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115-635: New Delhi ( / ˈ nj uː ˈ d ɛ . l i / , Hindi: [ˈnəiː ˈdɪlːiː] , ISO : Naī Dillī ) is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India , hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan , Sansad Bhavan , and the Supreme Court . New Delhi is a municipality within

230-645: A Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama . New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48, was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949,

345-517: A 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013. The climate of New Delhi is a dry-winter humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh ) with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from 46 °C (115 °F) in summers to around 10 °C (50 °F) in winters. The area's version of

460-609: A block in Bapsy Nariman's clinic, the Lahori Gate Polyclinic, a hospital in rural Delhi to cater to the needs of a cluster of villages. Sir Sobha Singh's dream project was to have an accommodation near the Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital for families of patients, who usually came from far away places and just hung around the staircase without proper facilities, though he asked the government multiple times to construct

575-576: A cider press, a snow pit to chill beer, a billiard room, a dance hall with a grand piano and a tennis court, it originally housed the Consul for Mexico. He had four sons and a daughter: Sir Sobha Singh had no favorites among his four sons, though according to Khushwant Singh he was close to being one, but he had disappointed his father by not having the conventional success he hoped for. He noted that Sir Sobha Singh favored his daughter Mohindar Kaur more, stating that he gave her an "unencumbered estate bigger than

690-573: A double-storied house in Jantar Mantar Road, which became a road for wealthy Sikh contractors, currently Kerala House , and bought an Oldsmobile from an English engineer. Later he had built the National Museum as well which houses India's famous Dancing Girl . St. Columba's School was also constructed by him. The official horticulturist imported some exotic trees like the Sausage tree and

805-408: A half of Lutyens' Delhi , before or during its construction. In 2006, India International Centre (IIC) organized the first Sir Sobha Singh Memorial Lectures , in which the inaugural lecture titled, "My father, the builder", was given by his son, writer Khushwant Singh . Sir Sobha Singh did not name any places after himself, although Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had stated that Windsor Place

920-580: A humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and extremely hot summers with dust storms , relatively dry and mild winters with wildfire haze , and a monsoonal period. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. Winters are very mild. The annual mean temperature

1035-449: A large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri , where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, Shanti Path . With a total area of 42.7 km (16.5 sq mi), the municipality of New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area. Since the city

1150-649: A long time, in 1905 they first came in contact in Shahpur while constructing sites in the area. Compared to the other contracting families they were more experienced, they owned land in Shahpur, had an extensive camel transport business and contracted the Kalka-Simla Railway line . On 23 December 1912, he was an eyewitness to the Delhi Conspiracy Case , when the Viceroy's elephant was bombed, although no one except

1265-424: A magistrate he called two police constables and followed them till a point. He heard revolver shots, an Anglo-Indian officer and another constable entered and arrested the accused, Sobha Singh was at the site of the arrest. The testifiers included Sir Sobha Singh, Sargent H.D. Terry, Traffic Inspector C. Johnson, Sub-Inspector Chet Singh and Bhagat Singh himself all testified with the exact same story. Bhagat Singh

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1380-577: A popular term for him. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar had defended him in Parliament on multiple occasions. Dhiren Bhagat and Salman Khurshid both noted a popular saying, that, "Ninety-nine per cent of India was owned by the Government and one per cent by Sir Sobha Singh." "The only man expanding while contracting" was a popular joke at the time about his business. He came to be described as "Adhi Dilli ka Malik" (the owner of half of Delhi) as he virtually owned

1495-409: A relatively small part within the megacity of Delhi. The National Capital Region is an even larger entity, comprising the entire NCT along with adjoining districts in the two neighbouring states forming a continuously built-up area with it, including Ghaziabad , Noida , Greater Noida , Meerut , YEIDA City , Gurgaon , and Faridabad . The foundation stone of New Delhi, south of central Delhi,

1610-474: A single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj , and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931. As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat , Parliament House , and All-India War Memorial ( India Gate ) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place , began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur , 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it

1725-480: A solely an official city. He bought extensive sites at 2 rupees per yard, the current cost would be 80,800 per yard. With a good gambling mindset he was the first to start building in Connaught Place, he first constructed Sujan Singh Block A (now Wengers Block) and owned from there all the way to the other side known as American Express Block, the buildings between were also called Sujan Singh Blocks. He then built

1840-487: Is 774.4 millimetres (30.49 in) and monsoon rainfall from June to September is about 640.4 millimetres (25.21 in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August. In Mercer 's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities

1955-578: Is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build

2070-684: Is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),

2185-444: Is around 25 °C (77 °F); monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately 13 to 34 °C (55 to 93 °F). New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) on 28 May 2024 at Met Delhi Mungeshpur while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on 11 January 1967 at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport ). The average annual rainfall

2300-613: Is barricaded now with entry to the inside arch restricted. The Rajpath , which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India , located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later. Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent

2415-696: Is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi , it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Delhi Cantonment Board . As of 2015,

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2530-715: Is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain , there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range ; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge , which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River , it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara . New Delhi falls under

2645-401: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Sobha Singh (builder) This is an accepted version of this page Honorary Magistrate , Sardar Bahadur , Sir Sobha Singh Kt, O.B.E. , M.L.C. , M.P. (March 5, 1888 – 18 April 1978)

2760-570: Is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi. According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (4.5%), Christians (2.9%), Sikhs (2.0%), Jains (0.4%). Other religious groups include Parsis , Buddhists , and Jews . The national capital of India, New Delhi

2875-639: The African Tulip tree from East Africa to line the streets of Delhi, to make sure that the city remained cool in summer. During the construction of Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate, the Secretariat Buildings and more there was one casualty; one laborer fell from a crane while constructing the India Gate, the family was well compensated. Connaught Place was privately owned as the government wanted to evolve private interests and they did not want Delhi to be

2990-527: The Bengal famine of 1943 had exposed the constitutional defects inherent in the Government of India Act 1935 . By becoming autonomous units, the provincial Governments had become self-sufficient and insular in their outlook, regardless of the good of the country. He was put at the helm of solving the Bengal famine along with Lord Wavell . While Lord Wavell had sent the army divisions and air force for relief work along

3105-685: The Central Public Works Department and had been asked them to arrive and start plans for the construction of the New Delhi. He had started with developing the roads of Delhi, including Alipur Road. Sobha Singh and his father were present for the Coronation of the King and Queen near Delhi in 1911 as guests due to their work in the field of canal irrigation, development and construction of roads and rail tracks, invited by Sir Malcom Hailey , Baron of Shahpur . Malcom Hailey knew Sujan Singh since

3220-674: The Delhi Sultanate , most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of northern India. The land for building

3335-671: The McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis , launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in New Delhi, among other Indian cities. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India , the water quality of the Yamuna and Ganges river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown. The air quality has also significantly improved during

3450-569: The Partition of Bengal by Viceroy Curzon . This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments among the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi. Old Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of medieval India and

3565-521: The Partition of India . It was known as Delhi's "drawing room". “The land of the concerned liberal, pale pink in hue, likely to be clad in handspun and rarely in synthetic, with some ancient books and jewels and old frames with ancestors to add a touch of vintage and class.” For officers that had families larger flats were given and ones without families went to what is now known as the Ambassador Hotel. All of Sir Sobha Singh's descendants live in

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3680-576: The RK Puram district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319. Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710 μg/m, more than 11 times the World Health Organization 's safe limit. In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world. In December 2019, IIT Bombay , in partnership with

3795-633: The Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath. In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone . Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House ), called the Imperial Delhi Railway , was built to transport construction material and workers for

3910-463: The seismic zone-IV , making it vulnerable to earthquakes. It lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal , a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011,

4025-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in

4140-627: The Akali protest. Sir John Maynard agreed with Sir Sobha Singh and the Akalis, and allowed the prisoners to be free. Sir Sobha Singh was also made the honorary secretary of the Chief Khalsa Diwan like his father was. He wrote a letter congratulating Sir Sunder Singh Majithia and wished his success in the Akali Movement, though Sir Sobha Singh was against Sikhs (or Indians) demanding independence from

4255-829: The Board of Trustees from 1930 to 1977. He was also the architect of the buildings. Since Sir Sobha Singh did not name anything after himself, an award was named after his wife in the school, the Lady Sobha Singh Trust Award and one after his oldest son who worked in the school, the Bhagwant Singh Award. Sir Sobha Singh died at the age of 90 in Delhi on 18 April 1978. His son Khushwant Singh noted that he had passed minutes after having his last sip of Scotch Whiskey. Sir Sobha Singh used to be very Anglicized, "he never wore Sherwanis or Chooridars, only two-piece suits, excepting

4370-516: The British Raj. Despite being a staunchly against communalism and divisive politics, Sardar Bahadur Sobha Singh did participate in the Kirpan Morcha by being part of a deputation of Sikhs, including Sardar Sant Singh, Sardar Bahadur Ranjit Singh, Sardar Bahadur Buta Singh and Rai Bahadur Baisakha Singh, to negotiate with civil authorities on the matter of all weapons being banned in Delhi, including

4485-627: The British Raj. William Birdwood had clearly stated that the Sikh prisoners kept in Rasina Hill after the Jaito Morcha and Akali Movement should have been kept in custody. On 16 September 1921, Sir Sobha Singh defied the orders of the British, stating that they were innocent and non-violent, and the Sikhs who were charged with more severe terms (manslaughter, looting, theft) were still kept in Rasina Hill despite

4600-602: The Council of States. "Sobha Singh didn’t have time to worry about politics. He just kept constructing and building and making money.” Sir Malcom Hailey allowed Sobha Singh to buy several extensive sites like the Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate, Vijay Chowk and other sites at as little as Rs 2 per square yard, freehold as a reward for their service in the First World War. He bought the land of Connaught Place in 1921 and

4715-575: The Delhi Swatantra Party Committee had decided that Manmohini Zutshi Sahgal should contest the New Delhi By-Election in 1961 as a Swatantra-supported independent candidate, it had gained major support till the manager and his aides did not comply with any orders and disrupted party meetings and rallies. Manmohini came fourth and the manager was blamed for the loss by Minoo Masani , though the manager could not officially receive

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4830-655: The Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital. Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviations from normal). This means vehicles have less idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption. In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average. However,

4945-786: The Government Medical College in Nagpur, designed by D.G. Karajgaonkar and the Bombay High Court, Nagpur Branch. Sobha Singh contracted the Central Research Institute in Kasauli too. Sir Sobha Singh was a founder-contractor of Chelmsford Club on Parliament Street. He also contracted the Broadcasting House (All India Radio) which remains one of the most iconic figures of radio television across Asia. Bhakra Nangal Dam

5060-528: The Irwins came by train for the inaugural ceremony, Sobha Singh was one of the dignitaries to receive them at the platform. A bomb on the tracks was set off, and missed Sobha Singh, along with the Irwins as it blew up the compartment next to them. According to him, the Viceroy and Vicereine went through the ceremony, "unperturbed, as if nothing happened." Sujan Singh Park was built in 1945 by Anglo- Indian British architect Walter Sykes George and Sir Sobha Singh as

5175-545: The NCT, administered by the NDMC , which covers mostly Lutyens' Delhi and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger administrative district , the New Delhi district . Although colloquially Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with the municipality and the New Delhi district forming

5290-431: The National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years. The India Gate , which was built in 1931, was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who died while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War . The monument

5405-494: The Order of the British Empire ( O.B.E. ) in the 1938 Birthday Honours , he was subsequently appointed a member of the Council of States . He was knighted in the 1944 Birthday Honours . He also built Sujan Singh Park , named after his father, New Delhi's first apartment complex, which only had bungalows till then, in 1945, designed by Walter Sykes George . He became a member of the Central Legislative Assembly , but opposed and desisted from any sort of politics. Sir Sobha Singh

5520-431: The Regal Building, one of Delhi's first cinemas along with the Rivvoli Cinemas in the same area. Maharaja Jiwajirao Scindia gave him a plot of land in Delhi to build a royal house as an embassy in the capital and a station for Gwalior Potteries, but it became too costly for him after it was completed so it was not bought back from him and Sobha Singh continued owning it, he rented it to shopkeepers. On 23 December 1931

5635-502: The Sikh religious Kirpan . This was following an incident where the Delhi Police had cordoned a procession of Sikhs and trampled over two children. Sardar Sant Singh represented the delegation by giving a strong-worded speech in parliament against Mr. Killburn who was responsible; he was fired from his job and sent back to England. He was a supporter of Sir Jogendra Singh politically, but did not mention any particular strand for electoral politics. One of Sobha Singh's famous speeches

5750-512: The Tehmat he wore before sleeping." He was very hospitable, Sapru , Jayakar , Kunzru , Ayyangar , Devadoss , Nehru and Rajagopalachari all became very close to him and stayed at his grand house 'Vyukunth' in Delhi , "I often saw Mahatma Gandhi strolling in my father’s garden talking to Mr Jinnah " said Khushwant Singh. He was a gardener, and grew grapefruit, strawberries and roses. Sir Sobha Singh also spent lots of time in his Mashobra's 'Sunderban' house, which had apple and cherry trees,

5865-405: The Tuberculosis Association of India and became a member of the Executive Committee of the Association from 1966 to 1972. He was a believer in the concept of Dasvandh (donating a tenth of ones earnings to charity), and gave lots of money to the poor, he became a known philanthropist in his last years. He worked with the Modern School as well, and was the main contractor along with the President of

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5980-446: The Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993. The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed

6095-424: The area of the municipality of the same name but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area. New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of ₹ 1,595 billion (US$ 19 billion) in nominal terms and ~ ₹ 6,800 billion (US$ 81 billion) in PPP terms. As of 2013, the per capita income of Delhi

6210-452: The blame, Sir Sobha Singh resigned and the manager became the chairman. Though he was still part of the Swatantra Party, participating in the parties' Fourth National Convention. Sir Sobha Singh's businesses mostly came about after independence, he started working more on charities and business ventures. He was the Deputy President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce , Calcutta, one of the leading trade associations and advocacy groups. He

6325-452: The city's first apartment complex and was part of the Lutyen's plan, almost all colonies made by the Government of India followed the blueprint of Sujan Singh Park. The entire complex was raised to house British and American military and civilian officers during World War II to help in the war effort. In the early 1940s, Sobha Singh got the contract from the chief engineer of Delhi, Bahadur Suleman Khan, who himself migrated to Karachi after

6440-464: The colony today. Many famed personalities including Teji Bachchan , Khushwant Singh , K.P. Bhanumathi, Meenakshi Chettur, Capt. Amarinder Singh , Pushpindar Singh Chopra , Danial Latifi, Badruddin Tyabji , Reeta Devi and many others have lived in the Sujan Singh Park complex. He contracted the All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society Hall on Old Mill Road (Rafi Marg) on his own cost, Baroda House on Kasturba Gandhi Marg, Dyal Singh College in Delhi,

6555-401: The committee settled on the south site. A site atop the Raisina Hill , formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan , then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha , the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone

6670-402: The countryside, Sir Sobha Singh was tasked with improving railways and roads, which is why he was put on the Central Advisory Council for Railways, the Food Department for producing Bajra , Jowar , Millet , Rice and Wheat instead of Jute plantations in the East Bengal region, the Committee for Agriculture and Forests so that he could help in the food scarcity situation and provide wood which

6785-423: The first Indian President of the New Delhi Municipal Council and held the post four times, in 1938, 1942, and 1945-46, this was a major achievement as the British did not trust Indians as much as they did themselves. He was given many titles, such as Sardar Sahib, Honorary Magistrate, Sardar Bahadur, then Order of the British Empire, knighthood, nomination into the Central Legislative Assembly and nomination to

6900-424: The form of the Sir Sobha Singh Charitable Trust, under Khushwant Singh and his younger brother Brigadier Gurbaksh Singh. These included the donation of a block to the Pingalwara in Amritsar (founded by Bhagat Puran Singh ), assistance to Padma Shri Parveen Talha's Trust in her brother Osama's name in Lucknow , Missionaries of Charity hospital, a block was given to Mrs Chona's Tamanna school for special children,

7015-439: The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government. The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The New Delhi district includes not only

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7130-420: The incident by an article titled, 'Khushwant Singh's Father was Main Witness in Bhagat Singh's Trial' by Malwinder Jit Singh Waraich of The Indian Express , which was erroneous and politically motivated in nature. The real people who testified against Bhagat Singh in the trial that led to his hanging were 6 members of Bhagat Singh's party, and landlord Ajaib Singh Kokri. Sir Sobha Singh said in parliament that

7245-419: The largest part in early industrial construction in Delhi in the 1920s and 1930s along with being a main participant in the Westernization and modernist collective Indian identity. He was a proficient real estate developer and a Sikh business icon. He also became the first Indian president of the New Delhi Municipal Council and held the post four times, in 1938, 1942, and 1945-46. Appointed an Officer of

7360-408: The last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of the large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta. ISO 15919 ISO 15919

7475-423: The lockdown. On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit. (Poor) (Poor) (Moderate) (Moderate) (Moderate) (Moderate) (Satisfactory) (Satisfactory) (Satisfactory) (Severe) (Severe) (Very Poor) As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998. Hindi

7590-428: The new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency . Subsequently, housing for them has developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s. Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, Lodhi colony near historic Lodhi Gardens ,

7705-600: The new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894 . During the Delhi Durbar on 12 December 1911, George V while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park , Kingsway Camp , declared that the capital of the Raj would be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi . Three days later, George V and his consort, Mary , laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens , who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker , both leading 20th-century British architects. The contract

7820-441: The next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra -Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ( India Gate ) and Kingsway ( Rajpath ), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna River , and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926, with

7935-436: The odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction. The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic

8050-416: The organisation tracked around the world. In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth and IQAir listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019. In an attempt to lessen air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using

8165-445: The portions he gave his sons." He was very humble, and named no buildings after himself or his children, he named many after his father and one after his nephew, Narinder Singh, who he raised as his own. He was a proponent of arts and owned the first theatre in the new city- the Regal Theatre which he originally tried managing himself along with a restaurant named Standard, now Gaylord- he then bought another theatre called Rivvoli. He

8280-643: The quota governing import of cotton piece goods. Sardar Bahadur Sir Sobha Singh left a large part of his private estate to a charitable trust, the Sobha Singh Charitable Trust, which maintains homes and hospitals for the terminally ill and aged all over the country. He also presided over some institutions funded by it like the Deaf and Dumb School. He also became the head of the Central Public Works Department in Delhi. He donated heavily to

8395-678: The representation of Hindus in the Council of Sind, since Non-Muslims were not getting enough seats in the Sind province. The story of Sir Sobha Singh's involvement in the Bhagat Singh issue was that first Sobha Singh came late and arrived when the division bell rang on the Trade Disputes Bill. Some friends of his were seated near the Ladies’ gallery and he looked towards them when the President announced

8510-657: The rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August), the prime minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort . Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might. Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri , Teej , Durga Puja , Mahavir Jayanti , Guru Nanak Jayanti , Holi , Lohri , Eid ul-Fitr , Eid ul-Adha , Easter , Raksha Bandhan , and Christmas . The Qutub Festival

8625-478: The result of voting. He saw someone throwing something like a cigarette case in the Assembly Chamber, noticing smoke coming out and the members running away from their seats, after most people ran out of the assembly chamber and the visitors gallery- Sobha Singh looked down to see if his friend S.B. Jawahar Singh, who was sitting at the site of the explosion, was killed or not, but there were no casualties. Being

8740-489: The special director, then vice chairman and finally the chairman by 1952 within a span of two years. He had provided the airline business with the funding that it needed during the time. His business and administrative acumen had allowed for Air India to break through into their 'Golden Age' of service in the late 1950s through the 1970s. " Sobha Singh was the elected chairman of the Punjab Chamber of Commerce in 1939 and

8855-598: The sub-city of Dwarka , located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM. On 7 November 2017, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels. The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an air quality index of 999 and in

8970-629: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There

9085-563: The team to restore Muslim properties in Delhi and give them to the migrant populations, mainly from Sindh and from West Punjab . They were able to restore most of the properties but the population influx had changed the overall demographics, to such an extent that there were not enough houses for the Sikhs and Hindus who arrived. This led to new colonies springing in Delhi, which Sir Sobha Singh objected to, as they were badly planned, cramped, one-laned and many were lying on flood plains. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari noted that Sir Sobha Singh

9200-487: The textile industry and Ujjal Singh managed the properties in Punjab. Due to World War I Sir Sobha Singh, Sardar Sujan Singh and his family shifted near Sabzi Mandi in Delhi and worked in the textile industry, in a cotton mill. It was originally called Jumna Mill but then he changed the name to Khalsa Cotton Spinning and Weaving Mills. The mill was not successful and often had to shut down due to lack of money and they were on

9315-492: The top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets. The government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the Economic Survey of Delhi , the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 830.85 billion (for

9430-633: The umbrella-bearer was killed. Although, when everyone dispersed after seeing the bombing, all the witnesses believed that the English would massacre the local Indians, hence Sujan Singh and Sobha Singh went to Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib and shut the gates of the Gurudwara to make sure the Guru Granth Sahib was safe. Once night fell, they both walked back to their residence in the dark, while Sujan Singh muttered, 'Wahe Guru, Wahe Guru'. Sobha Singh's first job

9545-696: The verge of bankruptcy. In 1919 a fire swallowed the mill and turned it to ashes. They were very concerned that the English may lose the war and New Delhi would have never been built, but that did not happen. He then learned English to communicate with the Englishmen during this time. He was a member of the Delhi Municipal Committee, the Improvement Trust which was planning New Delhi and the New Delhi Municipal Committee. He became

9660-548: The year 2004–05) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ($ 1,200). In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a per capita Income of Rs. 116,886 ($ 2,595). It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. 135,814 ($ 3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's per capita GDP (at PPP) was at $ 6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively. The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at prices for

9775-527: The year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion ( short scale ), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal. New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day , Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and

9890-459: Was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion ( short scale ) against Rs 3.11 trillion ( short scale ) in 2011–12. Connaught Place , one of North India 's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road , ITO are also major commercial centres. The government and quasi-government sector

10005-557: Was a part of what was nicknamed the Panj Pyare of Delhi (named after the Panj Pyare , the first 5 Khalsa Sikhs)- S.B. Sir Sobha Singh O.B.E., S.B. Basakha Singh Sandhu, S.B. Narain Singh of Akoi, S.B. Dharam Singh Sethi and Ram Singh Kabli. Famed freedom fighter, farm leader and Kisan leader Acharya N.G. Ranga referred to Sir Sobha Singh as the 'Prince of Contractors' in Parliament, it became

10120-585: Was about a Sikh Gurdwaras and Religious Endowments Bill, which led him to become the brainchild of the Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee . Most of his speeches were about Sikh rights, he also wished to create a separate Anand Marriage Act, but the British and Indian Nationalists both pressed him, hence he was on the Committee for the Hindu Law (Marriage) Bill. He also asked to increase

10235-666: Was addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and how to calculate simple and compound interest, although he wanted to learn English , he could not till much later. He was married at the age of 17 to a 13-year-old girl from a village named Mitha Tiwana neighboring Hadali, her name was Varyam Kaur- but to others she was known as Lady Sobha Singh. She was the daughter of Sardar Harbel Singh, Rais, of Jaranwala who owned cotton spinning factories. Sobha Singh's father, Bhai Sujan Singh Hadaliwale , constructed many buildings in Sargodha and Multan . Sujan Singh and Sobha Singh were called to

10350-728: Was also Director of the Bank of Bhopal (later nationalized and merged with Bank of India) which was the primary bank in Bhopal established by Nawab Hamiduallah Khan, a close friend of his. Sir Sobha Singh was heavily invested in Bhopal owning many properties. He worked from a bungalow called Aashiana near the Upper Lake , where his son Khushwant Singh wrote the famous story, Train to Pakistan . Nawab invited him to set up industries in Bhopal State , for which he

10465-579: Was also a director of the Machinery Manufacturers Corporation of the Mahindra Group under Keshub Mahindra. His other business ventures were being chairman of Sterling General Insurance, Bharat Insurance, chairman of Ballarpur Industries, Bharat Carbon And Ribbon Mfg, House Owners’ Association, Delhi & New Delhi, Central Mercantile Assurance Company, New India Industries Corporation, Delhi Safe Deposit and various other businesses. He

10580-583: Was also the Director, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) , India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for regulation of the Indian banking system. Due to his father and his work in cloth, mills and cotton spinning, he was made the Director of Delhi Cloth and General Mills . He was also a Director of Kamani Engineering Corporation Ltd as he represented them during the construction of the Bhakra-Nangal Dam. He

10695-481: Was an Indian civil contractor, prominent builder and real estate developer of the modern day Delhi . Not only a builder, but he was also a subordinate architect and part of the Council of States laying the foundation of development schemes across cities and running various businesses. He came to be described as "Adhi Dilli ka Malik" (the owner of half of Delhi) as he virtually owned half of Lutyens' Delhi . He played

10810-566: Was an enthusiast of the Swatantra Party in his letters to Mahatma Gandhi . He was given the position of chairman of the Delhi unit of the Swatantra Party in 1960, taking over from Sardar Bahadur Lal Singh in 1960. The manager (Hans Raj Pasricha) and Sir Sobha Singh did not get along well with each other, as the manager's ideology leaned to leftism, whereas Sir Sobha Singh's to the right. The Pasricha refused to comply with some orders, when

10925-518: Was appointed member of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1938 and Member of Council of States on 18 February 1939. He did not make many speeches, and was not an active participant in the colonial politics at the time. His father only spoke with a paper containing carefully worded speeches. Sir Sobha Singh's activities were questioned by the British after 1921, after he helped Sir Sundar Singh Majithia in his extremist demands against

11040-525: Was born in 1888, in the village of Hadali in Khushab , Shahpur District – then part of British India (now Pakistan ). He was the elder of the two sons of Sardar Bahadur Sujan Singh and Lakshmi Devi, the younger one being Sardar Bahadur Ujjal Singh , who was a member of Parliament in India along with the governor of Punjab and Tamil Nadu . He was pulled out of school before giving his final exams, as his father believed that to make money one only needed

11155-535: Was built over thirteen years (1949-1963) and Sir Sobha Singh steered the project through rough storms. The tiles that he had bought, if landed in a straight line, would be seven times the length of the Equator , it is the largest multipurpose river valley project in India and was the only dam in Asia which could produce 1500 MW of power- a beacon to India's new economic progress despite the setbacks and newly achieved freedom. He

11270-645: Was designed by Robert Tor Russell , chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD). After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi . Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly ), a decade before

11385-424: Was designed by an American , Harvey Slocum and was executed by Sir Sobha Singh. When lack of funding from investors and the government had forced Harvey Slocum to almost abandon the project, Sir Sobha Singh arrived and funded it with his own money and with the help of Kamani Engineering , he also helped in engineer parts of the project where it was unfeasible, along with many other engineers. The Bhakra Nangal Dam

11500-636: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for

11615-610: Was given a 36-acre at a lease for 99 years, at Rs 1 near the old railway station. In the property was the Nerbudda Ice Factory under the Nerbudda Valley Refrigerated Products and an orchard which he received in the late 1940s, which provided ice to most of Central India. From 1951-1953, his main investments were directed at Air India (Tata Group) in Bombay , he quickly became the main investor at first, then

11730-817: Was given the title of 'Sardar Sahib' in the 1922 birthday celebrations. He hired around 6,000 Bagadi laborers and dozens of supervisors, clerks and accountants with stone imported from Dholpur . The Bagadis were famous for building Mughal monuments like the Taj Mahal , Red Fort , Humayun's Tomb and others. The laborers had very low wages- 80 paisa for men and 60 paisa for women per day. During this time Sujan Singh left for Punjab to help his younger son, Ujjal Singh. He had gone back to Mian Channu when his father fell ill. Sujan Singh had died at 65 of illness in their Haveli at Mian Channu. Sobha Singh originally lived in Old Mill Road, then shifted to Ajmeri Gate and then shifted to

11845-603: Was given to Sobha Singh . The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad Fort , but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort. Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by A.E.P. Griessen , and later William Mustoe. The city that was later dubbed " Lutyens' Delhi "

11960-537: Was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy Irwin. Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations . Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman, and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both north and south sites. However, it

12075-634: Was lacking in areas like Odisha's coastal area. He was also put on the Committee for the Labour Department to solve the rampant unemployment which was occurring in the area at the time. For his services he was proclaimed the "Feeder of Bengal" by Rabindranath Tagore in June 1945. Govind Ballabh Pant had created a team of people for Evacuee Property transactions after the Partition of India, Dr. Zakir Husain , Sir Sobha Singh and Raghunandan Saran were all in

12190-582: Was laid by George V during the Delhi Durbar of 1911 . It was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker . The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy and Governor-General Irwin . Until December 1911, Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Rule. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to

12305-521: Was not charged on this case and Sobha Singh's testimony was valid, though there was no empirical evidence to charge either Bhagat Singh or B.K. Dutt. Bhagat Singh was hanged later, not for the bomb thrown in the Legislative Assembly, but for the murder of Saunders in Lahore , in which Sobha Singh had no role to play. It was years after Sir Sobha Singh's death in 1997 that public attention was drawn to

12420-443: Was not restricted on Sundays. Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period. On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in

12535-795: Was part of the Commonwealth Relations Department and External Affairs Committee, the latter of which was housed at his property of the Scindia House Block in New Delhi. During his tenure the Board of Industrial & Scientific Research was set up. He had concluded the Indo-Japanese Trade Agreement (noted as the first step in Indo-Japanese Relations) suggesting that items like silk goods, hosiery, fents and woolen piece goods should be given at lower prices, along with imports being restricted on lines similar to

12650-454: Was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate , was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites on the north side,

12765-738: Was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat . The Rajpath , also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the Parliament House , both designed by Baker, are located at

12880-539: Was the last residential areas built by the British Raj . After India gained independence in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India . In 1966, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared

12995-490: Was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism. The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi, with Beijing, shares

13110-556: Was to be renamed Sobha Singh Place although it did not happen. The Delhi Development Authority also planned to have a large park and colony near Sanjay Lake, Delhi named Sir Sobha Singh Park, though that did not happen either. Post-independence none of the contractors, architects or engineers of New Delhi were honored and no roundabouts, roads or monuments were named after any of them, Khushwant Singh stated, "it appeared like anti-Sikh communal prejudice." According to Khushwant Singh, Sir Sobha Singh embarked his properties for charity in

13225-701: Was to relocate the foundation stones from where the King and Queen had laid them, in Kingsway . Under cover of darkness (so it would not be taken as a bad omen), he moved them to the new site 11 kilometers away on Raisina Hill, and was given only 16 rupees for the job. Sobha Singh was accepted as a senior-grade contractor in the Construction of New Delhi . He lived in his fathers house on the Old Mill Road now known as Rafi Marg. While Sujan Singh toured Shahpur , Hadali and Mian Channu to recruit soldiers for World War I, Sobha Singh stayed in Delhi and tried his prospects in

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