the land that previously belonged to Og north of the Zarqa , while Reuben and Gad settled Sihon 's land, which lay south of

1558-545: The unusual dimensions of the altar suggest that it "was not meant for sacrificial use", but was, in fact, "meant to attract the attention of the other tribes" and provoke a reaction. Per the settlement of the Israelite tribes east of the Jordan, Burton MacDonald notes; There are various traditions behind the Books of Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 Chronicles' assignment of tribal territories and towns to Reuben, Gad, and

1599-581: Was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century. It consisted of the former Nabataean kingdom in the southern Levant, Sinai Peninsula, and northwestern Arabian peninsula. The Lordship of Oultrejordain (Old French for "beyond the Jordan"), also called the Lordship of Montreal, otherwise Transjordan, was part of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . Roman roads The King's Highway

1640-623: Was a trade route of vital importance to the ancient Near East. It began in Egypt and stretched across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba. From there it turned northward across Transjordan, leading to Damascus and the Euphrates River. During the Roman period the road was called Via Regia (Orient) . Emperor Trajan rebuilt and renamed it Via Traiana Nova (viz. Via Traiana Roma), under which name it served as

1681-543: Was controlled by numerous powers throughout history. During the early modern period , the region of Transjordan was included under the jurisdiction of Ottoman Syrian provinces. After the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule during the 1910s, the Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by Hashemite Emir Abdullah , and the emirate became a British protectorate . In 1946, the emirate achieved independence from

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