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109-462: The park is a synopsis of Indonesian culture , with virtually all aspects of daily life in Indonesia's 26 (in 1975) provinces encapsulated in separate pavilions with the collections of rumah adat as the example of Indonesian vernacular architecture , clothing , dances and traditions are all depicted impeccably. The park mainly exhibites the physical culture of the nation. Apart from that, there

218-552: A wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . Sumatra has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest since 1980. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as

327-486: A 9.2 earthquake shook Bengkulu and Western Sumatra. Both events caused large tsunamis . Earthquakes are very common throughout the coastal area of the west and center of the island, and tsunamis are common due to the high seismicity in the area. By population, Medan is the largest city in Sumatra. Medan is also the most visited and developed city in Sumatra. Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to

436-404: A convention on 8 Cendana Street on 13 March 1970. Through this recreational site, she hoped to cultivate national pride in more Indonesian people. A project called "Indonesian Miniature Project" was started by Harapan Kita Foundation in 1972. The concept of this culture-based recreational area was inspired by Indonesia's unparalleled natural riches and local folk diversity. Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

545-492: A diverse range of traditional music, notably from Java and Bali , where gamelan holds a central place. Originating in Java, gamelan is renowned for its intricate compositions and unique ensemble of instruments, including metallophones like gambang and bonang , as well as resonant gongs such as kenong and gong ageng . Beyond its musical complexities, gamelan embodies profound cultural narratives and communal identities, playing

654-534: A facelift in 2023 with new flat color variations and the slogan was changed into Jelajah Cerita Indonesia (Explore the Story of Indonesia). On 31 December 2014, the World Peace Committee recognized TMII as an International Civilization Park and World Peace Theme Park. The idea of presenting Indonesia on a small scale was conceived by first lady , Siti Hartinah , better known as Tien Suharto . It came about at

763-467: A fundamental aspect of the culture, encompassing various genres such as Wali (sacred dances), Bebali (semi-sacred dances), and Balih-balihan (entertainment dances). in 2015 UNESCO recognizes three genres of traditional dance in Bali, as - Intangible cultural heritage . The island's dances are characterized by their profound spiritual significance and vibrant artistic expressions. One of the most celebrated dances

872-415: A genre that emerged in the 1970s, is a blend of local Indonesian music with Indian, Arabic, and Javanese, Malay influences. It is characterized by its distinct drum beat and flute melodies. Dangdut has become one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia, known for its lively rhythms and often performed at various social gatherings and events. Indonesian dance reflects the rich diversity of culture from

981-563: A means of conveying moral and philosophical lessons. The shadow puppets, known as "wayang kulit," are typically crafted from sheets of leather, which are meticulously carved and painted to create intricate designs. These puppets are then ounted on bamboo sticks and manipulated behind a white screen with a light source behind it to cast shadows, creating the illusion of moving figures. Traditional puppet makers, known as " dalang ," possess exceptional skills to craft these unique and intricate shadow puppets. Another significant form of wayang theatre

1090-411: A pair of wild caught largetooth sawfish from Lake Sentani , which died in 2005, making it the only public aquarium to keep sawfish in Indonesia. A large featherback kept by Dunia Air Tawar was said to be the extinct Chitala lopis . The individual is a wild caught from West Java . A dinosaur and Indonesian folklore themed park. Pusat peragaan Iptek or Science and Technology Display Centre

1199-518: A pivotal role in rituals, ceremonies, and local storytelling traditions. The rhythmic patterns and melodic interplays reflect a deep connection to spiritual and social contexts, offering insight into the historical and philosophical underpinnings of Indonesian society. UNESCO 's designation of gamelan as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity underscores its cultural importance in Indonesia. In West Sumatra , traditional music includes

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1308-528: A rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants. Unique species include the Sumatran pine which dominates the Sumatran tropical pine forests of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as Rafflesia arnoldii (the world's largest individual flower), and the titan arum (the world's largest unbranched inflorescence ). The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to

1417-507: A single piece of a wild mangrove tree, Bisj poles can reach heights of up to 25 feet (7.62 m). Their carvings depict human figures standing on top of each other, as well as animal figures, phallic symbols, and carvings in the shape of a canoe prow. The Asmat participated in headhunting raids and cannibalism as rituals, many rituals involved the Bisj poles, including dancing, masquerading, singing and headhunting—all performed by men. In North Sumatra ,

1526-654: A stiff economic decline as the heritage of the Srivijaya empire was superseded by the economic policy of the Singhasari and Majapahit . The Palembang sultanate experienced a terminal decline in the early 19th century. With the coming of the Dutch Empire , the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh posed major obstacles, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly Aceh War (1873–1903). During

1635-607: A warrior dance, is performed with shields and swords, reflecting the region's martial traditions. In the northern Maluku, there is a dance called the Gala dance. Gala Dance is a traditional dance originating from the Sula Islands Regency, North Maluku. Gala dance is generally celebrated to welcome guests.In addition to welcoming guests, gala dances are also celebrated during the harvest season, traditional parties, and folk parties and are performed by men and women in pairs. In Papua ,

1744-540: Is Tarung Derajat . It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat based on his experience as a street fighter. Tarung Drajat has been acknowledged as a national sport by KONI in 1998 and is now used by Indonesian Army as part of their basic training. In Eastern Indonesia, there is a type of martial art hitting with a whip or stick . Caci is a form of fighting with a whip or stick. It appears to be indigenous to Flores in East Nusa Tenggara , but it

1853-454: Is Wayang wong , which translates to "human wayang." This form of Javanese theatre transforms the wayang stories into live dance drama performances featuring human actors. Wayang wong combines elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and traditional music to bring to life the mythical tales and moral teachings inherent in the wayang tradition. The performers undergo rigorous training to master the precise movements and expressions required to convey

1962-518: Is a lake with a miniature of the archipelago in the middle of it, cable cars, museums, Keong Emas IMAX cinema (Indonesia's only IMAX cinema until the 2010s), a theater called the Theatre of My Homeland ( Theater Tanah Airku ) and other recreational facilities which make TMII one of the most popular tourist destinations in the city. In 2007, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah launched a new logo with branding slogan Pesona Indonesia (Indonesian Charm). It received

2071-766: Is a melting pot of diversity. Positioned along ancient trade routes between the Far East , South Asia , and the Middle East , the country has absorbed cultural practices influenced by Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam , and Christianity . These influences have created a complex cultural tapestry that often differs from the original indigenous cultures. Examples of the fusion of Islam with Hinduism include Javanese Abangan belief. Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms , while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra , especially in

2180-513: Is a significant part of Dayak culture. This dance tells stories of ancient warriors and their battles, using energetic movements and traditional weaponry to convey a sense of valor and strength. Kalimantan is also home to the Banjarese . The Banjar people perform the Baksa kembang dance, a graceful and elegant performance that involves intricate hand movements and beautiful floral arrangements. This dance

2289-490: Is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas. The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait. The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom. Islam entered Sumatra through pious Arabs and Tamil traders in

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2398-593: Is also practised in Bali and Lombok . One of the oldest cave paintings in the world dating back more than 44,000 years old ( art of the Upper Paleolithic ), was found in caves in the district of Maros ( Sulawesi , Indonesia). The oldest types of cave painting are hand stencils and simple geometric shapes. In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in

2507-521: Is also used as an inter-ethnic means of communication in some parts of Aceh province. Religion in Sumatra (2023) The majority of people in Sumatra are Muslims (87.12%), while 10.69% are Christians, and less than 2.19% are Buddhists and Hindus. Sumatra is one of seven geographical regions of Indonesia , which includes its adjacent smaller islands. Sumatra was one of the eight original provinces of Indonesia between 1945 and 1948. Including adjacent archipelagoes normally included with Sumatra (such as

2616-1052: Is another prominent Javanese tradition where dancers wear masks portraying characters from Javanese folklore, history, and mythology. Accompanied by traditional gamelan music, the dance combines dramatic and theatrical elements. Gambyong dance, known for its graceful movements, is performed during ceremonies and celebrations in Central Java . This dance conveys messages of joy and cultural pride, showcasing Javanese aesthetics and values influenced by Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic traditions that have shaped Java's artistic landscape over centuries. Folk dances like Kuda Lumping feature performers mimicking riding horses made of woven bamboo. This energetic dance, accompanied by lively gamelan music, highlights rhythmic movements that captivate audiences. Reog , originating from Ponorogo , East Java , combines dance, drama, and elaborate costumes to depict mythical stories and mystical creatures with powerful movements and mesmerizing displays. In Bali , dance forms

2725-595: Is indirectly connected with Taman Mini LRT Station serving the Cibubur Line of the Jabodebek LRT via a free shuttle service; the LRT Station is located about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the main entrance gate. It is also indirectly served by Transjakarta BRT services on corridor 9 (Pinang Ranti–Pluit) and 9C (Pinang Ranti–Bundaran Senayan) at Makasar BRT station, which is located 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from

2834-567: Is known as Pop Kroncong. Other notable traditional music genres in Indonesia include Tanjidor from Betawi culture in Jakarta , involving a brass and woodwind ensemble, and Jaipongan from West Java, combining Sundanese music with dance. In the Maluku Islands, Sawat Lenso dance music blends Portuguese and local influences, featuring instruments like the rebana (tambourine) and the ukulele . The music of Nias includes unique instruments such as

2943-458: Is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. His works have somehow influenced Balinese artists and painters. Today Bali has one of the most vivid and richest painting traditions in Indonesia. The 1920s to 1940s were a time of growing nationalism in Indonesia. The previous period of the romanticism movement was not seen as a purely Indonesian movement and did not develop. Painters began to see

3052-409: Is often mixed with Arabic , Javanese and Malay folk music. Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Batak , Nias , Mentawai , Asmat , Dani , Sumba , Dayak , Toraja and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes . Indonesia treasures

3161-589: Is often performed at weddings, celebratory events, and to welcome guests, symbolizing beauty and prosperity. In Sulawesi , traditional dances serve as vibrant expressions of cultural heritage, offering unique insights into local traditions and values. One such example is the Poco-poco , originating from North Sulawesi , which has transcended borders to become popular, notably in Malaysia . However, controversy erupted in early April 2011 when Malaysian Islamic clerics banned

3270-500: Is operated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology . At the end of 2011 has 15 sites with about 300 science tools and visited by 341,000 visitors yearly. The sites are Robotic, Electric and Magnet, Mechanics, Mathematics, etc. There are fifteen museums at TMII: Since the 2022 revitalization, visitors are no longer allowed to explore TMII using personal motorcycles or cars. All personal vehicles have to be parked at

3379-497: Is quite well-developed in Indonesia. Other than tribal art woodcarvings of Asmat , Batak , Dayak , Nias , and Toraja area is well known for its refined wood carving culture; they are Jepara in Central Java and Bali. Mas village near Ubud in Bali is renowned for its wood carving art. Balinese woodcarving today has a sustained tourist market in Bali. In South Papua , Asmat art consists of elaborate stylized wood carvings such as

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3488-620: Is the Legong , known for its delicate finger movements, intricate footwork, and expressive gestures that narrate mythical stories and cultural themes. Another iconic Balinese dance is the Barong dance , a dramatic performance portraying the eternal battle between good (Barong) and evil ( Rangda ). This dance is not only a cultural ritual but also a captivating theatrical spectacle that mesmerizes audiences with its elaborate costumes, dynamic choreography, and symbolic narrative. The Kecak dance , also known as

3597-577: Is the largest producer of Indonesian coffee . Small-holders grow Arabica coffee ( Coffea arabica ) in the highlands, while Robusta ( Coffea canephora ) is found in the lowlands. Arabica coffee from the regions of Gayo, Lintong and Sidikilang is typically processed using the Giling Basah (wet hulling) technique, which gives it a heavy body and low acidity. Sumatra is a highly seismic island. Huge earthquakes have been recorded throughout history. In 1797, an 8.9 earthquake shook Western Sumatra, and in 1833,

3706-518: The 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami . Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago, representing a climate-changing event. The most important rivers in Sumatra belong to the catchment area of the South China Sea . Heading north to south, the Asahan , Rokan , Siak , Kampar , Indragiri , Batanghari flow into

3815-501: The 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Sumatra was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Svarṇadvīpa ('Island of Gold') and Svarṇabhūmi ('Land of Gold'), because of

3924-404: The 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore . The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Sumatra and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide . Several unconnected railway networks built during Netherlands East Indies exist in Sumatra, such as

4033-829: The Barisan Mountains in the west and swampy plains in the east. Sumatra is the closest Indonesian island to mainland Asia. To the southeast is Java , separated by the Sunda Strait . To the north is the Malay Peninsula (located on the Asian mainland), separated by the Strait of Malacca . To the east is Borneo , across the Karimata Strait . West of the island is the Indian Ocean . The Great Sumatran fault (a strike-slip fault), and

4142-527: The Dayak people uphold rich cultural traditions through their captivating performances, one of which is the Hudoq dance. This vibrant and intricate dance involves wearing elaborate masks and costumes designed to represent various spirits. The Hudoq is not merely a performance but a profound spiritual ritual aimed at seeking blessings for a bountiful harvest. The Kancet Papatai , which depicts scenes of bravery and heroism,

4251-442: The Dayak people have a rich musical heritage with instruments like the sape (traditional lute) and various gongs. In Papua , traditional music often involves drums and bamboo flutes, reflecting their cultural and spiritual practices. The angklung , a traditional musical instrument from West Java made from bamboo, has also received international recognition from UNESCO as part of the intangible cultural heritage. In contrast,

4360-461: The Dutch colonial rule. Unfortunately, after Indonesia achieving their independence, pencak silat became less popular among Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like Karate and Taekwondo . This probably because silat was not taught openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack of media portrayal of the art. Efforts have been made to introduce and reintroduce

4469-531: The Java Sea . The Bukit Barisan mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, mangrove forest and complex river systems. The equator crosses the island at its centre in West Sumatra and Riau provinces. The climate of the island is tropical , hot, and humid. Lush tropical rain forest once dominated

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4578-521: The Malacca Strait , while the island's largest river, the Musi , flows into the sea at Bangka Strait in the south. To the east, big rivers carry silt from the mountains, forming the vast lowland interspersed by swamps. Even if mostly unsuitable for farming, the area is currently of great economic importance for Indonesia. It produces oil from both above and below the soil – palm oil and petroleum . Sumatra

4687-543: The Minangkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat . The Western world has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut , which

4796-501: The Minangkabau people of West Sumatra , usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals. It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the “silek” or pencak silat martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story. Bangsawan , found in Riau and other Malay-speaking regions, combines elements of drama, music, and dance. It often features romantic or historical narratives, showcasing

4905-611: The Sasando from East Nusa Tenggara features an instrument made from a split leaf of the Lontar palm , resembling a harp and producing a soothing sound. Kroncong is traditional music genre in Indonesia, featuring guitars and ukuleles. It was introduced by Portuguese traders in the 15th century. Traditional “Keroncong Tugu” groups can be found in North Jakarta and Maluku , showcasing strong Portuguese influences. A modern variation of kroncong

5014-569: The Second World War , Japan invaded Sumatra in 1942. The Free Aceh Movement fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005. Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths. The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 Krakatoa eruption and the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami . Sumatra’s population as of 2023 was estimated to be about 60,795,669 ; it has about

5123-569: The Sunda megathrust (a subduction zone ), run the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly Aceh province, were struck by a tsunami following the Indian Ocean earthquake . This was the longest earthquake recorded, lasting between 500 and 600 seconds (8.33–10 minutes). More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent earthquakes to strike Sumatra include

5232-740: The bisj pole and is designed to honour ancestors. Many Asmat artefacts have been collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of which are those found in the Michael C. Rockefeller Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam . Bisj poles are carved by Asmat religious carvers (wow-ipits) after a member of their tribe or community had been killed and headhunted by an enemy tribe. Carved out of

5341-514: The sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km (182,812 mi. ), including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , Enggano , Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago . Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue , Nias , Mentawai , and Enggano off

5450-587: The talempong and saluang of the Minangkabau people , used in ceremonies. The Batak people in North Sumatra play instruments like the gondang (tuned drums), gordang sambilan and the hasapi (traditional lute). In Sulawesi , the Toraja people use bamboo instruments, such as the pa’pompang flute. The Bugis and Makassar people of South Sulawesi play the Kacaping, a plucked string instrument. In Kalimantan ,

5559-475: The 13th century. In terms of economic development the port of Banda Aceh only started to face competition in the 18th century when more ports were constructed in Sumatra for maritime transport . Nevertheless, major pepper suppliers used the port of Banda Aceh at the beginning of the 19th century. The port in Medan grew swiftly in the late 19th and early 20th century. Meanwhile the medium sized port of Palembang faced

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5668-477: The 19th century is mostly restricted to the decorative arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art. Artists' names are anonymous since the individual human creator was seen as far less important than their creation to honour the deities or spirits. Some examples are the Kenyah decorative art, based on endemic natural motifs such as ferns and hornbills, found decorating

5777-533: The 19th century. In the Netherlands, the term "Indonesian Painting" is applied to the paintings produced by Dutch or other foreign artists who lived and worked in the former Netherlands-Indies . The most famous indigenous 19th-century Indonesian painter is Raden Saleh (1807–1877), the first indigenous artist to study in Europe. His art is heavily influenced by Romanticism . In the 1920s Walter Spies settled in Bali, he

5886-634: The 2000s, the original design of TMII consisted of a model of the traditional houses ( rumah adat ) from the 27 provinces of Indonesia, including East Timor . But after the secession of East Timor from Indonesia in 2002, the East Timor pavilion changed its status to become the Museum of East Timor. Since Indonesia consists of 33 provinces (in 2004), the new province pavilions of Bangka Belitung , Banten , West Sulawesi , North Maluku , Gorontalo , Riau Islands , and West Papua have been built in northeast part of

5995-1216: The 2010 census (including Riau Islands , Bangka Belitung , Nias , Mentawai , Simeulue and islands around it) There are over 52 languages spoken, all of which (except Chinese and Tamil) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, they are divided into several sub-branches: Chamic (which are represented by Acehnese in which its closest relatives are languages spoken by Ethnic Chams in Cambodia and Vietnam), Malayic ( Malay , Minangkabau and other closely related languages), Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands ( Batak languages , Gayo and others), Lampungic (includes Proper Lampung and Komering ) and Bornean (represented by Rejang in which its closest linguistic relatives are Bukar Sadong and Land Dayak spoken in West Kalimantan and Sarawak ( Malaysia )). Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands and Lampungic branches are endemic to

6104-472: The 6th and 7th centuries AD. At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian Odoric of Pordenone in 1321. Aceh in the north of Sumatra became known in the 16th century as trading centre for the pepper trade by shipping quality piperaceae ( pepper ). Aceh became

6213-549: The Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests. The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site – Gunung Leuser National Park , Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park . The Berbak National Park is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as

6322-610: The Poco-Poco dance for Muslims, citing perceived Christian origins and concerns that its steps resembled the sign of the cross, despite this Poco-Poco remains a cherished part of social gatherings and community events in various regions. In Central Sulawesi , the Dero dance promotes community unity through its circular formations and synchronized steps, often accompanied by lively music and chants at local festivals. Meanwhile, in South Sulawesi ,

6431-659: The Portuguese throughout the 16th and 17th century. When the Dutch were weakened in the 18th century the British empire began to actively intervene in Aceh, establishing close relations between Banda Aceh and Penang . In the 17th and 18th century the Aceh Sultanate battled the Siak sultanate in the south of Sumatra. The port city of Banda Aceh was recorded in European historical writings since

6540-963: The Prehistoric Era, the Hindu-Buddhist Era, and the Islamic Era, and they fall into two main genres: court dance and folk dance. Sumatra showcases a rich tapestry of traditional dances that highlight its cultural diversity. In West Sumatra , the Tari Piring (Plate Dance) demonstrates skill in balancing plates with graceful movements, symbolizing harmony and elegance. Aceh 's Saman dance captivates with its fast-paced rhythm and synchronized movements performed by groups, embodying communal and spiritual values. In 2011, UNESCO officially recognized Aceh's traditional Saman dance as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding . In North Sumatra ,

6649-437: The Riau Islands, Nias and the Bangka-Belitung group), it now covers ten of Indonesia's 38 provinces , which are set out below with their areas and populations. The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). The interior of the island is dominated by two geographical regions:

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6758-429: The Sajojo dance is wi In addition to welcoming guests, Serving as both entertainment and a profound expression of Papuan cultural identity. Another notable dance is the War Dance (Tarian Perang), performed by tribes such as the Dani and Yali . This dance symbolizes bravery and valor, accompanied by rhythmic drumming and chanting, with dancers adorned in traditional attire embellished with feathers and shells, enhancing

6867-767: The acknowledgement, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition. Another form of local drama is Javanese Ludruk , originating in East Java , blends comedy, drama, and audience interaction with improvised dialogue and local humor, making it a favorite among locals for its lively performances. Ketoprak , another traditional Javanese theater form, integrates drama, music, dance, and comedy, often weaving Javanese folklore and moral teachings into its narratives, commonly staged in village squares or traditional markets. Sundanese Sandiwara , from West Java portrays historical or mythological tales through music, dance, and drama, offering insights into Sundanese culture. Betawi Lenong , from Jakarta , features humorous storytelling in

6976-505: The aramba (a type of gong) and the doli-doli (a type of slit drum). On June 29, 1965, Koes Plus , a leading Indonesian pop group of the 1960s to 1980s, was imprisoned in Glodok , West Jakarta , for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President Sukarno , the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s, the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall. The story of Koes Plus highlights Indonesia's evolving musical landscape and cultural exchanges. Dangdut ,

7085-410: The available parking lots at the west side of the park. Visitors are diverted to use electric-powered shuttle microbus service called angkutan keliling or angling for free. The shuttle service has two corridors and visitors have to wait the shuttle microbus on bus shelters throughout the park. Apart from that, visitors can also rent bicycles , golf carts , and electric scooters instead. TMII area

7194-459: The available zero-emission vehicles, such as electric microbuses and aeromovels, or renting a bicycle or electric scooters. TMII was reopened to the public on 31 December 2022 after being chosen as one of the venues for the new year celebration 2023. On 1 September 2023, the revitalization of TMII was inaugurated by President Joko Widodo . The revitalization cost IDR 1,7 trillion, with additional budget from InJourney up to IDR 200 billion. TMII

7303-570: The beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in Europe and United States . Indonesian 2009 Silat movie Merantau is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to the international scene. Pencak Silat was recognized as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on 12 December 2019. Another martial art from Indonesia

7412-409: The cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo . In December 2019, however, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world". Indonesian painting before

7521-413: The characters' emotions and the story's nuances. Wayang performances are accompanied by a gamelan orchestra, which provides a rich and dynamic musical backdrop. The music, along with the rhythmic narration by the dalang, enhances the overall atmosphere and emotional impact of the story. The dalang, who is both a puppeteer and a storyteller, plays a crucial role in the performance. They not only manipulate

7630-547: The cultural legacy of the ancient Srivijaya Empire through its rhythmic music and intricate choreography. In Java , court dances like Bedhaya and Serimpi are performed in the royal courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta . Bedhaya, considered sacred, features slow, deliberate movements symbolizing harmony between earthly and divine realms. Serimpi emphasizes grace and refinement, often depicting stories from Javanese mythology and royal traditions with elegant movements and intricate patterns. The topeng dance (Mask Dance)

7739-462: The diaspora of Indonesian people. People from various regions like Aceh , Minangkabau , Riau , Bugis , Makassar , Java , Banjar , etc. moved into and settled in Malay Peninsula and other islands. They brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The Indonesian of half-Dutch descent are also credited as the first to have brought the art into Europe. Pencak silat was used by Indonesian independence fighters during their struggle against

7848-585: The entire island. By the year 692 , the Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya . Srivijaya's influence waned in the 11th century, specifically in the year 1025, after suffering defeat at the hands of the Chola Empire in southern India By the end of the 12th century, Srivijaya had been reduced to a kingdom, and its dominant role in South Sumatra ended with the last king, Ratu Sekekhummong, who founded

7957-472: The gender of the deceased. However, they have become more and more elaborate, actually attempting to imitate the likeness of the deceased. Nowadays, Tau tau has a photographic likeness to the people they represent. Sumatra Sumatra ( / s ʊ ˈ m ɑː t r ə / ) is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia . It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as

8066-412: The gold deposits in the island's highlands . The earliest known mention of the current form "Sumatra" was in 1017, when the local king Haji Sumatrabhumi ("king of the land of Sumatra") sent an envoy to China . Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri ( Lamuri , Lambri or Ramni ) in the tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern-day Banda Aceh which

8175-513: The graceful Pakarena dance captivates audiences with its intricate storytelling conveyed through elegant movements and traditional costumes, preserving Bugis cultural narratives. Additionally, the Paraga dance demonstrates impressive athleticism by blending acrobatic and martial arts-inspired movements, symbolizing cultural pride during festive occasions. In the Maluku Islands , the cakalele dance ,

8284-1249: The homes, but also to create a realistic model of the environment and shelters of the various people of Indonesia. The venues, which are situated around the main lake in a similar fashion to the different islands of the Indonesian archipelago , are thematically divided into six areas in respect to the main islands of Indonesia; Java , Sumatra , Kalimantan ( Borneo ), Sulawesi , the Lesser Sunda Islands , Maluku and Papua . Each pavilions featured in typical vernacular Indonesian architecture of each provinces. Examples of Indonesian traditional vernacular houses are: Joglo and Omah Kudus Javanese houses of Central Java and Yogyakarta pavilion; Minang Rumah Gadang of West Sumatra pavilion; Malay houses of Jambi and Riau provinces; Torajan Tongkonan and Bugis house of South Sulawesi pavilion; and Balinese house compound with intricately carved candi bentar split gate and kori agung gate. It also displays various traditional costumes, wedding costumes, dance costumes, ethnographic artifacts such as weapons and daily tools, and models of traditional architecture to describe

8393-663: The island. Like all parts of Indonesia, Indonesian (which was based on Riau Malay) is the official language and the main lingua franca. Although Sumatra has its own local lingua franca, variants of Malay like Medan Malay and Palembang Malay are popular in North and South Sumatra, especially in urban areas. Minangkabau (Padang dialect) is popular in West Sumatra, some parts of North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi and Riau (especially in Pekanbaru and areas bordered with West Sumatra ) while Acehnese

8502-399: The kingdom as Samara , while his contemporary fellow Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the form Sumoltra . Later in the 14th century the local form "Sumatra" became popular abroad due to the rising power of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai and the subsequent Sultanate of Aceh . From then on, subsequent European writers mostly used Sumatra or similar forms of the name for

8611-447: The landscape. Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in the last 35 years. Many species are now critically endangered , such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo , the Sumatran tiger , the Sumatran elephant , the Sumatran rhinoceros , and the Sumatran orangutan . Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as

8720-583: The lively Tor-tor dance , performed by the Batak people, is known for its energetic movements and significant ritualistic role. Riau stands out with the elegant Melayu dance, characterized by graceful gestures often seen at ceremonial occasions. Meanwhile, Jambi and Bangka Belitung celebrates the Zapin dance, seamlessly blending Arabic influences with local traditions. Gending Sriwijaya in South Sumatra preserves

8829-415: The local dialect, often with satire and social commentary reflecting Betawi cultural values. Ondel-ondel , a Betawi folk performance, showcases large puppet figures paraded during festivals, symbolizing Jakarta's Betawi community spirit and cultural heritage. These dramas are known for their humor and audience engagement, bringing communities together in celebration. Randai is a folk theatre tradition of

8938-620: The main commercial centre of the Aceh Sultanate and trading routes were established to the Mediterranean via the Red Sea to rival the Portuguese shipping lanes . The reign of Iskandar Muda is known as the golden age of Sumatra because he extended the cultural influence of the Aceh Sultanate to Padang and Johor . The Aceh Sultanate sustained the rivalry with the Johor sultanate , the Dutch, and

9047-402: The main entrance gate. Despite that, Transjakarta operate feeder routes that directly serves TMII, which includes corridor 7D (TMII–Tegal Parang) feeder route, JAK-36 (Cilangkap–Cililitan) and JAK-108 (Kramat Jati–Bambu Apus) Mikrotrans routes; using microbus or angkot fleets. In 2011, the operator planned to disburse $ 35 million for building a new Discovery World theme park. A 2-hectare area

9156-560: The main room of the house, sometimes more than a hundred. A missionary work in 1930 had recorded the removal of 'over 2000 "idols" from a house of new northern convert.' Some missionaries even recorded houses collapsing under the weight of these ancestor figures. Small adu zatua were bound together horizontally using a rattan and pegs. Many ancestor figures were destroyed in 1916 by Christian missionary movements which saw them as an old blasphemous religious symbol. Some were sold to collectors and can be found in museum or private collections around

9265-472: The many ethnic groups that compose the nation of Indonesia. The dances showcase Austronesian roots, Melanesian tribal dance forms, and influences from foreign countries such as Indian subcontinent , Mainland China , and the Middle East , as well as European styles introduced during colonization. With over 3,000 distinct dances, each ethnic group contributes its own unique styles and traditions. Indonesian dances can be categorized into three historical eras:

9374-453: The milestone of Kepaksian Sekala Brak in the 13th century AD with the Dalom building. At the same time, the spread of Islam in Indonesia occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago, then Java, then to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku. The island of Sumatra

9483-568: The natural world for inspiration. Some examples of Indonesian painter during this period are the Balinese Ida Bagus Made and the realist Basuki Abdullah . The Indonesian Painters Association ( Persatuan Ahli-Ahli Gambar Indonesia or PERSAGI, 1938–1942) was formed during this period. PERSAGI established a contemporary art philosophy that saw artworks as reflections of the artist's individual or personal view as well as an expression of national cultural thoughts. The art of wood carving

9592-416: The nearby Mentawai Islands . There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra. There are 93 amphibian species in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra. The Sumatran tiger , Sumatran rhinoceros , Sumatran elephant , Sumatran ground cuckoo , Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008,

9701-410: The new concept has an environmental friendly design, more green spaces were added, so TMII would consist of 70% green spaces and 30% buildings – based on its original masterplan in 1972. Apart from that, visitors are no longer allowed to explore the complex using personal cars or motorcycles, because the park is designated as a low-emission zone . As the alternative, visitors can explore the complex using

9810-479: The north and northeast side of the main lake: Taman Burung is divided into five exhibits: Kubah barat (West dome) which include birds from the Greater Sunda Islands (Except Sulawesi ) and the Lesser Sunda Islands , kubah timur (East dome) which include birds from Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands , and New Guinea , a free ranging river exhibit, raptor aviaries, and other aviaries and exhibits scattered around

9919-718: The park, although the size and area of these pavilions is much smaller than the previous ones. After the recognition of the Chinese Indonesian culture as an integral part of Indonesian culture in 2000, the Chinese Indonesian pavilion and a confucian temple was built within the park. The religious buildings of several official faiths is meant to showcase the inter-faiths tolerance and religious harmony of Indonesia. The religious buildings are: There are about ten gardens spread within TMII complex, but most are located primarily on

10028-681: The park. The park also owns several birds from outside Indonesia, such as birds from China , Africa , Australia , and South America . Museum Serangga is an invertebrates museum that has collections from around Southeast Asia. The Museum also has live insect exhibits and a small mammal park. It also has a breeding facility for butterflies. Dunia Air Tawar is the second largest freshwater and brackish themed aquarium in Asia. The aquarium has over 6000 animals from 126 species, including reptiles, amphibian, crustaceans, and fish. In April 1994, Dunia Air Tawar, known as Taman Aquarium Air Tawar at that time, acquired

10137-468: The people of Nias placed great value on wooden figures or adu . The sole purpose of the Nias figures was to fulfil ritual needs, whether it is to ensure wealth or to perform specific beneficial rite. Niassan figures vary in size, from as small as 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in height to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. When an elderly person died, the family would make a wooden statue known as adu zatua. The statue

10246-427: The puppets but also provide voices for all the characters, deliver dialogue, and add sound effects, demonstrating remarkable dexterity and vocal versatility. UNESCO designated Wayang the flat leather shadow puppet ( wayang kulit ) and the three-dimensional wooden puppet ( wayang golek or wayang klitik ) theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. In return for

10355-487: The region's cultural heritage and its connections to wider Malay cultural traditions. Various Balinese dance drama also can be included within the traditional form of Indonesian drama. Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are gaining popularity in Indonesia as their drama often portray social and political satires of Indonesian society!! The art of Pencak Silat

10464-473: The same number of inhabitants as South Africa , making it the fifth-most populous island in the world . Yet because it is such a large island, it is not densely populated: it has an average of about 126 people per km . The largest indigenous ethnic groups in Sumatra are Malays, Minangkabaus, Bataks, Acehnese, and Lampungs. Other major non-indigenous ethnic groups are Javanese , Sundanese , and Chinese . Below are 11 largest ethnic groups in Sumatra based on

10573-435: The various characteristics of the Indonesian environment. TMII currently has 33 pavilions of the provinces of Indonesia, 7 places of worship, 24 parks/open spaces, 17 museums, and 18 amusement rides and other facilities. Since each Indonesian province maintains its own unique and distinct cultures, shelters, attire and dialects, TMII built a model of each of the houses from the provinces. TMII attempted not only to reconstruct

10682-569: The visual and cultural impact of the performance. The Wayang show, the traditional puppet theatre of the Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese cultures, is a rich and ancient art form that showcases several mythological legends such as the Ramayana , the Mahabharata , and many more. These performances are deeply rooted in the cultural heritage of Indonesia and serve not only as entertainment but also as

10791-442: The walls of Kenyah longhouses. Another notable traditional art is the geometric Toraja wood carvings . Balinese paintings are initially the narrative images to depict scenes of Balinese legends and religious scripts. The classical Balinese paintings are often decorating the lontar manuscripts and also the ceilings of temples pavilion. Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western-style painting emerged in

10900-495: The way of life of its people. Each province's pavilion is also equipped with a small stage, amphitheatre or auditorium for traditional dance performances, traditional music performances or traditional ceremonies that are usually held in Sundays. Some of these pavilions are also equipped with cafeterias featuring traditional Indonesian cuisines and also souvenir shops offering various handicrafts, T-shirts and souvenirs. Since 1975 until

11009-605: The western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula , which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait , containing the Krakatoa Archipelago , separates Sumatra from Java . The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands , while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait and

11118-448: The world. In Sulawesi , Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). One of the Toraja wood carvings is Tau tau , Tau tau is a kind of human statue made of wood or bamboo. Torajans believe that the dead can take their possessions with them to the afterlife, the effigies are usually equipped with small possessions. Traditionally, the effigies were simply carved, only to show

11227-452: The “Ramayana Monkey Chant”, is another notable example of Bali's rich dance heritage. This unique dance-drama combines rhythmic chanting and synchronized movements of a large group of male performers, retelling episodes from the Hindu epic Ramayana . The rhythmic chanting of "cak" creates a hypnotic atmosphere, making Kecak a distinctive and memorable cultural experience in Bali. In Kalimantan ,

11336-480: Was created and firstly developed in the islands of Java and Sumatra . It is an art for survival and practised throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to determine the rank and position of warriors in old Indonesian kingdoms. Contacts with Indians and Chinese has further enriched silat. Silat reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through

11445-494: Was eventually inaugurated on 20 April 1975. In January 2022, the revitalization of TMII was started to support the side event of the 2022 G20 Bali summit in Jakarta, with its new concept named "Indonesia Opera", designed by Urban+. The revitalization focuses on area readjusments and facility improvements. When the revitalization was executed, TMII was still opened to the public, until it was eventually closed on 17 May 2022. Because

11554-416: Was originally located on a public area of 145 ha, as farms and fields. Later, the team was able to convert these fields into a suitable location for the construction. The topography of TMII is rather hilly, consistent with what the builders required. The team claimed the advantage of utilizing this uneven terrain was the ability to create interesting and diverse landscapes and enclosures, as well as reflecting

11663-546: Was the first landfall for traders. The island has also been known by other names, including Andalas or Percha Island . Scholars suggest that mention of Suwarnadwipa in the Hindu Epic the Ramayana may be a reference to Sumatra. According to experts on The Ramayana , the epic is one of the first sources to document the relationship between India and the Indonesian archipelago. In the late 13th century, Marco Polo referred to

11772-561: Was to be built and it was predicted to be operated before the end of 2012. It would serve 100 venues/rides and was predicted to attract 1.2 million visitors from Indonesia and Southeast Asia . Culture of Indonesia The culture of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Budaya Indonesia ) has been shaped by the interplay of indigenous customs and diverse foreign influences. With over 1,300 distinct ethnic groups , including significant Austronesian and Melanesian cultures, contributing to its rich traditions, languages , and customs, Indonesia

11881-422: Was unveiled on the fourth day after the death of the person. The shape of the wooden statue reflects the status of the person who used them: the more powerful the owner, the more impressive the statue will be made. Nias people believed that the deceased person's spirits reside in the statue, so all events that occurred in the family were shared with the ancestor statues through prayers. Ancestor statues were placed in

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