24-465: Hunterian may refer to many things named after William Hunter (1718–1783): The following are named after his brother, John Hunter (1728–1793): Other uses include: William Hunter (anatomist) William Hunter FRS (23 May 1718 – 30 March 1783) was a Scottish anatomist and physician . He was a leading teacher of anatomy, and the outstanding obstetrician of his day. His guidance and training of his equally famous brother, John Hunter ,
48-780: A cast of the flayed but muscular corpse of a recently executed criminal, a smuggler . He was professor of anatomy at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1769 until 1772. He was interested in arts, and had strong connections to the artistic world. Around 1765 William Hunter started collecting widely across a range of themes beyond medicine and anatomy: books, manuscripts, prints, coins, shells, zoological specimens, and minerals. In several of these areas, he worked closely with specialists, such as Johan Christian Fabricius , and George Fordyce who used his collections as tools for new biological and chemical science. He bequeathed his collections, plus
72-455: A fastidious, fine gentleman; but he worked till he dropped and he lectured when he was dying. To orthopaedic surgeons he is famous for his studies on bone and cartilage. In 1743 he published the paper On the structure and diseases of articulating cartilages – which is often cited – especially the following sentence: "If we consult the standard Chirurgical Writers from Hippocrates down to the present Age, we shall find, that an ulcerated Cartilage
96-639: A large sum to build a museum, to the University of Glasgow. The collections survive today as the nucleus of the University of Glasgow 's Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery , while his library and archives are now held in the university's library. Hunter's coin collection was especially fine, and the Hunter Coin Cabinet in the Hunterian Museum is one of the world's great numismatic collections. According to
120-978: A non-peer-reviewed opinion piece in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine he suggested that the two physicians committed multiple murders of pregnant women in order to gain access to corpses for anatomical dissection and physiological experimentation. He suggested that there was an inadequate match between supply and demand of pregnant corpses and that the two physicians must have commissioned many murders in order to carry out their work. Shelton's comments attracted media publicity, but were heavily criticised on factual and methodological grounds by medical historians, who pointed out that in 1761, Peter Camper had indicated that figures "were not all from real life", and likely methods other than murder were available to obtain bodies of recently deceased pregnant women at that time. Hunter also provided case histories for at least four of
144-552: Is universally allowed to be a very troublesome Disease; that it admits of a Cure with more Difficulty than carious Bone; and that, when destroyed, it is not recovered". In 1764, he became physician to Queen Charlotte . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767 and Professor of Anatomy to the Royal Academy in 1768. In 1768 he built the famous anatomy theatre and museum in Great Windmill Street , Soho , where
168-436: The University of Copenhagen in 1762. Later the same year he travelled together with his friend and relative Johan Zoëga to Uppsala , where he studied under Carl Linnaeus for two years. On his return, he started work on his Systema entomologiae , which was finally published in 1775. Throughout this time, he remained dependent on subsidies from his father, who worked as a consultant at Frederiks Hospital . Fabricius
192-416: The great apes and that new species could be formed by the hybridization of existing species. He also has been called the "Father of Lamarckism " because of his belief that new species could form from morphological adaptation. Fabricius wrote about the influence of environment on development of species and selection phenomena (females preferring the strongest males). Fabricius is considered one of
216-629: The Preface of Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection (Macdonald 1899), Hunter purchased many important collections, including those of Horace Walpole and the bibliophile Thomas Crofts . King George III even donated an Athenian gold piece on 7 April of 1774. When the famous book collection of Anthony Askew , the Bibliotheca Askeviana , was auctioned off upon Askew's death in 1774, Hunter purchased many significant volumes in
240-511: The Royal Collection at Windsor : Kenneth Clark considered him responsible for the 18th century rediscovery of Leonardo's drawings in England. He praised them highly in his lectures and planned to publish them with his own commentary, but never had the time for the project before his death. To aid his teaching of dissection , in 1775 Hunter commissioned sculptor Agostino Carlini to make
264-477: The best British anatomists and surgeons of the period were trained. His greatest work was Anatomia uteri umani gravidi [The anatomy of the human gravid uterus exhibited in figures] (1774), with plates engraved by Rymsdyk (1730–90), and published by the Baskerville Press . He chose as a model for clear, precise but schematic illustration of anatomic dissections the drawings by Leonardo da Vinci conserved in
SECTION 10
#1732845274343288-415: The determination of a species, and natural ones allow for the relationship to other genera and varieties. In contrast to Linnaeus' classification of the insects, which was based primarily on the number of wings , and their form, Fabricius used the form of the mouthparts to discriminate the orders (which he termed "classes"). He stated "those whose nourishment and biology are the same, must then belong to
312-467: The face of stiff competition from the British Museum . He died in London in 1783, aged 64, and was buried at St James's, Piccadilly . A memorial to him lies in the church. In 2010, the self-described historian Don Shelton made some lurid claims about the methods by which Hunter, his brother John, and his teacher and competitor William Smellie might have obtained bodies for their anatomical work. In
336-577: The greatest entomologists of the 18th century. He was a greater observer of insects than his more botanically -minded mentor, Carl Linnaeus . Fabricius named 9,776 species of insects, compared to Linnaeus' tally of around 3,000. He identified many species of Tenebrionidae from the Egyptian Sinai on the basis of other entomologists' collections. Fabricius added two distinct areas to the classification system. He considers both artificial and natural characteristics. Artificial characteristics allow for
360-560: The male genitalia would provide useful characters for systematics , but could not apply that insight himself. Fabricius was the first to divide the Staphylinidae (rove beetles), which Linnaeus had considered a single genus that he called " Staphylinus ", establishing in 1775 the genus Paederus . He also described 77 species of Staphylinidae. His major works on systematic entomology were: Many of his works can be found in digital libraries: Fabricius' collections are shared between
384-484: The over-enthusiastic response of the media and the internet to Shelton's unreviewed speculations raised fresh questions about how medical history is generated, presented and evaluated in the media and, in particular, on the internet. Johan Christian Fabricius Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist , specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods : insects , arachnids , crustaceans and others. He
408-495: The position at Kiel for the rest of his life. During his time in Kiel, Fabricius repeatedly travelled to London in the summer to study the collections of British collectors, such as Joseph Banks and Dru Drury . Towards the end of his career, Fabricius spent much of his time living in Paris , where he frequently met with naturalists such as Georges Cuvier and Pierre André Latreille ; he
432-491: The same genus." Fabricius' system remains the basis of insect classification today, although the names he proposed are not. For instance, his name for the order containing the beetles was "Eleutherata", rather than the modern " Coleoptera ", and he used "Piezata" for Hymenoptera ; his term Glossata is still in use, but for a slightly smaller group among the Lepidoptera , rather than the whole order. Fabricius also foresaw that
456-618: The subjects illustrated in The Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures , published in 1774. A recent review of Hunter's sources of anatomical specimens was published in 2015. That "multiple methods of preservation were combined" at Hunter's Great Windmill Street school in order to retain as much information from the individual cadavers as possible further indicates the rarity and value of these bodies. Helen King indicated that
480-456: Was a student of Carl Linnaeus , and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification . Johan Christian Fabricius was born on 7 January 1745 at Tønder in the Duchy of Schleswig , where his father was a doctor. He studied at the gymnasium at Altona and entered
504-585: Was also interested in the events of the French Revolution . On hearing of the British attack on Copenhagen in 1807, Fabricius returned to Kiel, damaging his already fragile health. He died on 3 March 1808, at the age of 63. His daughter died in an accident in Paris, but he was survived by two sons, who both studied medicine . The evolutionary ideas of Fabricius are not well known. He believed that man originated from
SECTION 20
#1732845274343528-455: Was also of great importance. Hunter was born at Long Calderwood, now a part of East Kilbride , South Lanarkshire , to Agnes Paul ( c. 1685 –1751) and John Hunter (1662/3–1741). He was the elder brother of surgeon, John Hunter . After studying divinity at the University of Glasgow , he went into medicine in 1737, studying under William Cullen . Arriving in London, Hunter became resident pupil to William Smellie (1741–44) and he
552-538: Was appointed a professor in Copenhagen in 1770, and in 1775 or 1776, the University of Kiel appointed Fabricius professor of natural history and economics, promising that they would build a natural history museum and a botanical garden . Although he tried to resign three times, on one occasion only being prevented by an appeal from his students to the Danish King and Duke of Schleswig , Christian VII , Fabricius held
576-506: Was trained in anatomy at St George's Hospital , London, specialising in obstetrics . He followed the example of Smellie in giving a private course on dissecting, operative procedures and bandaging, from 1746. His courtly manners and sensible judgement helped him to advance until he became the leading obstetric consultant of London. Unlike Smellie, he did not favour the use of forceps in delivery. Stephen Paget said of him: He never married; he had no country house; he looks, in his portraits,
#342657