45-805: Hudoq is a masked dance performed during the Erau harvest thanksgiving festival by many of the sub-groups of the Dayak ethnic group in East Kalimantan province , Indonesia . The Hudoq culture and performance are indigenous to the Dayak population of East Kalimantan province, and they are said to have originated from Mahakam Ulu Regency . According to the traditional beliefs of the Bahau , Busang , Modang , Ao’heng , and Penihing people, hudoq s are thirteen crop-destroying pests, including rats , boars , leopards , and crows . In
90-522: A Hulu Dusun officer in Melanti village near Mahakam River while he was chopping wood. The officer saw a worm that kept circling the block of wood and gazing at him tearfully. The officer took it home with him, where it grew up day by day, bigger and bigger until it became a dragon. But the dragon never left the house. One night, the officer dreamt that he met a girl who was to become his daughter. She said, "Father, don’t be afraid, let me leave this house and
135-565: A Hindu kingdom founded by Mulawarman at Muara Kaman, is regarded as the oldest kingdom in Indonesia. Kutai Kartanegara was founded by settlers from Java at Kutai Lama near the mouth of Mahakam. In around 1565, Islam was extensively spread in Kartanegara by two Moslem preachers from Java, Tunggang Parangan and Ri Bandang. The Dayaks are the indigenous people inhabiting Kalimantan beside the Kutais and
180-684: A biennial festival commemorating the foundation of the capital Tenggarong on 29 September 1782. This biennial festival was first held in 1971. From the advice of Kukar's last Sultan, Sultan Aji Muhammad Parikesit, the district government is only allowed to exercise some traditional ceremonies, and not others such as the tijak kepala (literally step on head ) and the vesting of titles. Activities that are allowed are art and sport or agility performances, such as Menjamu Benua, Merangin Malam, Mendirikan Tiang Ayu, Upacara Penabalan, Pelas, Seluak Mudik, Mengulur Naga and Belibur . Traditional tribal ceremonies allowed
225-425: A deafening noise from the outside. A bright light shone on the night as if it was daylight. The wife told his husband to check what the whole commotion is all about. When outside, the husband found a box made of golden stone. He opened the lid and inside he found a baby covered with a golden blanket. On the baby's right hand was an egg and on his left was a golden kris . Suddenly seven Gods appeared before him. One of
270-563: A new bridge on the same spot. The new Kutai Kertanegara Bridge has been open for public use since 8 December 2015, after an opening ceremony held by a local regent. The River Mahakam is an economic resource for fishermen and farmers and a freshwater source, as a waterway since ancient times until today. It is in this river basin where the Kutai kingdom evolved. The Kutai history is divided into two periods, Kutai Martadipura (around 350–400 AD) and Kutai Kartanegara period (around 1300). Kutai Martadipura,
315-568: A series of tidal channels generally unconnected to the main distributaries. The distributary channels are narrow and rectilinear with the depth ranging from 8 to 15 meters (26 to 49 ft) and distributary channel bifurcations appear every 10 to 15 kilometers (6.2 to 9.3 mi). This lower Mahakam area is the second most productive hydrocarbon basin of Indonesia which contains around 3 billion barrels of oil and 30 Tcf of gas reserves. Field geological investigations in this area were started in 1888 and in 1897 exploration drilling discovered oil at
360-455: A shallow depth of 46 meters (151 ft) on the Louise structure. Production started in 1898 followed by expansion of exploration to the entire Mahakam. The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) Period: 1971–2000 Mahakam and its floodplain is an ecologically important region. A total of 147 indigenous freshwater fish species had been identified from
405-605: A trap of sediment contained in the water flowing into the lakes which are now known to become shallower, presumably as a result of an imbalance between sediment input and slow subsidence. [4] Fishing is the primary source of livelihood in the Mahakam lakes area, most of the people around the lakes are fishermen. The middle Mahakam Lake area is an area of intensive fishing activity with a productivity of 25,000 to 35,000 metric tons per year since 1970. [5] Mahakam Lakes: (m) (km ) depth (m) (10 m ) size (km ) The Mahakam delta
450-623: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Erau Erau is an Indonesian biennial cultural festival, taking place in the city of Tenggarong , Kutai Kartanegara , East Kalimantan . The word Erau is derived from the Kutai word eroh , meaning crowded, noisy, joyful. The legend began in the Kutai Kartanegara Ing Martadipura Kingdom in the 13th century, when it was situated in Tepian Baru or Kutai Lama . It
495-553: Is a legend of the greatness of the Kingdom's first Sultan, who was said to be a descent from BROT. The story goes that in a village called Jaitan Layar , in the East Kalimantan mountainous slope, a kingdom official and his wife has been married for a few years, but had not yet been blessed with a child. They would pray to their God, hoping that a child will soon be born. One night, as the couple were sleeping, they were interrupted by
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#1732863147034540-434: Is a mixed fluvial - tidal dominated delta. The delta covers about 1,800 km (690 sq mi), consisting of mangrove areas near the shore, Nypa swamps in the central areas, and lowland forest near the apex, corresponding to the first bifurcation. [6] Fishery development in this area has converted a vast area of mangrove into shrimp ponds (tambak). However, recent mangrove restoration efforts have taken place in
585-466: Is around 1911 mm. According to Köppen climate classification , this area belongs to type Af ( tropical rainforest ) and has a minimum temperature ≥18 °C and precipitation of the driest month in normal year ≥60 mm Transfer of mass and energy in the tropical zone occurred through general air circulation known as the Hadley cell . According to Seidel et al. (2008), the precipitation pattern in this area
630-1798: Is because the ITCZ passes through the equator twice a year, from the Northern Hemisphere in September and from the Southern Hemisphere in March. Average discharge of the Mahakam River at Melak (Upper Mahakam), Kota Bangun (Middle Mahakam) and Loa Kulu (Lower Mahakam). Bangun Average monthly flow (Q–m /s). Mahakam River at Samarinda : 2018 Average discharge: 0°34′43.3236″S 117°15′49.9176″E / 0.578701000°S 117.263866000°E / -0.578701000; 117.263866000 0°31′18.282″S 117°9′14.3352″E / 0.52174500°S 117.153982000°E / -0.52174500; 117.153982000 0°31′35.652″S 117°1′45.7356″E / 0.52657000°S 117.029371000°E / -0.52657000; 117.029371000 0°26′39.7968″S 117°0′10.566″E / 0.444388000°S 117.00293500°E / -0.444388000; 117.00293500 0°13′31.9476″S 116°35′18.762″E / 0.225541000°S 116.58854500°E / -0.225541000; 116.58854500 0°21′49.608″S 116°23′48.066″E / 0.36378000°S 116.39668500°E / -0.36378000; 116.39668500 0°13′49.7064″S 115°50′0.0312″E / 0.230474000°S 115.833342000°E / -0.230474000; 115.833342000 Minimum 375 m /s, maximum 12,200 m /s (record 24,156 m /s in 2012 ) There are about 76 lakes spread in
675-478: Is flowing". The wife did as she was told and aromatic milk flowed, which the baby lapped up ravenously. For the next 40 days and nights, obeying the Gods' commands, the baby laid on the villagers' laps. He was bathed with flower water. And on the third day, his umbilical cord broke off and the villagers celebrated the occasion by shooting fire to the sky for seven times. The baby was named Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti . As
720-520: Is largely determined by this large-scale atmospheric wind pattern, which is observable in several ways throughout the atmosphere. This circulation carries moisture into the air, generating rainfall in equatorial regions , whereas the edges of the tropical belt are drier. Within this circulation, evaporation occurs intensively around the equator on the center of low pressure called the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), characterized by
765-537: The dusky munia , Bornean whistler , Bornean peacock-pheasant , Bornean blue-flycatcher and Bornean bristlehead . [8] Some 160,000 ha of the delta has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International . A research cluster ( [9] ): "Upsetting the balance in the Mahakam Delta: past, present and future impacts of sea level rise , climate change, upstream controls and human intervention on sediment and mangrove dynamics" extensively researches
810-469: The Gods would say, The husband told the Gods that he will obey all of their commands and thanked them for answering his prayers. Once the Gods disappeared, he took the baby inside to his wife. The baby cried of hunger, confused as to what to do, the husband burnt incense, scatter yellow rice on the floor, and prayed to the Gods. Soon after, the God told the wife, "Wipe your breast with your hand repeatedly until milk
855-460: The Mahakam cuts through the Samarinda anticlinorium and reaches its alluvial delta, which spreads like a broad fan over the shelf-sea, with a base of 65 kilometers (40 mi) and a radius of about 30 kilometers (19 mi). Upstream of Long Iram (upstream part of Mahakam river basin), the river is flowing in tertiary rocks (Voss, 1983). Between Long Iram and Muara Kaman (middle Mahakam area)
900-399: The Mahakam river basin and about 30 lakes are located in the middle Mahakam area including the three main lakes ( Lake Jempang 15,000 Ha; Lake Semayang 13,000 Ha; Lake Melintang 11,000 Ha). The lake levels are seasonally fluctuated from 0.5 m – 1 m during the dry period to seven meters during the rainy season. The Mahakam lakes and surrounding wetlands act as water storage [3] as well as
945-593: The Mahakam. The Mahakam hosts the freshwater dolphin Irrawaddy dolphin ( Orcaella brevirostris ; called Pesut by local people) a critically endangered species, which is included in CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix I. [7] The Mahakam river basin is also important breeding and resting place for 298 bird species, among them 70 protected and five endemic species:
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#1732863147034990-474: The Mahakam. The cluster's objective is to study the impact of external forcing factors such as sea-level rise, climate change, upstream sediment, as well as human interference on past, present, and future development of the Mahakam delta in different time scales. Logging and mining activities have contributed to the "alarming rate" of pollution of East Kalimantan's Mahakam River. Tests of water pollutants showed levels increased sharply between 2009 and 2011. Despite
1035-578: The River Kedang Pahu at the city of Muara Pahu . From there, the river flows eastward through the Mahakam lakes region, which is a flat tropical lowland area surrounded by peat land. Thirty shallow lakes are situated in this area, which are connected to the Mahakam through small channels [2] . Downstream of the connection with the Semayang and Melintang lakes, the Mahakam meets three other main tributaries –
1080-535: The Sultan's coronation to a celebration commemorating the vesting of title to individuals for their outstanding service to the kingdom. The duration of the ceremony would depend upon the Kutai Palace's wealth, it ranged from 7 days to a maximum of 40 days continuously. The Erau ceremonies were traditionally organised by the Kutai palace courtiers, who would invite the kingdom's community leaders. Arriving from all corners of
1125-691: The accumulation of clouds in the area. The ITCZ moves following the pseudo-motion of the sun within the 23.5°N and 23.5°S zone, therefore its position always changes according to this motion. The ITCZ drives the Indo-Australian monsoon phenomena which influence the regional climate including the Mahakam catchment. In December, January, and February (winter in the Northern Hemisphere ) the concentration of high pressure in Asia and low pressure in Australia make
1170-602: The arts and culture that exist and thrive across the regency. Mahakam River The Mahakam River ( Indonesian : Sungai Mahakam ) is third longest and volume discharge river in Borneo after Kapuas River and Barito River , it is located in Kalimantan , Indonesia . It flows 980 kilometers (610 miles) from the district of Long Apari in the highlands of Borneo, to its mouth at the Makassar Strait . The city of Samarinda ,
1215-498: The boy grew up to be 5 years old, he was restless and impatient, he wants to be able to play outside, swim in the river, walk around the village like other children. The husband then remembered the God's command and so he arranged with the villagers of Jaitan Layar to conduct the Erau ceremony. This was to be the first Erau ceremony. It was conducted lavishly for the next 40 days and nights. The Jaitan Layar community and its surrounding attended
1260-550: The center of Kalimantan , and from there it cuts through the pre-tertiary axis of the island east of the Batuayan (1,652 meters (5,420 ft)) and then reaches the tertiary basin of Kutai . Its middle course traverses a lowland plain with many marshy lakes. This intermontane depression is separated from the neighboring basin, the Barito depression , by a broad hilly tract of less than 500 meters (1,600 ft) altitude. After this region,
1305-573: The ceremony. Before the ceremony, buffalos were slaughtered and the corpses were prepared. During the Tijak Tanah ceremonial rite, Aji's feet would be placed on the heads of buffalos, living and dead; and on human, living and dead. Then, covered with yellow cloth, Aji was accompanied to the nearby river where he bathed, performing the Mandi ke Tepian ceremonial rite. His feet would step on iron and on stone. The villagers, male and female, would then join him in
1350-463: The delta by replanting mangroves in abandoned shrimp ponds and encouraging silvofishery . Many areas in the Mahakam delta are already naturally recolonized by mangrove vegetation contributing to ecosystem restoration. Mangroves also function as sedimentation-enhancing strategies by capturing sediment-causing accretion . The delta has three main distributary systems directed Northeast, Southeast, and South. The area between distributaries consists of
1395-487: The end of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate reign, when its territory was converted into the autonomous region of Kutai Kartanegara (abbrev. Kukar) Regency. In the effort of preserving the cultural traditions of Kutai, the bupati (taken from a Sanskrit word, which contemporarily means the holder of executive power of the local government) of Kukar Regency government, Drs. H. Achmad Dahlan, mandated that Erau be
Hudoq - Misplaced Pages Continue
1440-615: The festival, the Hudoq s are symbolized by dancers who wear masks representing pests and jackets made of pinang ( areca palm ) or banana tree bark. The entire body is covered with frayed pinang palm leaves. The dance is finished when two human hudoqs come out and chase the pest hudoqs. The duration of the dance is 1–5 hours. It is arranged from village to village after people dibble the land to grow dry-field rice paddies in September to October every year. They pray so that their fields will grow abundantly. This Indonesia -related article
1485-526: The growing pollution, it is claimed that "the water is still safe for consumption." Unsafe concentrations of heavy metals have been observed in Mahakam fish. A 2015 study found lead concentrations over 1000 times safe levels along with unsafe levels of copper , zinc , and cadmium . Bridges include the 400-meter (1,300 ft) Mahakam Bridge and the 710-meter (2,330 ft) Kutai Kartanegara Bridge . The latter collapsed on 26 November 2011, it took 3 years of planning and one and half years more to rebuild
1530-571: The kingdom, the leaders would bring supplies of food, livestock, fruits, and also artists for entertainment. The Sultan and his courtiers would then provide free meals to the kingdom's citizens as a gesture of the Sultan's gratitude to the dedication of his people. The last known traditional Erau ceremony was in 1965, for the commemoration of the Sultan Aji Pangeran Adipati Praboe Anoem Soerya Adiningrat coronation. The traditional Erau ceremony ended along with
1575-417: The party, the decorations, utensils and musical instruments were then donated to the poor villagers. Aji grew up and became the first Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara (1300–1325). During his inauguration, Erau ceremony was also conducted. The Sultan married a beautiful princess named Putri Karang Melenu , who was also thought to be the descendant of God. The story goes that she was initially a small worm found by
1620-551: The provincial capital of East Kalimantan , lies along 48 kilometers (30 mi) from the river mouth. The delta Mahakam river consist of specific micro climate which is influenced by high and low tide at sea level. The Mahakam River [1] is the largest river in East Kalimantan , Indonesia, with a catchment area of approximately 77,100 km . The catchment lies between 2˚N to 1˚S latitude and 113˚E to 118˚E longitude. The river originates in Cemaru from where it flows south-eastwards, meeting
1665-399: The river and swim, follow my spume". The dragon slithered down the stairs, to the river and swam seven times up and down the stream, came up the opposite river bank and slithered left and right three times when torrential rain came down, accompanied by strong winds and thunder. The officer and his wife crossed the river with great difficulty. But then the weather cleared up and they saw that
1710-424: The river is flowing in quaternary alluvium , while in the downstream area between Muara Kaman and the coast including the Mahakam delta, tertiary rocks are again present. The presence of the large delta is explained by the formation and rejuvenation of the hilly region near Samarinda . The Mahakam catchment is around the equator. The average annual rainfall in the catchment area is 3163 mm. The average runoff
1755-408: The river was filled with foam and rainbow-like lights were gleaming. The couple went closer to take a better look and saw a gong with a baby inside. The couple took the baby with them and brought her up as if she was their own. After three days, the baby's umbilical cord broke, she was then named Putri Karang Melenu. When she grew up to become a beautiful young lady, the Gods united her with Aji, who
1800-490: The river. Afterwards, Aji was returned to his house while wearing lavish clothing. Accompanied by the song of Gajah Perwata orchestra and the sound of Sapu Jagat cannon, he was brought to the village yard where he laid on brightly coloured rugs. He was fed with betel leaves. The party would then started in earnest. Food and drinks were free flowing, various performances and animal competition were held, men and women were dancing. The party continued for 7 days and nights. After
1845-516: The rivers Belayan , Kedang Kepala , and Kedang Rantau – and flows south-eastwards through the Mahakam delta distributaries, to the Makassar Strait . Kalimantan, where the Mahakam lies, is part of the Sunda Continental Plate . The large island has mountain ranges between Indonesia and Malaysia. As described by van Bemmelen (1949), River Mahakam rises in Cemaru (1,681 meters (5,515 feet)) in
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1890-447: The village, build me a stairwell so I can slither down". At once, he woke up and told his wife, Babu Jaruma. The officer would then spend the days that followed building a stair made of lampong wood, with the steps made of bamboo and tied with lembiding roots. When he finished, he heard the girl's voice again, "As I step down to earth, come and follow me. Burn some sesame and sprinkle some yellow rice around me. When I slither down to
1935-611: The west wind blow in Indonesia (west monsoon). In June, July, and August concentration of low pressure in Asia (summer in the Northern Hemisphere) and a concentration of high pressure in Australia make the east wind blow in Indonesia (east monsoon). Due to the global air circulation and the regional climate mentioned above, the Mahakam catchment which is located around the equator has a bimodal rainfall pattern with two peaks of rainfall, which are generally occurred in December and May. This
1980-552: Was at the time already a Sultan. The couple had a son, which they named Aji Batara Agung Paduka Nira . The legend of Putri Karang Melenu is perhaps the story behind the Mengulur Naga procession of the Erau ceremony. Every coronation of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultans, since the time that the first Sultan was inaugurated, had been commemorated with an Erau ceremony. Erau ceremonies then developed from being solely for
2025-536: Was from the Dayak tribe, such as Papaer Maper, Kuangkay, Mumutn, Ngayau, Lemakan Balei, Uman Undad, Pasek Truit, Erau Anak . There are also the occasional Malay arts such as Tarsul and Badendang . Erau festival, held every September, has now been included in the Indonesian national tourism calendar of events. It is no longer associated with cultural tradition of the Kukar Sultanate palace, but rather to showcase
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