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121-913: Sunder Nursery , formerly called Azim Bagh or Bagh-e-Azeem , is a 16th-century heritage park complex adjacent to the Humayun's Tomb , a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi . Originally known as Azim Bagh and built by the Mughals in the 16th century, it lies on the Mughal-era Grand Trunk Road , and is spread over 90 acres (36 hectare). Future plans aim to link nearby areas to develop it into India's largest park covering 900 acres. Today Sunder Nursery contains fifteen heritage monuments of which 6 are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) protected Sundarwala Burj, Sundarwala Mahal and Lakkarwala Burj. After renovations starting in 2007,

242-651: A Viewing Order was needed so as not to interfere with funeral events. An arboretum containing mostly plants from Scandinavian countries. Situated on the European side of Istanbul in the northern Sarıyer district, Atatürk Arboretum covers 296 ha (730 acres) adjacent to the Belgrad Forest . The arboretum also includes a rare plant nursery operated by Istanbul University Forestry Department. A small arboretum at Bank Hall Gardens , Bretherton in Lancashire , contains

363-515: A shrubbery , and a viticetum (from the Latin vitis, meaning vine , referring in particular to a grape vine ). A palm house is a large greenhouse for palms and other tender trees. Egyptian pharaohs planted exotic trees and cared for them; they brought ebony wood from the Sudan, and pine and cedar from Syria. Hatshepsut 's expedition to Punt returned bearing thirty-one live frankincense trees,

484-607: A yew thought to be at least 550 years old, the oldest in Lancashire. George Anthony Legh Keck had the arboretum planted in the gardens which were abandoned from the 1970s until 1995 when Bank Hall Action Group cleared the grounds. It contains one of two known fallen Sequoia sempervirens in the UK , Wellingtonia , dawn redwood ( Metasequoia glyptostroboides ), Atlas cedar ( Cedrus atlantica ), western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ), Chinese swamp cypress and yew. Recent additions by

605-525: A 250-hectare site in the Greenhills Forest areas west of the Tuggeranong Parkway and Lake Burley Griffin , Canberra , Australia . It includes an existing stand of 5000 Himalayan Cedars and the 80-year-old Cork Oak plantation which were damaged by the 2001 and 2003 Canberra bushfires . It features different types of threatened and symbolic trees from around Australia and the world, including

726-582: A burial place for the entire family of Isa Khan. On the western side of the tomb lies a three-bay wide mosque, in red sandstone. The octagonal tomb bears a striking resemblance to other tombs of the Sur dynasty monuments in the Lodhi Gardens , in Delhi and demonstrates a marked progression in the development of the exquisite architectural style of the main tomb. Some of the architectural details present here were seen later in

847-539: A committee until it was acquired by the Derby Corporation during the 1880s, the Derby Arboretum was only open free to the public for two days of the week for its first four decades, the remaining days being reserved for subscribers and their families and guests. Very popular anniversary festivals were staged annually which drew crowds of tens of thousands and helped to fund the upkeep of the park. The Derby Arboretum

968-653: A distinct Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the Mughal rule. The combination of red sandstone and white marble was previously seen in Delhi Sultanate period tombs and mosques, most distinctively in the highly decorative Alai Darwaza gatehouse in the Qutub complex , Mehrauli , built in 1311, under the Khalji dynasty . The high rubble built enclosure is entered through two lofty double-storeyed gateways on

1089-496: A domed ceiling and stone jaalis . Both these monument now lie inside a commercial area facing the complex's parking lot. Another period structure is Barapula , a bridge with 12 piers and 11 arched openings, built in 1621 by Mihr Banu Agha, the chief eunuch of Jahangir 's court. Barber's Tomb: Towards the south-east corner, within the Char Bagh, lies a tomb known as Nai-ka-Gumbad , or Barber's Tomb, belonging to royal barber , it

1210-459: A large variety of rare but hardy plants and trees, including amongst many species a grove of Giant Redwoods and a substantial Liquidambar collection. The arboretum is extensively labelled with educational notes and information for many of the plants. Wolverley, Kiddermister, Bodenham Arboretum has 156 acres (0.63 km ) contains mature woodland, specimen trees and shrubs. With a collection of over 3,000 species of trees and shrubs it includes

1331-548: A leap in Mughal architecture , and together with its accomplished Charbagh garden, typical of Persian gardens , but never seen before in India, it set a precedent for subsequent Mughal architecture. It is seen as a clear departure from the fairly modest mausoleum of his father, the first Mughal Emperor, Babur , called Bagh-e Babur (Gardens of Babur) in Kabul (Afghanistan). Though the latter

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1452-405: A major restoration project between 1903 and 1909, which also included lining the plaster channels with sandstone; a 1915 planting scheme added emphasis to the central and diagonal axis by lining it with trees, though some trees were also planted on the platform originally reserved for tents. In 1882, the official curator of ancient monuments in India published his first report, which mentioned that

1573-521: A marble and even stone inlay ornamentation in numerous geometrical and arabesque patterns, seen all around the facade is an important legacy of Indo-Islamic architecture, and flourished in many later mausolea of the Mughal Empire , like the Taj Mahal , which also features twin cenotaphs and exquisite pietra dura craftsmanship. The main chamber also carries the symbolic element, a mihrab design over

1694-465: A new cafe and visitor centre. Dropmore Park , Buckinghamshire (Bucks) England, was created in the 1790s for future prime minister Lord Grenville . On his first day in occupation, he planted two cedar trees. At least another 2,500 trees were planted. By the time Grenville died in 1834, his pinetum contained the biggest collection of conifer species in Britain. Part of the post-millennium restoration

1815-399: A number of collections such as Acers, North American Oaks and Alders. There are many species of insects and resident and migrating birds with the aquatic and wet margins to the pools provide a breeding ground for many water-fowl and frogs. The Derby Arboretum opened on 16 September 1840. Commissioned and presented by Joseph Strutt (1766–1844) a wealthy industrialist and major local benefactor,

1936-512: A quiet, peaceful stroll along the many walking tracks and roads providing access to the 126 hectares of breathtaking scenery and tranquil beauty that the Arboretum has to offer. The RJ Hamer Arboretum land is a small part of the original Dandenong and Woori Yallock State forest, proclaimed over 110 years ago. The RJ Hamer Arboretum is the first known occasion in which a forest style Arboretum was completely established by planting. A basic planting design

2057-493: A serious danger to the preservation of the tomb. At the main entrance of Humayun's Tomb, dingy stalls had been put up under a very corrupt system of municipal patronage known as tehbazari , and all sorts of heavy vehicles were allowed to be parked illegally in these open spaces. On the Nila Gumbad side was a huge citadel of India's vote bank politics – thousands of "slum dwellers" were kept by an influential section of

2178-418: A significant contribution to its planting, specialising in exotic, pendulous, contorted and twisted trees. It is also his final resting place – he is buried beneath a massive slab of Cumbrian slate inscribed by local artist John Skelton with the simple words "Edward James, Poet 1907 – 1984". The Sequoiafarm Kaldenkirchen is a German arboretum that has been used as a biological institute for many years. It

2299-779: A small lake, lodges, benches and other features and some of the nineteenth-century trees still survive. Affectionately referred to as "The Arb", the Nottingham Arboretum it also gives its name to the residential area – in which it lies – of the City of Nottingham , England. Located in Dompierre-les-Ormes , in South Burgundy , near Mâcon , the Arboretum de Pézanin was established in 1903 by French botaniquer Joseph-Marie-Philippe Lévêque de Vilmorin (1872–1917). Acquired by

2420-535: A spectacular display of colour in May and June. In the Summer the arboretum is bordered by white foxgloves, interspersed with shades of pink. The arboretum is much loved by locals but it is an irony that the fame of its youth has been largely forgotten, unappreciated, in its magnificent maturity. The Greifswald Botanic Garden and Arboretum (total area 9 hectares, German: Botanischer Garten und Arboretum der Universität Greifswald),

2541-435: A teleological statement that the king is king as he always has been and always will be." The entire tomb and the garden is enclosed within high rubble walls on three sides. The fourth side was meant to be the river Yamuna, which has since shifted course away from the structure. The central walkways terminate at two gates: a main one in the southern wall, and a smaller one in the western wall. It has two double-storey entrances;

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2662-519: Is Delhi's first arboretum . It is home to some rare trees such as a Pink Cedar ( Acrocarpus fraxinifolius ), the only one in Delhi. Various other trees in the nursery are also only found here and nowhere else in Delhi such as Chukka (Croton roxburghii) and Carrotwood ( Cupaniopsis anacardioides ). A partial listing of trees and plants found: The rose gardens host various types of roses. A partial list of rose varieties: HT Roses Miniature Roses 80 different species of birds have been located in

2783-577: Is a collection of mature trees and shrubs that spreads over 10 acres of the Golden Grove / Gelli Aur Country Park . Commissioned by John Campbell, 2nd Earl Cawdor , the majority of the planting took place in 1865. It is an unusual, fine arboretum and celebrated in Victorian and Edwardian times as the finest in the UK. It is built in an arc as though embracing the house, fanning out from an ancient oak which stands at

2904-484: Is aligned on the north-south axis, as per Islamic tradition, wherein the head is placed to the north, while the face is turned sideways towards Mecca . The real burial chamber of the Emperor, however, lies in an underground chamber, exactly beneath the upper cenotaph, accessible through a separate passage outside the main structure, which remains mostly closed to visiting public. This burial technique along with pietra dura ,

3025-485: Is also significant because it was the planted counterpart to Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum (1838) which detailed all the hardy and semi-hardy trees and shrubs of the British Isles. Within the park, the trees and shrubs were laid out according to the natural system and labelled so that visitors could identify them using the guide. The Derby park had a major impact on park design elsewhere including Europe,

3146-420: Is datable to 1590-91 CE, through an inscription found inside. Its proximity to the main tomb and the fact that it is the only other structure within the main tomb complex suggests its importance, however, there are no inscriptions suggesting as to who is interred therein, the name Barbers tomb is the local name of the structure, hence still in use. The tomb stands on a raised platform, reached by seven steps from

3267-510: Is encompassed by four main octagonal chambers on two floors, set at the diagonals with arched lobbies leading to them also connecting them. There are four auxiliary chambers in between, suggesting that the tomb was built as a dynastic mausoleum. Collectively the concept of eight side chambers not only offers passage for circumambulation of the main cenotaph, a practice common in Sufism and also visible in many Mughal imperial mausoleums, it also reflects

3388-409: Is essentially square in design, though chamfered on the edges to appear octagonal, to prepare ground for the design of the interior structure. The plinth made with rubble core has fifty-six cells all around and houses over 100 gravestones. The entire base structure is on a raised platform, a few steps high. Inspired by Persian architecture ; the tomb reaches a height of 47 metres (154 ft) and

3509-528: Is first recorded used by John Claudius Loudon in 1833 in The Gardener's Magazine , but the concept was already long-established by then. An arboretum specializing in growing conifers is known as a pinetum . Other specialist arboreta include saliceta ( willows ), populeta ( poplar ), and querceta ( oaks ). Related collections include a fruticetum , from the Latin frutex , meaning shrub , much more often

3630-562: Is located in the area of two neighboring villages Vieska nad Žitavou and Tesárske Mlyňany near Zlaté Moravce , Slovakia . It was established in 1892 by Hungarian Count István Ambrózy-Migazzi. Today, it is governed by the Slovak Academy of Sciences . Within its 67 hectares (170 acres) area, the arboretum features more than 2,300 woody plant species, being one of the largest collections in Central Europe . The Nottingham Arboretum (1852)

3751-517: Is octagonal on the outside while square within; its ceiling is decorated with painted and incised plaster, it has a high neck dome and shows a conspicuous absence of a double dome feature, common to tombs of the period. Chillah Nizamuddin Aulia: Believed to be the residence of patron saint of Delhi, Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 1325), is located just outside the main complex, near the northeastern corner of

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3872-799: Is situated close to the Dutch border in North Rhine-Westphalia and has 500 varieties of trees and an interesting ground flora. The founder Illa and Ernst J. Martin wanted to find out if the giant sequoia, which had existed in Germany before the ice age, could be introduced to German forestry . Sochi Arboretum is a monument of landscape architecture located in the Khosta district of the city of Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , in Russia. It includes 76 species of pine, 80 species of oak, and 24 species of palm. Sofiyivsky Park

3993-817: Is still used locally, the park has been termed "Delhi's Central Park" after renovations (not to be confused with the Central Park in Connaught Place, New Delhi ). Sunder Nursey is part of the larger Nizamuddin Urban Renewal Project master plan of the Aga Khan Trust , which involves restoration work on 30 nearby heritage structures. Once complete, the park and resorted monuments will cover 900 acres (3.64 km sq). Since 2007 conservation of over 50 monuments have taken place of which 12 were designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2016. Future plans aim to run

4114-744: Is the tomb complex of Isa Khan Niazi , an Afghan noble in Sher Shah Suri 's court of the Suri dynasty , who fought against the Mughals, constructed in 1547 CE . The complex encompasses the main tomb of the Emperor Humayun, which houses the graves of Empress Bega Begum , Hajji Begum, and also Dara Shikoh , great-great-grandson of Humayun and son of the later Emperor Shah Jahan , as well as numerous other subsequent Mughals , including Emperor Jahandar Shah , Farrukhsiyar , Rafi Ul-Darjat , Rafi Ud-Daulat , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh and Alamgir II . It represented

4235-534: Is to use what survives as the basis for a collection of some 200 species. Dømmesmoen Arboret is a 40 hectares (99 acres) arboretum in Grimstad municipality, Aust-Agder county, Norway . In the Dømmesmoen forest, where the arboret is planned in harmony with nature, 22 different ecosystems have been defined. The trees and plants have been planted along the tracks so that the visitors can experience and learn about them in

4356-566: Is tucked away on a south facing escarpment of the famous Cotswold Hills. Bedgebury National Pinetum , near Goudhurst , Kent is one of the world's most complete collections of conifers . The 300 acre Pinetum contains over 12,000 trees and shrubs (including 1,800 different species) from across five continents, many of them rare and endangered. Located in South Derbyshire near Ashby-de-la-Zouch, with planting begun in 1992, this 9 acre Royal Horticultural Society recommended arboretum contains

4477-513: The British climate , an international history of arboriculture , an assessment of the cultural, economic and industrial value of trees and four volumes of plates. Loudon urged that a national arboretum be created and called for arboreta and other systematic collections to be established in public parks , private gardens, country estates, and other places. He regarded the Derby Arboretum (1840) as

4598-495: The Derby Arboretum opened in 1840, another arboretum was opened for free public access at Abney Park Cemetery in Stoke Newington near London, modelled partly on Mount Auburn Cemetery near Boston and designed by Loddiges nursery. It was laid out with 2,500 trees and shrubs, all labelled and arranged in an unusual alphabetical format from A for Acer (maple trees) to Z for Zanthoxylum (American toothache trees). Until Kew

4719-480: The Islamic concept of paradise. Each of the four square is further divided into 8 smaller gardens with pathways, creating 32 miniature gardens in all (with the mausoleum in the centre), a design typical of later Mughal gardens . The central water channels appear to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure and reappearing on the other side in a straight line, suggesting a Quranic verse which talks of rivers flowing beneath

4840-446: The Quran in front along with Humayun's sword, turban and shoes. The fortunes of the once famous Charbagh (Four-gardens) made of four squares separated by four promenades, radiating from a central reflection pool. It spread over 13 hectares surrounding the monument, changed repeatedly over the years after its construction. The capital had already shifted to Agra in 1556, and the decline of

4961-599: The United Kingdom . One example of an early European tree collection is the Trsteno Arboretum , near Dubrovnik in Croatia . The date of its founding is unknown, but it was already in existence by 1492, when a 15 m (49 ft) span aqueduct to irrigate the arboretum was constructed; this aqueduct is still in use. The garden was created by the prominent local Gučetić/Gozze family . It suffered two major disasters in

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5082-414: The 'Garden of Paradise'. Standing in the center at the place where the main axes intersect, the tomb is similar in form and position to a garden pavilion. But here it marks the place where the body of the deceased ruler rests. "The garden is about sovereignty, and the mausoleum is about dynasty. When the mausoleum is implanted in a garden, as it is at Humayun's tomb, sovereignty and dynasty are combined in

5203-552: The 1930s, this Forestry Commission arboretum is at Kilmun , Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Established in the early 19th century around the historical Kórnik Castle by its owner, Count Tytus Działyński , later enriched by his heirs : his son Jan Kanty Działyński and Władysław Zamoyski . It is the largest and oldest arboretum in Poland. It covers over 40 hectares and is famous for rich collections of rhododendrons , azaleas , conifers , lilacc , and other woody species from all over

5324-494: The 1990s but its two unique and ancient Oriental Planes remained standing. The arboretum at Ooty was established in 1992 with an aim of conserving native and indigenous trees, and is maintained by the Department of Horticulture with Hill Area Development Programme funds. It occupies 1.58 hectares (3.9 acres) near Ooty Lake . The site is a micro watershed area and a natural habitat for both indigenous and migratory birds; prior to

5445-571: The Action Group include paperbark maple ( Acer griseum ) (2004), cedar of Lebanon ( Cedrus libani ) (2005), further yew and pine trees (2006–2009) and a Ginkgo biloba (2011) for the Royal Wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. It also has many specimens of snowdrop , daffodil and bluebell . Situated one and a quarter miles west of Moreton-in-Marsh , Gloucestershire , Batsford Arboretum

5566-638: The British colonies and North America and other public parks and arboreta were established modelled on Loudon's creation and using his ideas. In 1859 for example, it was visited by Frederick Law Olmsted on his European tour of parks, and it had an influence on the planting in Central Park , New York. Industrial pollution killed most of the original plantings by the 1880s (although a few examples remain), but it has been renovated and replanted with National Lottery Heritage funding closer to Loudon's original layout and with

5687-475: The Derby Arboretum was designed by John Claudius Loudon and had a major impact upon the development of urban parks. It was one of the first Victorian public parks and also unusual for the quality of its collection of trees and shrubs. Although established on only quite a small site of 14 acres, the park featured a labelled collection of over 1000 trees and shrubs and was landscaped with mounds, sinuous paths, urns, benches, statues, lodges and other features. Managed by

5808-542: The Mughals accelerated the decay of the monument and its features, as the expensive upkeep of the garden proved impossible. By the early 18th century, the once lush gardens were replaced by vegetable garden of people who had settled within the walled area. However, the capture of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 together with the premises, and his subsequent sentencing to exile, along with execution of his three sons, meant that

5929-582: The Southern Hemisphere can be found at Eastwoodhill Arboretum , Ngatapa , Gisborne , New Zealand . The arboretum is the realization of the dream of William Douglas Cook (1884–1967), who started planting trees on his farm shortly after the First World War . The arboretum is now the National Arboretum of New Zealand, and holds some 4,000 different trees, shrubs and climbers. This arboretum

6050-517: The West gate is used now, while the South gate, which was used during Mughal era, is now closed. Aligned at the centre on the eastern wall lies a baradari , which is a building or room with twelve doors designed to allow the free draught of air through it. On the northern wall lies a hammam , a bath chamber. Tomb and mosque of Isa Khan : Several monuments dot the pathway leading up to the tomb enclosure from

6171-519: The area as a public-private partnership (PPP) between the various government authorities in India and the Aga Khan Trust. The garden complex is undergoing an extensive restoration project, undertaken by Aga Khan Trust for Culture India, jointly with Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and Central Public Works Department (CPWD) which currently runs the garden. The following agencies are involved in this extensive restoration project: Plans for

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6292-603: The area through bird mapping. In 2014, the rare Ultramarine Flycatcher was spotted in the park area, a bird not seen in New Delhi for many years. 36 types of butterfly have also been spotted in the park. A partial listing of birds include: A partial listing of butterfly varieties found: Humayun%27s Tomb Humayun's tomb ( Persian : Maqbara-i Humayun ) is the tomb of Mughal emperor , Mirza Nasir al-Din Muhammad commonly known as Humayun situated in Delhi , India. The tomb

6413-463: The area was overgrown, and during the initial work some 1,000 trucks of rubble was removed before the ground was levelled. Subsequently, classical Persian gardens were recreated, with fountains and water channels characteristic to this style of garden. Two main architectural features were restored; the Lakkarwala Burj tomb is now set in a new rose garden, whilst the 16th-century Sunderwala Burj tomb

6534-440: The cavernous interior volume. In a contrast to the pure white exterior dome, the rest of the building is made up of red sandstone , with white and black marble and yellow sandstone detailing, to relieve the monotony. The symmetrical and simple design on the exterior is in sharp contrast with the complex interior floor plan, of the inner chambers, which is a square ninefold plan, where eight two-storied vaulted chambers radiate from

6655-490: The cenotaphs within the mausoleum were encased in brick. In the coming years, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) took on responsibility for the preservation of heritage monuments in India, and gradually the building and its gardens were restored. Until 1985, four unsuccessful attempts were made to reinstate the original water features. An important phase in the restoration of the complex began around 1993, when

6776-399: The central marble lattice or jaali , facing Mecca in the West. Instead of the traditional Surah 24 , An-Noor of Quran being inscribed on the mihrabs, this one is just an outline allowing light to enter directly into the chamber, from Qibla or the direction of Mecca, thus elevating the status of the Emperor above his rivals and closer to divinity. This chamber with its high ceiling

6897-433: The central, double-height domed chamber. It can be entered through an imposing entrance iwan (high arc) on the south, which is slightly recessed, while other sides are covered with intricate jaalis , stone latticework. Underneath this white dome in a domed chamber (hujra), lies the central octagonal sepulcher , the burial chamber containing a single cenotaph , that of the second Mughal Emperor , Humayun . The cenotaph

7018-516: The complex, lies the Afsarwala tomb, dedicated to an unknown person. One of the marble graves inside the tomb is dated 1566-67 CE. The mosque itself can be dated to the same period judging from its siting, standing as it does adjacent to the tomb, rather than away from it. Arab Serai : Literally meaning the sarai (resthouse) for the horses, the structure stands adjacent to the Afsarwala mosque and

7139-591: The complex. Turkic and Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent also introduced Central Asian and Persian styles of Islamic architecture in the region, and by the late 12th century early monuments in this style were appearing in and around Delhi, the capital of Delhi Sultanate . Starting with the Turkic Slave dynasty which built the Qutb Minar (1192) and its adjacent Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (1193 CE). North India

7260-499: The concept of Paradise in Islamic cosmology . Each of the main chambers has, in turn, eight more, smaller chambers radiating from them, and thus the symmetrical ground plan reveals itself to contain 124 vaulted chambers in all. Many smaller chambers too, contain cenotaphs of other members of the Mughal royal family and nobility, all within main walls of the tomb. Prominent among them cenotaphs of Hamida Begum herself are there alongside Dara Shikoh . In all there are over 100 graves within

7381-482: The creation of the arboretum it had been neglected, and the feeder line bringing water to the lake was contaminated with urban waste and agricultural chemicals . From 2005 to 2006 the Hill Area Development Programme provided funds of Rs 1,250,000 for the construction of permanent fencing, a footpath, and other infrastructure facilities. Probably the largest collection of Northern Hemisphere trees in

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7502-513: The densest burial mound areas found in Norway. The most famous attractions at Dømmesmoen among locals are a 400-500 year old hollow oak , and a wooden tower overlooking the town of Grimstad. 2 kilometres east of Dømmesmoen, at Fjære , Fjære church is situated. The stone church was built around year 1150, and has significant historical value dating back to the Viking area. Golden Grove / Gelli Aur Arboretum

7623-407: The early 1950s. The arboretum comprises some 18,000 trees and shrubs, over an area of approximately 600 acres (240 ha). It has 17 miles (27 km) of marked paths which also provide access to a wide variety of rare plants. The St Roche's Arboretum at West Dean College is a circuit walk 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long that encompasses a collection of specimen trees and shrubs. Edward James made

7744-558: The entire complex, including many on the first level terrace, earning it the name "Dormitory of the Mughals". Since the graves are not inscribed their identification remains uncertain. The building was the first to use its unique combination of red sandstone and white marble, and includes several elements of Indian architecture , like the small canopies or chhatris surrounding the central dome, popular in Rajasthani architecture and which were originally covered with blue tiles. While

7865-438: The eye of the master being away, the whole place has been allowed to revert. The garden has been let to a native and is now planted with turnips and the work of four years is thrown away! I shall drive out there, and woe betide the deputy commissioner whose apathy has been responsible." During the Partition of India , in August 1947 the Purana Qila together with Humayun's Tomb, became major refugee camps for Muslims migrating to

7986-467: The finial of the tomb was knocked off the dome by a heavy storm which struck the city. On 19 April 2016, India 's Union Culture Minister Dr. Mahesh Sharma unveiled the restored finial of the monument. The original finial was conserved and is now displayed at the Humayun Tomb World Heritage Site Museum. Arboretum In Latin, an arboretum is a place planted with trees, not necessarily in this specific sense, and "arboretum" as an English word

8107-435: The following six structures within Sunder Nursery: Sunder Burj, Sundarwala Mahal, Lakkarwala Burj, Mirza Muazzafar Hussain's Tomb, Chotta Bateshewala and the Unknown Mughal's Tomb. The area contains over 280 native tree species. Using GIS 4200 trees have been mapped. Apart from this there are around 80 types of bird species and 36 types of butterflies. The Bonsai House is home to some bonsai over 80 years old. Sunder Nursery

8228-417: The identity of the person remains unknown, and it might be (incorrectly) referring to another nearby monument in the Chausath Khamba complex, the tomb of Ataga Khan , the foster brother of Humayun, which lies in Nizamuddin West area and not to the east of the Humayun's tomb. Before the restoration work was undertaken, vandalism and illegal encroachments were rampant at the site of the tomb, presenting

8349-435: The individual trees are labelled for identification. The trees may also be organised in a way to aid their study or growth. Many tree collections have been claimed as the first modern arboretum, with the term applied retrospectively as it probably did not come into use even orally until the later eighteenth century, or later. Probably the most important early proponent of the arboretum in the English-speaking transatlantic world

8470-442: The late 13th century, and had them brought by elephant to his winter capital at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing ), where they were planted on a large artificial mound, "a hundred paces in height and over a mile in cicumference", known as the "Green Mound", with a palace or pavilion at the top. The ground of the mound was also covered in pieces of green stone. In an arboretum a wide variety of trees and shrubs are cultivated. Typically

8591-475: The main Humayun's tomb, though on a much grander scale, such as the tomb being placed in a walled garden enclosure. Bu Halima's Tomb and Garden: When entering the complex from the West, visitor's first enter a garden complex, known as Bu Halima's Garden, though little is known about her, and since the tomb or the raised platform where it once stood is not at the centre, it appears to be a later addition. Afsarwala Tomb and mosque : Standing southwest end of

8712-456: The main entrance in the West. Prominent among them is one that pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years. Constructed in 1547 CE, it is the tomb complex of Isa Khan Niyazi , an Afghan noble in Sher Shah Suri 's court of the Suri dynasty , who fought against the Mughals. The octagonal tomb is positioned within an octagonal garden, which was built during his own lifetime and the reign of Islam Shah Suri , son of Sher Shah. It later served as

8833-478: The main garden was let out to various cultivators; amongst them till late were the royal descendants, who grew cabbage and tobacco in it. In Ronaldshay's biography of Lord Curzon a letter is quoted from Lord Curzon to his wife in April 1905: "You remember Humayun's tomb? I had the garden restored, the water channels dug out and refilled and the whole place restored to its pristine beauty. I went to England last summer and,

8954-492: The main tomb took over eight years to build, it was also placed in centre of a 30-acre (120,000 m ) Charbagh , a Persian-style garden with a quadrilateral layout. It was the first of its kind in South Asia on such a scale. The highly geometrical and enclosed Paradise garden is divided into four squares by paved walkways (khiyabans) and two bisecting central water channels, reflecting the four rivers that flow in jannat ,

9075-479: The mausoleum of the celebrated Sufi saint of Delhi, Nizamuddin Auliya , who was much revered by the rulers of Delhi, and whose residence, Chilla Nizamuddin Auliya lies just north-east of the tomb. In later Mughal history, the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar took refuge here, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , along with three princes, and was captured by Captain Hodson before being exiled to Rangoon. At

9196-528: The monument was declared a World Heritage Site. This brought new interest to its restoration, and a detailed research and excavation process began under the aegis of the Aga Khan Trust and the ASI. This culminated in 2003, when much of the complex and gardens were restored, with the historic fountains running once again after several centuries of disuse. The restoration has been a continuous process ever since, with subsequent phases addressing various aspects and monuments of

9317-425: The monument's worst days lay ahead, as the British took over Delhi completely. In 1860, the Mughal design of the garden was replanted to a more English garden -style, with circular beds replacing the fours central water pools on the axial pathways and trees profusely planted in flowerbeds. This fault was corrected in the early 20th century, when on Viceroy Lord Curzon 's orders the original gardens were restored in

9438-519: The most important landscape-gardening commission of the latter part of his career because it demonstrated the benefits of a public arboretum (for more details see below). Commenting on the Loddiges family's famous Hackney Botanic Garden arboretum, begun in 1816, which was a commercial nursery that subsequently opened free to the public, for educational benefit, every Sunday, Loudon wrote: "The arboretum looks better this season than it has ever done since it

9559-400: The newly founded Pakistan, and was later managed by the government of India. These camps stayed open for about five years, and caused considerable damage not only to the extensive gardens, but also to the water channels and the principal structures. The camps were raided many times by jathas which caused vandalism to occur during the early partition days in 1947. Eventually, to avoid vandalism,

9680-495: The next phase, similar treatment was given to the tomb's first chabutra (plinth), which was originally paved with large blocks of quartzite stone, some weighing over a 1,000 kg. In the 1940s, an uneven settlement in the lower plinth had been corrected by covering it with a layer of concrete, adding to the disfigurement of the original Mughal flooring, which matched with that at the West Gate. Letitia Elizabeth Landon published

9801-567: The nursery reopened to public as a heritage park on 21 February 2018. Now it contains over 300 types of trees, making it Delhi's first arboretum . During the British Raj , the nursery was established to grow experimental plants; it also has a lake which gave it its current designation as a nursery . The Sunder Burj tomb lends the space the Sunder in Sunder Nursery. Although the name Sunder Nursery

9922-489: The park between 1885 and 1927. Today it contains over 1,200 taxa (species and cultivars) of broad-leaved trees, 300 of coniferous trees, and about 600 of perennial herbs. Arboretum Wespelaar , in Wespelaar , Belgium , brings together trees and shrubs from the whole world. The arboretum focuses on: Acer , Magnolia , Rhododendron and Stewartia . The Westonbirt Arboretum , near Tetbury, Gloucestershire, England ,

10043-511: The plinth is 91 metres (299 ft) wide, and was the first Indian building to use the Persian double dome on a high neck drum, and measures 42.5 metres (139 ft), and is topped by 6 metres (20 ft) high brass finial ending in a crescent , common in Timurid tombs. The double or 'double-layered' dome, has an outer layer that supports the white marble exterior, while the inner part gives shape to

10164-533: The poetical illustration The Tomb of Humaioon, Delhi in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833. This reflects on the scene and is based on an engraving of a painting by William Purser, showing a somewhat distant view of the tomb. Ill thought out construction plans like The Delhi Government's plans in 2006–2007 to build a new tunnel to connect East Delhi to Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi in South Delhi , and to widen

10285-400: The political leadership to serve as "bonded voters" during elections. The environment of the dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya had also been ruthlessly degraded and the holy tank had become a messy cesspool. Restoration work by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC), in collaboration with Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), began around 1999 after research work, which started in 1997, and

10406-545: The principal mausoleum and is an example of Tughlaq period architecture. Yet further away from the tomb complex, lie Mughal-period monuments, Bada Bateshewala Mahal , the tomb of Muzaffar Husain Mirza, the grand nephew of Humayun, built 1603–04 on platform with five arches on each side, has its interior walls decorated with incised and painted plaster ; the Chote Bateshewala Mahal once an arcaded octagonal building with

10527-549: The project were drawn up in 2007, and work on the third phase was initiated in 2010 and completed in 2018, with 90 acres of the park being opened to the public on 21 February 2018. The vice-president of India , M Venkaiah Naidu , was present during the inauguration along with various other dignitaries including the Aga Khan founder and chairman of the Aga Khan Development Network . Lying abandoned for decades, much of

10648-720: The reign of Akbar, Bega Begum supervised the construction of the tomb after returning from Mecca and undertaking the Hajj pilgrimage. According to Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni , one of the few contemporary historians to mention construction of the tomb, it was designed by the Persian architect Mirak Mirza Ghiyas (also referred to as Mirak Ghiyathuddin), who was selected by the Empress and brought from Herat (northwest Afghanistan ); he had previously designed several buildings in Herat, Bukhara (now Uzbekistan), and others elsewhere in India. Ghiyas died before

10769-456: The restoration work, the conditions in and around this complex underwent a sea-change. All the stalls and other intrusions were removed and the monuments and green spaces restored. Elegant gardens now surround the monuments, adding to their dignity and grace. When illuminated at night, the monument looks truly magnificent. In 2009, as a part of the ongoing restoration work, the ASI and AKTC, after months of manual work using hand-tools, removed from

10890-607: The restoration work. This was first a privately funded collaborative effort under the aegis of the National Cultural Fund (NCF) by the ASI. Funding included a sum of $ 650,000 from the Aga Khan Trust for Culture of His Highness the Aga Khan , with help from the Oberoi Hotels Group. In addition, AKTC is conducting a more significant restoration at Babur's tomb , the resting place of Humayun's father in Kabul . After

11011-410: The roads near the tomb for the 2010 Commonwealth Games to connect National Highway-24 with Lodhi Road , also posed a serious threat to the monument. Urban planners feared that the historic monument would not have been able to withstand the vibrations ensuing from the construction work in such close proximity. Finally, the Archaeological Survey of India was able to halt the plans. On 30 May 2014,

11132-438: The roof a thick layer of cement concrete that had been exerting pressure of about 1,102 tons on the structure. The cement concrete was originally laid in the 1920s to prevent water seepage, and led to a blockage in water passages. Subsequently, each time there was leakage, a fresh layer of cement was added, leading to an accumulated thickness of about 40 cm; this has now been replaced with a traditional lime-based roof layer. In

11253-458: The roots of which were carefully kept in baskets for the duration of the voyage; this was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees . It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her Deir el Bahri mortuary temple complex. Marco Polo describes how Kublai Khan collected specimens of evergreen trees that he admired from around the Mongol Empire in

11374-666: The south, it has a square plan and consists of a single compartment covered with a double-dome. Inside lie two graves each inscribed with verses from the Quran. Also, one of the graves is inscribed with figure 999 which may stand for the Hijra year 1590–91. However, in an 1820 watercolour now at British Library , the Persian caption beneath the structure reads, Maqbarah-i-Kokah i.e. "Tomb of Kaka", and Kokah or Kaka in Persian stand for foster-brother (mirak brother), Mirak (a Persian title as sir) though

11495-643: The state in 1935, it is now one of the richest collection in France , visited every year by thousands of tourists. Průhonice Park in the Czech Republic is a National Heritage Site, and since 2010 has been included within the boundaries of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Prague . The arboretum was founded in 1885 by Count Arnošt Emanuel Silva-Tarouca. 2,360 taxa (species and cultivars), of which 310 were evergreen and 2,050 deciduous taxa were planted in

11616-432: The structure was completed and it was completed by his son, Sayyed Muhammad ibn Mirak Ghiyathuddin. An English merchant, William Finch, who visited the tomb in 1611, describes rich interior furnishing of the central chamber (in comparison to the sparse look today). He mentions the presence of rich carpets, as well as a shamiana , a small tent above the cenotaph, which was covered with a pure white sheet, and with copies of

11737-598: The time of the Slave Dynasty this land was under the 'KiloKheri Fort' which was capital of Sultan Qaiqabad , son of Nasiruddin (1268–1287). The Tombs of Battashewala Complex lie in the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site of the Humayun Tomb Complex; the two complexes are separated by a small road but enclosed within their own separate compound wall. After his death on 27 January 1556, Humayun's body

11858-578: The top of the terraced lawn. The natural slope enhancing the view from the house. Many of the trees are champions, they love the damp, temperate climate. Several are on the Monumental Trees website. The Great Western Red Cedar is particularly spectacular, people come from all over the world to see it. Herbaceous plants and bulbs were planted as part of the carpet, and American and Asiatic shrubs were planted to provide colour and fragrance. The Rhododendrons are an extremely fine single variety and present

11979-474: The various ecosystems. Information about the various ecosystems are found along the tracks in the forest and park area. Through the years, approximately 700 different species of trees and plants have been planted in the Dømmesmoen area. The Dømmesmoen area, where the arboret is situated, has a fascinating history. Excavations have found traces of settlements that can be dated to around year 0. There are 50-60 burial mounds from pre Viking area at Dømmesmoen, among

12100-443: The water channels were re-laid to an exacting grade of one centimetre every 40 metres (1:4000 slope). This eventually enabled water to flow through the watercourses in the gardens, and dormant fountains to start functioning once again. Other tasks in this mammoth restoration project included setting up a rainwater harvesting system using 128 ground water recharge pits, and desilting and revitalising old wells that were discovered during

12221-401: The west and south, 16 metres high with rooms on either side of the passage and small courtyards on the upper floors. The tomb, built of rubble masonry and red sandstone, uses white marble as a cladding material and also for the flooring, lattice screens ( jaalis ), door frames, eaves ( chhajja ), and the main dome. It stands on a vaulted terrace eight metres high and spread over 12,000m . It

12342-522: The world's largest planting of the Wollemi pine . There will eventually be 100 forests and 100 gardens with almost 80 forests planted already. Located at Yarramundi Reach on the shores of Lake Burley Griffin , the Lindsay Pryor National Arboretum is a 30-hectare site originally planted by Professor Pryor between 1954 and 1957 to improve the view from Government House. Shortly before

12463-472: The world. The Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik is located within the arboretum. Affectionately referred to as "The Arb" or "The Arbo", Lincoln Arboretum is to the east of the city and retains its line of sight up the hill to the nearby Lincoln Cathedral . This was one of the original design features. It was laid out between 1870 and 1872 by Edward Milner and has been renovated since 2002. Arborétum Mlyňany

12584-426: Was also the first structure to use red sandstone at such a scale. The tomb was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993, and since then has undergone extensive restoration work, which is complete. Besides the main tomb enclosure of Humayun, several smaller monuments dot the pathway leading up to it, from the main entrance in the West, including one that even pre-dates the main tomb itself, by twenty years; it

12705-483: Was built by Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana , son of Bairam Khan also a courtier in Mughal Emperor, Akbar 's court, for his servant Miyan Fahim. Fahim, who not only grew up with his son, but later also died alongside one of Rahim's own sons, Feroze Khan, while fighting against the rebellion of Mughal general Mahabat Khan in 1625–26, during the reign of Jahangir . This structure is known for its unique architecture, as it

12826-406: Was built by Bega Begum around 1560-1561 CE, ostensibly built for the craftsmen who came for the construction work. It could accommodate 300 Arabas. (in Persian ارابه means: Cart or Gari (vehicle) ). Nila Gumbad : Standing outside the boundary of the complex is the tomb known as Nila Burj (now known as Nila Gumbad ) or 'Blue Dome', so called because it carries striking blue glazed tiles. It

12947-546: Was commissioned by Humayun's first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum under her patronage in 1558, and designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and his son, Sayyid Muhammad, Persian architects chosen by her. It was the first garden-tomb on the Indian subcontinent , and is located in Nizamuddin East , Delhi, close to the Dina-panah Citadel, also known as Purana Qila (Old Fort), that Humayun found in 1538. It

13068-530: Was completed in 1572; it cost 1.5 million rupees, paid entirely by the Empress. Bega Begum had been so grieved over her husband's death that she had thenceforth dedicated her life to a sole purpose: the construction of a memorial to him that would be the most magnificent mausoleum in the Empire, at a site near the Yamuna River in Delhi. According to Ain-i-Akbari , a 16th-century detailed document written during

13189-522: Was completed in 1970 and planting was carried out for the next 15 years. The Tasmanian Arboretum was established in 1984 on the Don River in Devonport, Tasmania , Australia . The main site is 58 ha. There are over 2,500 plants in the geographic and thematic collections along with riparian revegetation. Maintenance of the collections is done by volunteers. National Arboretum Canberra is being developed on

13310-475: Was completed in March 2003. Around 12 hectares of lawns were replanted, and over 2500 trees and plants, including mango, lemon, neem, hibiscus and jasmine cuttings, were planted in the gardens. Installation of a new water circulation system for the walkway channels was also undertaken. To ensure that water flowed naturally through the channels and pools on the 12-hectare (30 acre) site without the aid of hydraulic systems,

13431-414: Was designed by Samuel Curtis as the centrepiece of a major scheme enclosing the common lands around the town. It included various public walks, parks, cemeteries and other green spaces. The Nottingham Arboretum was modelled on Loudon's Derby Arboretum and also originally had a systematic labelled collection of trees and shrubs. Advantage was taken on the hilly site to produce an attractive landscaped park with

13552-586: Was enlarged and opened to the public, this remained the largest arboretum in Europe. It never achieved the recognition of the better financed early nineteenth century botanical gardens and arboreta that could afford members' events, indoor facilities and curatorial staff for those who paid accordingly. However, unlike these, and even unlike the 'public' arboretum at Derby, the Abney Park arboretum always offered public access free of charge, though sometimes, by pre-arrangement;

13673-546: Was first buried in his palace in Purana Quila at Delhi. Thereafter it was taken to Sirhind , in Punjab by Khanjar Beg and, in 1558, it was seen by Humayun's son, the then Mughal Emperor, Akbar . Akbar subsequently visited the tomb in 1571, when it was about to be completed. The tomb of Humayun was built by the orders of his first wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum (also known as Haji Begum). Construction began in 1565 and

13794-512: Was founded around 1828 as the private tree collection of Captain Robert Holford at the Holford estate. Holford planted in open fields and laid out rides before he rebuilt the house. Planting at Westonbirt was continued by his son, George Holford. Eventually the estate passed to the government in lieu of death duties and was opened to the public. Also the word "arbortorium" was changed to arboretum in

13915-513: Was founded in 1763. It is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Germany, and one of the oldest scientific gardens in the world. It is associated with the University of Greifswald in Greifswald, Germany. This is located at RHS Garden, Wisley , Surrey , England. The Kew Gardens botanical gardens are set within an arboretum covering the majority of the 121-hectare (300-acre) site. Established in

14036-485: Was offered to Hamilton residents in 1997. Trees and shrubs were planted there from 1973 by John and Bunny Mortimer to provide shelter and shade for local animals. The arboretum is a popular picnic spot and is enjoyed by about 60,000 people every year. The twenty-two hectare arboretum contains 1500 species of trees and much birdlife. Parks Victoria RJ Hamer Arboretum, Visitors to the RJ Hamer Arboretum can take

14157-723: Was planted... The more lofty trees suffered from the late high winds, but not materially. We walked round the two outer spirals of this coil of trees and shrubs; viz. from Acer to Quercus . There is no garden scene about London so interesting". A plan of the Loddiges' arboretum was included in The Encyclopaedia of Gardening , 1834 edition. Leaves from Loddiges' arboretum and in some instances entire trees, were studiously drawn to illustrate Loudon's encyclopaedic book Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum which also incorporated drawings from other early botanic gardens and parklands throughout

14278-428: Was restored as per the orange sandstone and white lime mortar used in its original design. Its red sandstone interior walls saw entire sections of white Quranic verses being recreated. The garden replicates the four micro-habitat zones which were part of Delhi's original landscape namely Kohi (ridge), Bangar ( alluvial ), Khadar ( riverine ) and Dabar ( marsh ). UNESCO World Heritage status has been given to

14399-604: Was successively ruled by foreign dynasties in the coming centuries, giving rise to the Indo-Islamic architecture . While the prevailing style of architecture was trabeate , employing pillars, beams and lintels , this brought in the arcuate style of construction, with its arches and beams, which flourished under Mughal patronage and by incorporating elements of Indian architecture, especially Rajasthani architecture including decorative corbel brackets, balconies, pendentive decorations and indeed kiosks or chhatris , to develop

14520-519: Was the first Emperor to start the tradition of being buried in a paradise garden . Modelled on Gur-e Amir , the tomb of his ancestor and Asia's conqueror Timur in Samarkand , it created a precedent for future Mughal architecture of royal mausolea , which reached its zenith with the Taj Mahal , at Agra . The site was chosen on the banks of Yamuna River , due to its proximity to Nizamuddin Dargah ,

14641-470: Was the prolific landscape gardener and writer, John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843) who undertook many gardening commissions and published the Gardener's Magazine , Encyclopaedia of Gardening and other major works. Loudon's Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum , 8 vols., (1838) is probably the most significant work on the subject in British history and included an account of all trees and shrubs that were hardy in

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