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158-620: Nasir al-Din Muhammad (6 March 1508 – 27 January 1556), commonly known by his regnal name Humayun ( Persian pronunciation: [hu.mɑː.juːn] ), was the second Mughal emperor , who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Northern India , and Pakistan from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to his death in 1556. At the time of his death, the Mughal Empire spanned almost one million square kilometers. On 26 December 1530, Humayun succeeded his father Babur to

316-799: A Mughal army in July 1537, and advanced towards Chunar . The Mughals reached the fort in November 1537 and laid siege to it. The siege lasted over six months before the fort finally fell. Following this, Sher Shah began a second invasion into Bengal, seizing Rohtasgarh in March 1538 through stratagem. He used Rohtasgarh to situate Afghan families and loot he obtained during the war. Following up his victory, Sher Shah besieged Gauda, which fell in April 1538. Split detachments would also be sent to conquer Chittagong . Another force battled against Mahmud Shah led by Khawas Khan Marwat ,

474-500: A Pope Peter II. Even though there is no specific prohibition against choosing the name Peter, bishops elected to the Papacy have refrained from doing so even if their own given name was Peter. This is because of a tradition that only Saint Peter should have that honor. In the 10th century John XIV used the regnal name John because his given name was Peter. While some antipopes did take the name Peter II, their claims are not recognized by

632-515: A Praenomen of Roman Emperors, Augustus and Caesar became a cognomen of theirs. Immediately after a new pope is elected, and accepts the election, he is asked by the Dean of the College of Cardinals , "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known. The senior Cardinal Deacon, or Cardinal Protodeacon , then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's Basilica to proclaim

790-825: A breach of the Act of Union . The case, however, was dismissed on the grounds that the pursuers had no title to sue the Crown, and also that the numbering of monarchs was part of the royal prerogative , and thus not governed by the Act of Union. The Roman Emperors usually had the titles of "Imperator Caesar Augustus" in their names (which made these regnal names). Caesar came from the cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar , Imperator meant Commander and Augustus meant venerable or majestic. The name usually went in two ways, Imperator ( Praenomen , Nomen and Cognomen ) Caesar Augustus or Imperator Caesar (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Augustus. Also, Imperator became

948-505: A claim for Humayun's apparently collapsing empire. He brokered a deal with Hindal providing that his brother would cease all acts of disloyalty in return for a share in the new empire, which Kamran would create once Humayun was deposed. In June 1539 Sher Shah met Humayun in the Battle of Chausa on the banks of the Ganges, near Buxar . This was to become an entrenched battle in which both sides spent

1106-414: A different name. First, Queen Victoria had been christened Alexandrina Victoria, but took the throne under the name Victoria. When Victoria's son, Prince Albert Edward, became king in 1901, he took the regnal name Edward VII , against the wish of his late mother. The new king declared that he chose the name Edward as an honoured name borne by six of his English predecessors, and that he preferred that

1264-503: A dish he was unfamiliar with eating customarily. In response, he drew his dagger cut the dish into smaller pieces, and then ate it with a spoon. Babur took notice and informed his minister Mir Khalifa : Keep an eye on Sher Khan, he is a clever man and the marks of royalty are visible on his forehead. I have seen many Afghan nobles, greater men than he, but they never made an impression on me, but as soon as I saw this man, it entered into my mind that he ought to be arrested for I find in him

1422-449: A force of over 20,000 men. The heads of Iqtas were known by various titles such as Hakim , Faujdar , or Momin and typically commanded bodies of men usually numbering less than 5,000. Their responsibilities included maintaining order and enforcing law within their jurisdictions. Iqtas were further divided into districts known as Sarkars , each overseen by two chief officers: the Shiqar and

1580-866: A formidable kingdom and threat to his rule, Sher Shah began preparing for war in August 1542. In early 1543, Sher Shah Suri, with a force of 80,000 cavalry, set out against Maldeo Rathore , the Rajput king of Marwar . The Afghan army advanced through Merta before Maldeo advanced with his own army of 50,000 to face Sher Shah, which had halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of Jaitaran , near Jodhpur . Establishing defenses, Sher Shah's strong position made it difficult for Maldeo to launch an attack, while Sher Shah's position became dangerous due to supply difficulties for his large army. Sher Shah thus resorted to intrigue by dropping forged letters near Maldeo's camp, falsely indicating that some of his commanders intended to defect to

1738-454: A general of Sher Shah, which saw Mahmud Shah decisively defeated and mortally wounded. With these victories, Sher Shah held his first coronation. After the fall of Gauda, Sher Shah offered favorable peace terms to Humayun, proposing to pay 10,000,000 dinars, and the cessation of Bihar in exchange for control of Bengal. Humayun refused the offer, not wishing to leave the Bengal's rich resources to

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1896-613: A generic term for any silver coin, during his rule the term rūpee came to be used as the name for a silver coin of a standard weight of 178 grains, which was the precursor of the modern rupee . The Rupee is today used as the national currency in India, Indonesia , Maldives , Mauritius , Nepal , Pakistan , Seychelles , and Sri Lanka . Gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Paisa were also minted during his reign. According to numismatists Goron and Goenka, it

2054-525: A great tactician. Bairam Khan led the army through the Punjab virtually unopposed. The only major battle faced by Humayun's armies was against Sikandar Shah Suri in Sirhind , where Bairam Khan employed a tactic whereby he engaged his enemy in open battle but then retreated quickly in apparent fear. When the enemy followed after them, they were surprised by entrenched defensive positions and were easily annihilated. At

2212-570: A horse trader and eventually became a landlord (Jagirdar) in the Narnaul area of present-day Haryana . He represented his patron Jamal Khan Lodi Sarangkhani, who assigned him several villages in Hissar Firoza . Sher Shah's father, Hasan Khan Sur, entered the service of Jamal Khan. In 1494, Jamal Khan was promoted and established in Bihar by Sikandar Khan Lodi . At Jamal Khan's request, Sikandar granted Hasan

2370-523: A hostile state. Additionally, the wounded Mahmud Shah, who had entered Humayun's camp, urged him to continue the war against Sher Shah. Mahmud Shah died from his wounds soon after. Following this, Humayun marched towards Bengal to confront Sher Shah. However, the Mughal army was troubled with heavy rains, causing the loss of their baggage between Patna and Monghyr . Humayun eventually reached Gauda and seized it without opposition on 8 September 1538. However,

2528-569: A lot of time digging themselves into positions. The major part of the Mughal army, the artillery, was now immobile, and Humayun decided to engage in some diplomacy using Muhammad Aziz as ambassador. Humayun agreed to allow Sher Shah to rule over Bengal and Bihar, but only as provinces granted to him by his Emperor, Humayun, falling short of outright sovereignty. The two rulers also struck a bargain in order to save face: Humayun's troops would charge those of Sher Shah whose forces then retreat in feigned fear. Thus honour would, supposedly, be satisfied. Once

2686-434: A monarch reigns in more than one realm, they may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name. For example, the same person was both King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England . The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name, but is used in historical references once the name is used again. Thus, Queen Elizabeth I of England

2844-567: A month he had captured the forts of Mandu and Champaner. However, instead of pressing his attack, Humayun ceased the campaign and consolidated his newly conquered territory. Sultan Bahadur, meanwhile escaped and took up refuge with the Portuguese. Like his father, Humayun was a frequent user of opium. In a popular revolt Bahadur Shah recaptured all of Gujarat in 1536 and began an attack on Malwa. Shortly after Humayun had marched on Gujarat, Sher Shah Suri saw an opportunity to wrest control of Agra from

3002-643: A pact with Islam Shah , Sher Shah's successor, but was apprehended by a Gakhar . The Gakhars were one of the minority of tribal groups who had consistently remained loyal to their oath to the Mughals. Sultan Adam of the Gakhars handed Kamran Mirza over to Humayun. Humayun, though inclined to forgive Kamran Mirza, was warned that allowing his brother's repeated acts of treachery to go unpunished could foment rebellion amongst his own supporters. So, instead of killing Kamran Mirza, Humayun had him blinded, thereby ending any claim by

3160-611: A pope to be named after a Roman god. Mercurius subsequently decreed that he would be known as John II. Since the end of the tenth century the pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate; however, until the 16th century some pontiffs used their baptismal names . The last pope to use his baptismal name was Pope Marcellus II in 1555, a choice that was even then quite exceptional. The names chosen by popes are not based on any system other than general honorifics. They have been based on immediate predecessors, mentors, political similarity, or even after family members—as

3318-609: A siege of Kalinjar , immediately withdrew, crossing the Ganges and began a battle against Mahmud Lodi at Dadrah in 1531. The Afghan forces were decisively defeated, and the coalition was shattered. Mahmud Lodi fled to Orrisa , while Sher Shah emerged on top by keeping Southern Bihar. Humayun followed up his victory by besieging Chunar, a fortress owned by Sher Shah, in September 1532. The siege continued for over four months to no avail. In order to make peace, Sher Shah offered his loyalty to

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3476-551: A two-week siege. He noted how the nobles who had served Askari Mirza quickly flocked to serve him, "in very truth the greater part of the inhabitants of the world are like a flock of sheep, wherever one goes the others immediately follow". Kandahar was, as agreed, given to the Shah of Persia who sent his infant son, Murad, as the viceroy. However, the baby soon died and Humayun thought himself strong enough to assume power. Humayun now prepared to take Kabul, ruled by his brother Kamran Mirza. In

3634-557: A very traditional name in the Kingdom. Later during the first half of the 14th century, Charles I of Hungary signed as " Carolus rex ", but in fact his birth name was the Italian Caroberto . This is why he is often referred to by Hungarian historians as "Charles Robert of Hungary". All ruling male members of the House of Orange-Nassau bore the name Willem (William). The current king of

3792-504: A young man, he killed a tiger that leapt suddenly upon the governor of Bihar, Behar Khan Lohani. Sher Shah was born in Sasaram , located in present-day Bihar , India. His birth date is disputed, with some accounts stating he was born in 1472, while others claim 1486. He was of Pashtun Afghan origin, belonging to the Sur clan. Sher Shah's grandfather, Ibrahim Khan Sur, began his career as

3950-412: Is actually saying is that an event happened within a finite period of time, one that is equal to the duration of the reign of the monarch in question. Now seeing as how it is possible (and in fact common, particularly among the southern tribes) for one individual to have several different names and aliases in a single life, a certain degree of uniformity in usage is required if the history of an entire state

4108-565: Is an Islamic religious guide) of Persian heritage long settled in Sindh. En route to the Emir's court, Humayun had to break journey because his pregnant wife Hamida was unable to travel further. Humayun sought refuge with the Hindu ruler of the oasis town of Amarkot (now part of Sindh province). Rana Prasad Rao of Amarkot duly welcomed Humayun into his home and sheltered the refugees for several months. Here, in

4266-579: Is clear from coins dated AH 945 (1538 AD) that Sher Shah had assumed the royal title of Farid al-Din Sher Shah and had coins struck in his own name prior to the battle of Chausa. The Sur Empire was divided into many subdivisions called Iqtas , which were often ruled by military governors. Haibat Khan , who governed the Punjab , commanded over 30,000 men and could distribute jagirs to his soldiers. Khawas Khan , another military governor, ruled over Rajasthan with

4424-544: Is found in the kingdom of Lagos , where the Adeniji-Adele family is distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the word Adeniji , which was actually the first name of the reigning founder of their branch of the dynasty, the Oba Adeniji Adele II . This distinction notwithstanding, both groups of dynasts (as well as a number of other ones that do not have the name Adele as an official surname, such as that of

4582-400: Is in simple Persian style. Regnal name The regnal name is usually followed by a regnal number , written as a Roman numeral , to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for example Charles X Gustav of Sweden . If

4740-410: Is to be tied to his or her name. It is for this reason that when new monarchs are enthroned, the uniqueness of their names is usually considered to be a matter of considerable importance (even when it is caused by nothing more than the adding of ordinals to them or the allowing of more than a generation to pass before their subsequent usage). An example of this can be found in the kingdom of Benin , where

4898-514: The Khutba recited in Kamran Mirza's name. His other brother, Askari Mirza, was now ordered to gather an army and march on Humayun. When Humayun received word of the approaching hostile army he decided against facing them, and instead sought refuge elsewhere. Akbar was left behind in camp close to Kandahar, as it was December, too cold and dangerous to include the 14-month-old toddler in the march through

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5056-453: The Battle of Sirhind on 22 June 1555, the armies of Sikandar Shah Suri were decisively defeated and the Mughal Empire was reestablished. After Sirhind, most towns and villages chose to welcome the invading army as it made its way to the capital. On 23 July 1555, Humayun once again sat on Babur's throne in Delhi. The Gazetteer of Ulwur states: Soon after Babur's death, his successor, Humayun,

5214-546: The Chehel Sotoun (Forty Columns) palace in Esfahan . Tahmasp urged that Humayun convert from Sunni to Shia Islam in order to keep himself and several hundred followers alive. Although the Mughals initially disagreed to their conversion they knew that with this outward acceptance of Shi'ism, Tahmasp was eventually prepared to offer Humayun more substantial support. When Humayun's brother, Kamran Mirza, offered to cede Kandahar to

5372-564: The Chenab river before arriving at Khushab. At Khushab, Sher Shah sent two detachments under Khawas Khan and Qutb Khan to pursue Humayun and his contingent out of the region. The pursuit as far as the Panjnad River , before withdrawing back to Khushab and merging with Sher Shah's force. Remaining encamped at Khushab, Sher Shah received the submission of Baloch chiefs including prominently Ismail Khan, Fateh Khan, Ghazi Khan, and many others who ruled

5530-472: The Ganges river. Humayun crossed the river and engaged in skirmishes with Sher Shah's forces. During the fighting, many of Humayun's nobles hid their insignia to avoid recognition by the Afghans, and several fled the battle. The Mughal army was ultimately defeated, forcing Humayun to flee. Following this victory, Sher Shah was crowned a second time on 17 May 1540, being declared the ruler of Hindustan and adopting

5688-525: The Grand Trunk Road . The tomb finished its construction on 16 August 1545, three months after his death. Hermann Goetz posited that one of the motivations for Sher Shah choosing his birthplace, Sasaram, as the sight of his tomb, was that: "For Sher Shah Sasaram was the very symbol of his life and glory". Decades after his death, the Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi was commissioned by Akbar to detail

5846-783: The Karmanasa River , where his army was vulnerable to attack, Sher Shah capitalized on the Mughal army's fragile state and attacked at the Battle of Chausa . The Afghans descended on the Mughal army, which was 200,000 strong. Overwhelmed, the Mughal army was completely routed . Humayun barely escaped with his life, with the Mughals suffering over 7,000 casualties, including many prominent noblemen. With his defeat, Humayun returned to Agra, and restored order after unrest began due to his brother, Hindal Mirza . Humayun then began mobilizing another army and advanced against Sher Shah, who raised his own army, although being numerically inferior. The two armies met at Kannuaj , mirroring each other across

6004-570: The Mughal Empire , founding the Sur Empire and establishing his rule in Delhi . The influence of his innovations and reforms extended far beyond his brief reign. During his time in power, he remained undefeated in battle and was renowned as one of the most skillful Afghan generals in history. By the end of his reign, his empire covered nearly all of Northern India . Born between 1472 and 1486 and given

6162-689: The Ottoman Army in 1517. The Fatimid caliphs adopted the Abbasid use of the laqab to assert their claims of authority. Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Suri ( Pashto : ﺷﯧﺮ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ ; Persian : شیرشاه سوری ), (Farid al-Din Khan; 1472 or 1486 – 22 May 1545), also known by his title Sultan Adil ( lit.   ' the Just King ' ), was the ruler of Bihar from 1530 to 1540, and Sultan of Hindustan from 1540 until his death in 1545. He defeated

6320-595: The Shang dynasty , Chinese sovereigns could be honored with temple names ( 廟號 ; miào hào ) after their death, for the purpose of ancestor worship . Temple names consisted of two or three Chinese characters, with the last word being either zǔ ( 祖 ; "progenitor") or zōng ( 宗 ; "ancestor"). Since the Zhou dynasty , Chinese monarchs were frequently accorded posthumous names ( 謚號 ; shì hào ) after their death. Posthumous names were adjectives originally intended to determine

6478-898: The Teliagarhi pass. Mahmud Shah repeatedly requested the Portuguese to aid him, which they did by fortifying the Teliaghari and Sakrigali passes. Sher Shah, however, out-flanked the combined armies and reached Gauda by way of Jharkhand . Mahmud Shah immediately capitulated, and was forced to pay over 13,000,000 gold coins, and cede territory up to Sakrigali. Eager to conquer the Bengal Sultanate, Sher Shah prepared for another invasion, and an opportunity came when Mahmud Shah failed to send annual tribute, forcing him to seek refuge in Gaur and frantically ask Humayun for aid. In response, Humayun mobilized

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6636-510: The Thar Desert , when the Hindu ruler Rao Maldeo Rathore allied with Sher Shah Suri against the Mughal Empire. In many accounts Humayun mentions how he and his pregnant wife had to trace their steps through the desert at the hottest time of year. Their rations were low, and they had little to eat; even drinking water was a major problem in the desert. When Hamida Bano 's horse died, no one would lend

6794-623: The Umayyad dynasty , used the laqab as-Saffah ("the Blood-Shedder"). This name carried a messianic association, a theme that would be continued by as-Saffah's successors. The use of regnal names among the caliphs lasted throughout the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, until the institution was deposed after the defeat of the Mamluk Sultanate and the capture of Caliph al-Mutawakkil III by

6952-504: The muezzin announced the Azaan (the call to prayer). It was his habit, wherever and whenever he heard the summons, to bow his knee in holy reverence. Trying to kneel, he caught his foot in his robe, slipped down several steps and hit his temple on a rugged stone edge. He died three days later. His body was laid to rest in Purana Quila initially, but, because of an attack by Hemu on Delhi and

7110-552: The reasons for his choice of name during his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005. On that occasion, he said that he wanted to remember " Pope Benedict XV , that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war", and also " Saint Benedict of Nursia , co-patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe". There has never been

7268-755: The 1952 accession of Elizabeth II , the title Elizabeth II caused controversy in Scotland as there had never been a Scottish Elizabeth I . Winston Churchill suggested that British sovereigns would use either the Scottish or the English number, whichever was higher; this convention fit the pattern of prior reigns since the Acts of Union 1707 , all subsequent monarchs either having higher regnal numbers in England (namely William IV , Edward VII , and Edward VIII ) or had names not used before

7426-534: The Afghan army to attack the Rajputs while they were still leaving the fort. The Rajputs killed their women and children before engaging in battle with the Afghans, before being defeated as the Afghans massacred them. This act is considered the darkest mark on Sher Shah's reign. Having initially attempted to aid Humayun in regaining his throne, as well as having failed to capture Humayun for Sher Shah, and Marwar itself being

7584-550: The Afghans in Bihar, Sher Shah distinguished himself, and his estates were restored in 1528. With his jagirs secured, Sher Shah accompanied Junaid Khan to Agra where he met Mughal emperor Babur. During this time, Sher Shah was conferred the title of Sher Khan after killing a tiger that leapt upon the ruler of Bihar. Sher Shah remained in Agra, observing Mughal military organization and administration. During one occasion while dining with Mughal Emperor Babur, Sher Shah encountered

7742-449: The Afghans were at Sultanpur Lodhi . With the approach of the Afghans, the Mughals fled Lahore. At Khushab , Humayun and Kamran quarreled and parted ways, with Humayun leaving for Sindh , and Kamran to Kabul . As Humayun began withdrawing, Khawas Khan initially gave up the pursuit, halting on the Jhelum river. Sher Shah then advanced from Sirhind toward Lahore, and then continued toward

7900-503: The Afghans. This caused great distress to Maldeo, leading him to abandon his commanders and retreat to Jodhpur with his men. Maldeo's generals, Jaita and Kumpa, split off a contingent of 12,000 men to fight against the Afghans. In the resulting Battle of Sammel, Sher Shah emerged victorious. Following the victory, Khawas Khan Marwat took possession of Jodhpur and occupied the territory of Marwar from Ajmer to Mount Abu in 1544, with Bikaner also submitting to Afghan rule. Following

8058-543: The Army of Humayun had made its charge and Sher Shah's troops made their agreed-upon retreat, the Mughal troops relaxed their defensive preparations and returned to their entrenchments without posting a proper guard. Observing the Mughals' vulnerability, Sher Shah reneged on his earlier agreement. That very night, his army approached the Mughal camp and finding the Mughal troops unprepared with a majority asleep, they advanced and killed most of them. The Emperor survived by swimming across

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8216-553: The Elector of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I, was elected king in 1697, he took the name of Augustus II. His son Frederick Augustus II crowned in 1734, also took the name of Augustus, becoming Augustus III. The monarchs of Portugal have traditionally used their first baptismal name as their regnal name upon their accession. The only notable exception was Sancho I , who was born Martin of Burgundy ( Martinho de Borgonha , in Portuguese). As he

8374-655: The Emperor immediately angered Humayun. Humayun lashed out but the Guru reminded him that the time when you needed to fight when you lost your throne you ran away and did not fight and now you want to attack a person engaged in prayer. In the Sikh texts written more than a century after the event, Guru Angad is said to have blessed the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will regain the throne. Humayun decided it would be wise to withdraw still further. He and his army rode out through and across

8532-529: The Empire, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar . Humayun was born as Nasir al-Din Muhammad to Babur 's favorite wife Māham Begum on Tuesday 6 March 1508. According to Abul Fazl , Māham was related to the noble family of Sultan Husayn Bayqara , the Timurid ruler of Herat . She was also related to Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami . The decision of Babur to divide the territories of his empire between two of his sons

8690-652: The Ewekas after his grandfather Eweka II . In the case of the comparatively small number of Nigerian monarchs, such as Obi Nnaemeka Achebe of Onitsha , who do not make use of regnal names as a result of a variety of reasons, pre-coronation names are maintained during their reigns. Monarchies of the Chinese cultural sphere practiced naming taboo , wherein the personal names of the rulers were to be avoided. Monarchs could adopt or be honored with regnal names ( 尊號 ; zūn hào ) during their reign or after they had abdicated. Since

8848-575: The First", "George the Sixth", etc. In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take era names . While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes eras are named after a monarch (usually long-lived), or a succession of monarchs of the same name. This is customary; there is no formal or general rule. For example, the whole period during which a succession of four Georges ( George I , II , III , and IV ) of

9006-454: The Gakhars, devastating much of the countryside, and taking many prisoners. To further secure his rule, Sher Shah established Rohtas Fort and stationed 50,000 men in Punjab under his generals Haibat Khan Niazi and Khawas Khan Marwat. Subsequently, Sher Shah turned his attention to Bengal, where the governor he had appointed had become rebellious. Recognizing the importance of Bengal , Sher Shah focused much of his administrative efforts in

9164-411: The Ganges using an air-filled "water skin", and quietly returned to Agra. Humayun was assisted across the Ganges by Shams al-Din Muhammad. When Humayun returned to Agra, he found that all three of his brothers were present. Humayun once again not only pardoned his brothers for plotting against him, but even forgave Hindal for his outright betrayal. With his armies travelling at a leisurely pace, Sher Shah

9322-445: The Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the Georgian era . Conversely, although there were many Edwards, the Edwardian era always refers to the reign of Edward VII at the beginning of the 20th century. Ancient rulers in many parts of the world took regnal names or throne names which were different from their personal name. This is known to be true, for instance, of several kings of Assyria , and appears to be

9480-412: The Holy Roman Church [surname], who conferred upon himself the name [papal name]. During the first centuries of the church, priests elected bishop of Rome continued to use their baptismal names after their elections. The custom of choosing a new name began in AD 533 with the election of Mercurius . Mercurius had been named after the Roman god Mercury , and decided that it would not be appropriate for

9638-516: The Imperial party were forced to live on horse meat boiled in the soldiers' helmets. These indignities continued during the month it took them to reach Herat , however after their arrival they were reintroduced to the finer things in life. Upon entering the city his army was greeted with an armed escort, and they were treated to lavish food and clothing. They were given fine accommodations and the roads were cleared and cleaned before them. The Shah, Tahmasp I , unlike Humayun's own family, actually welcomed

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9796-417: The Lohani nobles opposed Sher Shah's dominance. Although he offered to share power, the Lohani nobles rejected his proposal and instead fled to Bengal with Jalal Khan, seeking the support of Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah , the ruler of the Bengal Sultanate . Consequently, Sher Shah became the sole ruler of Bihar . However, he did not adopt any grand titles, preferring to style himself as Hazrat-i-Ala. Taj Khan,

9954-487: The Mughal, and treated him as a royal visitor. Here Humayun went sightseeing and was amazed at the Persian artwork and architecture he saw: much of this was the work of the Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqarah and his ancestor, princess Gauhar Shad , thus he was able to admire the work of his relatives and ancestors at first hand. The Mughal monarch was introduced to the work of the Persian miniaturists, and Kamaleddin Behzad sent two of his pupils to join Humayun's court. Humayun

10112-485: The Mughals on the condition that he remained in control of Chunar, offering to send his third son, Qutb Khan, as hostage. Humayun accepted and lifted the siege in December 1532, returning to Agra due to the rising threat of Bahadur Shah , the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate . Humayun did not wish to split up his forces under the command of a noble to continue the siege, as this would split his strength, additionally giving reason for peace to be established. Makhdum Alam,

10270-408: The Mughals that rallied most of the significant Afghan leaders in India. Sher Shah however, recognized the division among the Afghans and Mahmud's incompetence, thus refusing to aid Mahmud. Intending for the unification of all Afghan leaders, Mahmud marched with his army to Sasaram, persuading Sher Shah to join the rebellion. Hesitatingly, Sher Shah accompanied the expedition with his own set of men, and

10428-406: The Mughals. He began to gather his army together hoping for a rapid and decisive siege of the Mughal capital. Upon hearing this alarming news, Humayun quickly marched his troops back to Agra allowing Bahadur to easily regain control of the territories Humayun had recently taken. In February 1537, however, Bahadur was killed when a botched plan to kidnap the Portuguese viceroy ended in a fire-fight that

10586-406: The Munsif. The Shiqar was responsible for civil administration and could field 200-300 soldiers to maintain law and order. The Munsif handled revenue collection and civil justice, while chief Shiqars often dealt with criminal justice cases. Sarkars were in turn divided into smaller units called Parganas . which consisted of a town and its surrounding villages. Each Pargana had a Shiqar, a Munsif,

10744-470: The Netherlands was christened Willem-Alexander . During an interview in 1997 he said he intended to rule under the name of Willem IV, but he had a change of mind. In a televised interview just before his inauguration, he announced he would continue to use the name Willem-Alexander, saying "I spent 46 years of my life under the name Willem-Alexander, and specifically under the nickname of Alexander. I think it would be weird to discard that because I become king of

10902-478: The Oloye Adekunle Ojora , a prominent nobleman of royal descent) are part of what is known as the Adele Ajosun Ruling House of Lagos. Beyond that which is described above, regnal names also serve in Nigeria and indeed in much of Africa as chronological markers in much the same way that those of Europe do (e.g. the Victorian era). Whenever one hears of a person describing what happened at the time when so and so ruled over any particular place or people, what he or she

11060-475: The Persians in exchange for Humayun, dead or alive, Tahmasp refused. Instead he staged a celebration, with 300 tents, an imperial Persian carpet, 12 musical bands and "meat of all kinds". Here the Shah announced that all this, and 12,000 elite cavalry were Humayun's to lead an attack on Kamran. All that Tahmasp asked for was that, if Humayun's forces were victorious, Kandahar would be his. With this Persian Safavid aid Humayun took Kandahar from Askari Mirza after

11218-406: The Queen (who was now eight months pregnant) a horse, so Humayun did so himself, resulting in him riding a camel for six kilometres (four miles), although Khaled Beg then offered him his mount. Humayun was later to describe this incident as the lowest point in his life. Humayun asked that his brothers join him as he fell back into Sindh . While the previously rebellious Hindal Mirza remained loyal and

11376-636: The Sinosphere. Bold characters represent the most common way to refer to the monarchs. During the Medieval Age, when the House of Árpád disappeared in 1301, two of the monarchs that claimed the throne and were crowned chose a different name. Otto III, Duke of Bavaria became Bela V of Hungary, taking the name of his maternal grandfather, Béla IV of Hungary . On the other hand, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia signed his royal documents in Hungary as Ladislas, this being

11534-556: The Sultan lost. Bahadur's passing caused a power vacuum in Gujarat, which ultimately paved the way for the Mughals to become the region's dominant force. While Humayun succeeded in protecting Agra from Sher Shah, the second city of the Empire, Gaur the capital of the vilayat of Bengal, was sacked. Humayun's troops had been delayed while trying to take Chunar , a fort occupied by Sher Shah's son, in order to protect his troops from an attack from

11692-558: The Union (George and Victoria). New Royal Mail post boxes in Scotland bearing the cypher E II R , were vandalised, after which, to avoid further problems, post boxes and Royal Mail vehicles in Scotland bore only the Crown of Scotland . A legal case, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396), contested the right of the Queen to title herself Elizabeth II in Scotland, arguing that to do so would be

11850-547: The achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life. Since both titles were accorded only after one's death, they were not effectively regnal names. As a result of Chinese cultural and political influence, temple names and posthumous names were adopted by monarchs of Korea and Vietnam, whereas monarchs of Japan adopted only posthumous names. Since 140 BC, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han , Chinese sovereigns often proclaimed era names ( 年號 ; nián hào ) for

12008-799: The administrator of Hajipur , refused to recognize Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah as the Sultan of Bengal accusing him of assassinating Sultan Alauddin Firuz . He formed an alliance with Sher Shah, who saw this as an opportunity to crush the power of the Lohani nobles allied with Mahmud Shah. Mahmud Shah sent several expeditions against Sher Shah, which were all defeated. Makhdum Alam however, was killed and his estates fell to Sher Shah upon his death. In 1534, Mahmud Shah sent an army of artillery , cavalry and infantry under Ibrahim Khan to conquer Bihar, with Jalal Khan accompanying

12166-473: The age of 73 or 59. At the end of his reign, Sher Shah's empire spanned nearly the entirety of Northern India, excluding Assam , Kashmir , Gujarat , and the North-West Frontier Province . He was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan, who took the name Islam Shah Suri . Sher Shah was buried in the tomb of Sher Shah Suri , which stands in the middle of an artificial lake at Sasaram , a town on

12324-498: The battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540. Humayun was soundly defeated. He retreated to Agra, pursued by Sher Shah, and thence through Delhi to Lahore. Sher Shah's founding of the short-lived Sur Empire , with its capital at Delhi, resulted in Humayun's exile for 15 years in the court of Shah Tahmasp I . The four brothers were united in Lahore , but every day they were informed that Sher Shah

12482-462: The birth, Humayun and his party left Amarkot for Sindh, leaving Akbar behind, who was not ready for the grueling journey ahead in his infancy. He was later adopted by Askari Mirza. For a change, Humayun was not deceived in the character of the man on whom he has pinned his hopes. Emir Hussein Umrani, ruler of Sindh, welcomed Humayun's presence and was loyal to him, just as he had been loyal to Babur against

12640-492: The brilliant conquests of Babur and the beneficent statesmanship of Akbar; but he was not unworthy to be the son of the one and the father of the other." Stanley Lane-Poole writes in his book Medieval India : "His name meant the winner (Lucky/Conqueror), there is no king in the history to be named as wrong as Humayun", he was of a forgiving nature. He further writes, "He was in fact unfortunate ... Scarcely had he enjoyed his throne for six months in Delhi when he slipped down from

12798-522: The campaign. However, Sher Shah launched a sudden attack on the combined forces of the Lohani chiefs of Bihar and Mahmud Shah of Bengal, defeating them at Surajgarh in March 1534, winning a decisive victory. Ibrahim Khan was killed admist the battle, and Jalal Khan was forced to retreat to Bengal. Following the victory, Sher Shah consolidated his control over Bihar. Between 1536 to 1537, Sher Shah followed up his victories by invading Bengal and defeating Mahmud Shah numerous times, occupying all lands west of

12956-645: The capture of Purana Qila, Humayun's body was exhumed by the fleeing army and transferred to Kalanaur in Punjab where Akbar was crowned. After young Mughal emperor Akbar defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat . Humayun's body was buried in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi the first very grand garden tomb in Mughal architecture , setting the precedent later followed by the Taj Mahal and many other Indian monuments. It

13114-556: The case for several kings of Judah . In Ancient Egypt , Pharaohs took a number of names—the praenomen being the most commonly used, on occasion in conjunction with their personal name. In the Ethiopian Empire , especially during the Solomonic dynasty , many Emperors would take a throne name, though this was not a general practice; a great number of rulers would remain known during their reign by their birth names. Yekuno Amlak ,

13272-668: The chief supervisor of the Muqtars . These reforms increased the prominence of Afghans in Bengal, leading many to settle in the region. Some of these Afghan settlers later established the Muhammad Shahi dynasty , which ruled Bengal from 1553 to 1563, and the Karrani dynasty , which ruled from 1563 to 1576. In 1542, Sher Shah embarked on a campaign to Malwa . Qadir Khan, the ruler of the Malwa Sultanate , had offended Sher Shah by claiming he

13430-493: The child's honour when he was circumcised . However, while Humayun had a larger army than Kamran Mirza and had the upper hand, on two occasions his poor military judgement allowed the latter to retake Kabul and Kandahar, forcing Humayun to mount further campaigns for their recapture. He might have been aided by his reputation for leniency towards the troops who had defended the cities against him, unlike Kamran Mirza, whose brief periods of possession were marked by atrocities against

13588-691: The city had been abandoned by the Afghans, and the treasury looted. Humayun remained in Gauda for months, restoring order to the city as he was trapped with his army due to the weather. Sher Shah capitalized off of this, seizing Bihar and Varanasi , reclaiming control over Chunar, and laying siege to Jaunpur . Other detachments of the Afghan army extended as far as Kannauj . As a result, Humayun found himself effectively stranded in Gauda with no lines of communication. Learning of unrest in Agra , Humayun immediately sought to settle for peace with Sher Shah. However, as he crossed

13746-440: The conquest of Marwar, Sher Shah besieged Kalinjar Fort in 1544. Due to continuous resistance from the Rajputs, he besieged the fort for seven months. The circumstances regarding Sher Shah's death are uncertain. Some sources state that he was mortally wounded by a gunpowder explosion when one of his cannons burst. Another account suggests that during a battle, as he descended from a rampart and ordered his men to hurl bombs into

13904-431: The corresponding era name of their reign and are commonly known by their respective era name with few exceptions, although era names were not effectively regnal names. The era name system was also adopted by rulers of Korea, Vietnam and Japan, with Japan still using the system to this day. The following table provides examples from China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam to illustrate the differences between monarchical titles in

14062-620: The country." Furthermore, he said he did not consider himself "a mere number", adding that regnal numbers reminded him of Dutch cattle naming conventions. When the House of Piast disappeared and the Lithuanian House of Jagiellon was elected in the figure of the High Duke Jogaila , this monarch took the name of Władysław II, in honour of the previous Polish king ( Władysław I the Elbow-high ) with this traditional name. Similarly, when

14220-666: The death of Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, Puran Mal regained control of Raisen , which had been annexed by Bahadur Shah in 1532. Following the re-capture of the city, Puran Mal was accused of committing tyrannies unto the Muslim populace, which Puran Mal denied. After assembling an army, the Rajputs, facing defeat, surrendered under the promise of safe conduct. Puran Mal withdrew from the fort with 4,000 Rajputs, including their families. However, after being ill-advised by fanatic Muslims, as well as Muslim widows appealing to him after allegedly suffering under Puran Mal's rule, Sher Shah gave permission for

14378-463: The dynasty reeling and disintegrating. Three rivals for the throne marched on Delhi, while in many cities, leaders tried to stake a claim for independence. This created a perfect opportunity for the Mughals to march back to India. The Mughal Emperor Humayun gathered a vast army and attempted the challenging task of retaking the throne in Delhi. Due to the Safavid role in Humayun's army, the vast majority of

14536-600: The east from sporadic conflicts with the Portuguese . While the Mughals had obtained firearms via the Ottoman Empire , Bahadur's Gujarat had acquired them through a series of contracts drawn up with the Portuguese, allowing the Portuguese to establish a strategic foothold in northwestern India. In 1535 Humayun was made aware that the Sultan of Gujarat was planning an assault on the Mughal territories in Bayana with Portuguese aid. Humayun gathered an army and marched on Bahadur. Within

14694-407: The empire among them. Another brother, Hindal Mirza , supported Humayun but was assassinated. The Emperor commenced construction of a tomb for his brother, but this was not yet finished when he was forced to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri destroyed the structure and no further work was done on it after Humayun's restoration. Humayun had two major rivals for his lands: Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat to

14852-415: The end, there was no actual siege. Kamran Mirza was detested as a leader and as Humayun's Persian army approached the city hundreds of the former's troops changed sides, flocking to join Humayun and swelling his ranks. Kamran Mirza absconded and began building an army outside the city. In November 1545, Hamida and Humayun were reunited with their son Akbar, and held a huge feast. They also held another feast in

15010-447: The epithet Sultan Adil, meaning "Just King." He further took on the name Sher Shah. As Humayun fled, Sher Shah pursued him with split detachments. He then seized Agra , defeating the Mughals there and sent Khawas in pursuit of Humayun. The pursuit and flight of Humayun allowed Sher Shah to capture and enter Delhi , beginning the consolidation of his rule there by reorganizing its administration. As Humayun reached Lahore in July 1540,

15168-503: The estate by defeating one of his governors. In 1526, the Lodis were overthrown , bringing the Mughals to power under Babur . During this time, Behar Khan Lohani established an independent state in Bihar and assumed the title of Sultan Muhammad. With the aid of Junaid Khan, the Mughal governor of Jaunpur, Sher Shah joined Mughal service. In April 1527, after Babur launched a campaign against

15326-669: The first Rupiya organized the postal system of the Indian subcontinent , as well as extending the Grand Trunk Road from Chittagong in Bengal to Kabul in Afghanistan, significantly improving trade. Sher Shah further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city, renaming it Shergarh , and revived the historical city of Pataliputra , which had been in decline since the 7th century CE, as Patna . Additionally, he embarked on several military campaigns that restored Afghan prominence in India. His birth name

15484-840: The first Mughal Emperor, Babur. After Humayun set out from his expedition in Sindh , along with 300 camels (mostly wild) and 2000 loads of grain, he set off to join his brothers in Kandahar after crossing the Indus River on 11 July 1543 along with the ambition to regain the Mughal Empire and overthrow the Suri dynasty . Among the tribes that had sworn allegiance to Humayun were the Leghari , Magsi, Rind and many others. In Kamran Mirza's territory, Hindal Mirza had been placed under house arrest in Kabul after refusing to have

15642-414: The first pope to use two names for his regnal name when he took the name John Paul I , including the "I". He took the "John Paul" name to honor both John XXIII and Paul VI . With the unexpected death of John Paul I a little over a month later, Karol Wojtyła took the name John Paul II to honor his immediate predecessor. Antipopes also have regnal names, and also use the ordinal to show their position in

15800-485: The fort, one bomb reflected back and hit a cache of bombs, causing a large explosion. Some people escaped with minor burns, while Sher Shah was found half-burned and taken to his tent, where he remained for two days. Despite his critical condition, he ordered his men to swarm the fort, advancing close to the fort with his troops. Upon hearing that the fort had finally fallen, he remarked, "Thanks to Almighty god." Sher Shah succumbed to his wounds and died on 22 May 1545, at

15958-505: The founder of the Solomonic dynasty, took his father's name, Tasfa Iyasus, as his throne name. Yagbe'u Seyon , his son and heir, took the throne name Salomon after the biblical figure. Amda Seyon took the throne name Gebre Mesqel, "slave of the cross "; Tewodros I was Walda Ambasa, "son of the lion"; Sarwe Iyasus was Mehreka Nañ "distributor of your [the Lord 's] mercy"; etc. Tafari Makonnen,

16116-405: The governor of Chunar , was assassinated by his stepson. In the aftermath, his wealthy widow, Lad Malika, sought a protector to secure her position. Recognizing Sher Shah's growing influence, she agreed to marry him. Through these negotiations, which were kept secret from Taj Khan's sons, Sher Shah gained control of Chunar. This acquisition significantly bolstered Sher Shah's power and influence in

16274-440: The governor of Gauda . However, suspicious of Sher Shah's intentions, Qadir Khan fled to Gujarat , leaving Malwa annexed to Sher Shah's domain. Sher Shah consolidated his new territories before returning to Agra, also receiving submission from the ruler of Ranthambore . Shujaat Khan was appointed as the new governor of Malwa, with further attempts from Qadir Khan to reclaim Malwa ending in failure against Shujaat Khan. After

16432-742: The governor's death in 1528, Sher Shah obtained a high position in Bihar and, by 1530, became the regent and de facto ruler of the kingdom . He engaged in conflicts with the local nobility and the Sultanate of Bengal . In 1538, while Mughal Emperor Humayun was engaged in military campaigns elsewhere, Sher Shah overran the Bengal Sultanate and established the Suri dynasty. He defeated the Mughals and drove them out of India, establishing himself as emperor in Delhi. As ruler of Hindustan, Sher Shah led numerous military campaigns, conquering Punjab , Malwa , Marwar , Mewar , and Bundelkhand . A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah

16590-425: The household of a Hindu Rajput nobleman, Humayun's wife Hamida Bano, daughter of a Sindhi family, gave birth to the future Emperor Akbar on 15 October 1542. The date of birth is well established because Humayun consulted his astronomer to utilise the astrolabe and check the location of the planets. The infant was the long-awaited heir-apparent to the 34-year-old Humayun and the answer of many prayers. Shortly after

16748-456: The inhabitants who he believed had helped his brother. His youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, formerly the most disloyal of his siblings, died fighting on his behalf. His brother Askari Mirza was shackled in chains at the behest of his nobles and aides. He was allowed go on Hajj , and died en route in the desert outside Damascus . Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza, had repeatedly sought to have him killed. In 1552 Kamran Mirza attempted to make

16906-405: The insurrection initially succeeded, capturing Ghazipur and Banaras . However, upon the arrival of Mughal forces, Mahmud Lodi abandoned the army. After this, many Afghan nobles including Sher Shah submitted to Babur. In early 1530, the death of Dudu Bibi enabled Sher Shah to become the regent for Jalal Khan, effectively making him the de facto ruler of Bihar. Despite his growing power, many of

17064-1087: The jagirs of Khwaspur, Sasaram, and Hajipur in Bihar. Hasan had several wives and fathered over eight sons, with Nizam Khan being Sher Shah's only full brother. One of Sher Shah's stepmothers was cruel to him, and Hasan, being too submissive to his wife, was unable to intervene. As a result, Sher Shah sought refuge with Jamal Khan, aiming to gain experience and further his education. Sher Shah pursued his education in Jaunpur for several years, studying subjects such as history and religion. On one occasion, Hasan visited Jamal Khan in Jaunpur and encountered some of Sher Shah's relatives, who spoke of Sher Shah's potential for future greatness. Impressed by these accounts, Hasan invited Sher Shah to manage his domains in 1497. Sher Shah accepted his father's offer and embarked on implementing numerous reforms. His early administrative career focused on combating corruption. One of Sher Shah's significant reforms as administrator of his father's domains

17222-407: The jagirs. Sher Shah then moved to Agra , where he stayed until his father's death. This event allowed him to return to his family's jagirs and take control, thereby solidifying his leadership and furthering his rise to power. Sher Shah spent time in Agra after the Mughals gained power, observing the leadership of Babur . After leaving Agra, he entered the service of the governor of Bihar. Following

17380-471: The last sovereign Emperor of Ethiopia, took as his throne name Haile Selassie , meaning "Power of the Trinity ". In the various extant traditional states of Nigeria , the regnal names of the titled monarchs, who are known locally as the traditional rulers , serve two very important functions within the monarchical system . Firstly, seeing as how most states are organised in such a way as to mean that all of

17538-483: The last words of his father, Babur, "Do nothing against your brothers, even though they may deserve it." Humayun visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the Battle of Kannauj , and thereby the Mughal throne to Sher Shah Suri . According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at Khadur Sahib , Guru Angad was sitting and teaching children. The failure to greet

17696-531: The latter to the throne. He then sent Kamran Mirza on Hajj, as he hoped to see his brother thereby absolved of his offences. However Kamran Mirza died close to Mecca in the Arabian Peninsula in 1557. In 1535, When Humayun was Governor of Gujarat , he encamped near Cambay ( Khambhat ). Humayun and his army was robbed and plundered by Kolis of Gujarat . Sher Shah Suri died in 1545, and his son and successor, Islam Shah, died in 1554. These two deaths left

17854-428: The least secure. He had ruled only four years, and not all umarah (nobles) viewed Humayun as the rightful ruler. Indeed, earlier, when Babur had become ill, some of the nobles had tried to install his Brother-in-law, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler. Although this attempt failed, it was a sign of problems to come. When Humayun came to the throne of the Mughal Empire , several of his brothers revolted against him after he split

18012-406: The legitimate descendants of the first man or woman to arrive at the site of any given community are considered its dynastic heirs , their thrones are usually rotated amongst almost endless pools of contending cousins who all share the names of the founders of their houses as primary surnames. In order to tell them all apart from one another, secondary surnames are also used for the septs of each of

18170-521: The line of previous pontiffs with their names. For example, David Bawden took the name Michael I when declared pope in 1990. Coptic popes also choose regnal names distinct from their given names. The use of regnal names ( laqab ) was uncommon in the Medieval Islamic era until the Abbasid Caliphate , when the first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad , who overthrew

18328-575: The mainstream Roman Catholic Church, and each of these men only either has or had a minuscule following that recognized their claims. Probably because of the controversial Antipope John XXIII , new popes avoided taking the regnal name John for over 600 years until the election of Angelo Cardinal Roncalli in 1958. Immediately after his election, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV. Cardinal Roncalli thus moved to immediately resolve by declaring that he would be known as John XXIII. In 1978, Albino Luciani became

18486-728: The mountains of the Hindu Kush . Askari Mirza took Akbar in, leaving the wives of Kamran and Askari Mirza to raise him. The Akbarnama specifies Kamran Mirza's wife, Sultan Begam. Once again Humayun turned toward Kandahar where his brother Kamran Mirza was in power, but he received no help and had to seek refuge with the Shah of Persia Humayun fled to the refuge of the Safavid Empire in Persia, marching with 40 men, his wife Bega Begum , and her companion through mountains and valleys. Among other trials

18644-406: The name Albert be only associated in royal history with his father . In 1936, after the abdication crisis , Prince Albert, Duke of York, assumed the throne. His full name was Albert Frederick Arthur George, but he became King George VI rather than "King Albert". When John, Earl of Carrick ascended the throne in 1390, it was deemed imprudent for him to take the regnal name of "John II", due to

18802-437: The name Farid Khan, his early childhood saw him flee from home due to internal family strife. He pursued an education in Jaunpur , where his rise to power began after his father offered him a managerial position over his jagirs . Sher Shah effectively governed these territories, gaining a reputation for his reforms that brought prosperity to the region. However, due to family intrigues, he eventually relinquished his position over

18960-448: The new Pope, informing the world of the man elected Pope, and under which name he would be known during his reign. Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum: Habemus Papam ! Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [forename], Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [surname], qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name]. I announce to you a great joy: We have a Pope, The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord [forename], Cardinal of

19118-444: The polished steps of his palace and died in his forty-ninth year (Jan. 24, 1556). If there was a possibility of falling, Humayun was not the man to miss it. He tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it." Humayun ordered the crushing by elephant of an imam he mistakenly believed to be critical of his reign. On 24 January 1556, Humayun, with his arms full of books, was descending the staircase from his library Sher Mandal when

19276-530: The purpose of identifying and numbering years. Prior to the Ming dynasty , it was common for Chinese monarchs to proclaim more than one era name during a single reign, or that a single era name could span the reigns of several rulers. Monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties, however, often adopted only one era name throughout their reign. Thus, Chinese sovereigns of the Ming and Qing dynasties came to be highly associated with

19434-440: The qualities of greatness and the marks of mightiness. Suspecting a rising plot against him, Sher Shah departed Agra and left Mughal service, returning to his Jagirs in 1528. He sought refuge under the protection of Sultan Muhammad of Bihar. Upon Sher Shah's arrival, he was warmly received and appointed as the guardian of Muhammad's son, Jalal Khan. In October 1528, Sultan Mohammad of Bihar died, and his queen, Dudu Bibi, assumed

19592-605: The rear from attack, but he abandoned his position and withdrew to Agra, where he decreed himself acting emperor. When Humayun sent the grand Mufti , Sheikh Buhlul, to reason with him; the Sheikh was killed. Further provoking the rebellion, Hindal ordered that the Khutba , or sermon, in the main mosque be surrounded. Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza , marched from his territories in the Punjab, ostensibly to aid Humayun. However, his return home had treacherous motives as he intended to stake

19750-498: The rear. The stores of grain at Gauri, the largest in the empire, were emptied, and Humayun arrived to see corpses littering the roads. The vast wealth of Bengal was depleted and brought East, giving Sher Shah a substantial war chest. Sher Shah withdrew to the east, but Humayun did not follow: instead he "shut himself up for a considerable time in his Harem, and indulged himself in every kind of luxury". Hindal, Humayun's 19-year-old brother, had agreed to aid him in this battle and protect

19908-636: The region between the Chenab and the Indus rivers. Sher Shah then entered into conflict with the Gakhars , who had historically been difficult to subjugate despite attempts by previous rulers. Sher Shah initially attempted diplomacy, inviting the Gakhar chief to acknowledge him as the emperor of India. However, the Gakhar gave an insulting response which enraged Sher Shah. In retaliation, Sher Shah marched through Punjab, subjugating

20066-635: The region, as he now controlled a significant fort and a large treasury. The death of Mughal Emperor Babur in December 1530 saw the Afghan insurrection rejuvenated, and Mahmud Lodi again returned. Sher Shah immediately ignored Mahmud's attempts of garnering Sher Shah's aid until he was promised all of Southern Bihar . After further being visited by Mahmud, Sher Shah acquiesced. The combined Afghan forces marched on Banaras and Jaunpur , with Junaid Khan withdrawing to Agra. The Afghan forces followed up their victories by seizing Lucknow . Humayun, entrenched in

20224-401: The region. In March 1541, Khijir Khan , the governor of Bengal under Sher Shah, led a revolt, as well as marrying a daughter of the former Sultan, Mahmud Shah. Sher Shah mobilized an army and personally led it to defeat Khijir Khan, restoring Bengal to his suzerainty. He then divided Bengal into 47 smaller administrative divisions, each overseen by a shiqdar , with Kazi Fajilot established as

20382-404: The reign of Sher Shah. Written by Abbas Sarwani , the source was significant toward detailing the conquest of Bengal by Sher Shah as well as the magnitude of his reforms, and greatly benefited in contribution towards the history of medieval India. The system of tri-metalism which came to characterize Mughal coinage was introduced by Sher Shah. While the term rūpya had previously been used as

20540-422: The renegade Arghuns . While in Sindh, Humayun alongside Hussein Umrani, gathered horses and weapons and formed new alliances that helped regain lost territories. Until finally Humayun had gathered hundreds of Sindhi and Baloch tribesmen alongside his Mughals and then marched towards Kandahar and later Kabul, thousands more gathered by his side as Humayun continually declared himself the rightful Timurid heir of

20698-424: The restoration of Babar's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure at all. Humayun seems to have conciliated them by marrying the elder daughter of Jamal Khan, nephew of Babar's opponent, Hasan Khan and, by causing his great minister, Bairam Khan, to marry a younger daughter of the same Mewatti. With all of Humayun's brothers now dead, there was no fear of another usurping his throne during his military campaigns. He

20856-433: The role of regent . Sher Shah was appointed as her deputy governor, allowing him to begin consolidating his position in the region through a myriad of military and administrative reforms. These reforms significantly strengthened his position, making him one of the most influential Afghan leaders in India. In 1529, Sher Shah anticipated joining Mahmud Lodi, the younger brother of Ibrahim Lodi in his insurrection against

21014-417: The royal families that are eligible for the aforementioned rotations, names that often come from the names of state of the first members of their immediate lineages to rule in their lands. Whenever any of their direct heirs ascend the thrones, they often use their septs' names as reign names as well, using the appropriate ordinals to differentiate themselves from the founders of the said septs. An example of this

21172-556: The soldiers were of the Shi’a faith. As one Shaikh Ahmad described to Humayun, "My king, I see the whole of your army are Rafizi ... Everywhere the names of your soldiers are of this kind. I find they are all Yar Ali or Kashfi Ali or Haider Ali and I have, not found a single man bearing the names of the other Companions ." Humayun placed the army under the leadership of Bairam Khan , a wise move given Humayun's record of military ineptitude, and it turned out to be prescient as Bairam proved himself

21330-560: The southwest and Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) settled along the river Ganges in Bihar to the east. Humayun's first campaign was to confront Sher Shah Suri. Halfway through this offensive, Humayun had to abandon it to focus on Gujarat, where a threat from Ahmed Shah had emerged. Humayun was victorious annexing Gujarat , Malwa , Champaner and the great fort of Mandu . During the first five years of Humayun's reign, Bahadur and Sher Khan extended their rule, although Sultan Bahadur faced pressure in

21488-497: The throne (though the Timurids were not Chinggisid in their paternal ancestry). While Genghis Khan's Empire had been peacefully divided between his sons upon his death, almost every Chinggisid succession since had resulted in fratricide. After Timur's death, his territories were divided among Pir Muhammad , Miran Shah , Khalil Sultan and Shah Rukh , which resulted in inter-family warfare. Upon Babur's death, Humayun's territories were

21646-508: The throne name of Erediauwa I became the surname of all of his immediate family in the Eweka royal house of the state, thus nominally tying them and their descendants to the era of his reign. This is especially obvious when their branch's name is compared to the last names of the said king's brothers and their heirs, named the Akenzuas after his father Akenzua II , and his uncles and their heirs, named

21804-512: The throne of Delhi as ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent. Humayun was an inexperienced ruler when he came to power at the age of 22. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and Kandahar , the northernmost parts of their father's empire; the two half-brothers became bitter rivals. Early in his reign, Humayun lost his entire state to Sher Shah Suri but regained it 15 years later with Safavid aid. His return from Persia

21962-402: The turbulent reigns of recent kings named John ( John Balliol , John of England , and John II of France ). Furthermore, royal propaganda of the time held that John Balliol had not been a legitimate king of Scots, making the new king's regnal number also a difficult issue. To avoid these problems, John took the regnal name of Robert III , honouring his father and great-grandfather . Upon

22120-460: Was Farid Khan. After 1526, he was conferred the title Sher Khan, and following his ascension as Sultan of Hindustan in 1540, he became known as Sher Shah. His surname 'Suri' was taken from his Pashtun Sur tribe. He was a distant kinsman to Babur's brother-in-law, Mir Shah Jamal, who remained loyal to Humayun. The name Sher (means lion in Persian) was conferred upon him for his courage, when as

22278-531: Was a younger son, Martin was expected to join the clergy, and was named after Saint Martin of Tours , on whose feast day he had been born. When the heir apparent , Henry, died, the prince's name was changed to Sancho, one with a more established royal tradition in the other Iberian monarchies (Navarre, Castile and Aragon). Though most monarchs of the United Kingdom have used their first baptismal name as their regnal name, on three occasions monarchs have chosen

22436-455: Was accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen, signaling an important change in Mughal court culture. The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art , architecture , language , and literature . To this day, stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun remain in the subcontinent . Following his return to power, Humayun quickly expanded

22594-464: Was also now an established leader and could trust his generals. With this new-found strength Humayun embarked on a series of military campaigns aimed at extending his reign over areas in the east and west of the subcontinent. His sojourn in exile seems to have reduced his reliance, and his military leadership came to imitate the more effective methods that he had observed in Persia. Humayun had at least 8 consort in his harem: Edward S. Holden writes; "He

22752-458: Was amazed by their work and asked if they would serve him if he regained the sovereignty of Hindustan; they agreed. With so much happening, Humayun did not meet Tahmasp until July, six months after his arrival in Persia. After a lengthy journey from Herat the two met in Qazvin where a large feast and parties were held for the event. The meeting of the two emperors is depicted in a famous wall-painting in

22910-587: Was both a gifted administrator and a capable general. His reorganization of the empire and strategic innovations laid the foundations for future Mughal emperors, notably Akbar . Sher Shah died in May 1545 while besieging Kalinjar fort . Following his death, the empire descended into civil war until it was eventually re-conquered by the Mughals. During his rule as Emperor of the Sur Empire, Sher Shah implemented numerous economic, administrative, and military reforms. He issued

23068-483: Was called simply "Elizabeth of England" until the accession of Queen Elizabeth II almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, Tsar Paul I of Russia , King Umberto I of Italy , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia and Pope John Paul I all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as "Elizabeth

23226-478: Was commissioned by his favorite and devoted chief wife, Bega Begum . Akbar later asked his paternal aunt, Gulbadan Begum , to write a biography of his father Humayun, the Humayun nameh (or Humayun-nama ), and what she remembered of Babur. The full title is Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah . She was only eight when Babur died, and was married at 17, and her work

23384-448: Was equal to him, as well as failing pledged aid against the Mughals. Upon arriving in Gwalior , the governor of the city submitted to the Afghans. The Afghan army continued their march to Sarangpur . Believing defeat was imminent, Qadir Khan left Ujjain and awaited at Sarangpur for Sher Shah's arrival. Sher Shah received him, they together advanced into Ujjain. Sher Shah then made Qadir Khan

23542-444: Was far from willing to hand over any of his territories to his brother. Instead, Kamran approached Sher Shah and proposed that he actually revolt against his brother and side with Sher Shah in return for most of the Punjab . Sher Shah dismissed his help, believing it not to be required, though word soon spread to Lahore about the treacherous proposal, and Humayun was urged to make an example of Kamran and kill him. Humayun refused, citing

23700-542: Was getting closer and closer. When he reached Sirhind , Humayun sent an ambassador carrying the message "I have left you the whole of Hindustan [i.e. the lands to the East of Punjab, comprising most of the Ganges Valley]. Leave Lahore alone, and let Sirhind be a boundary between you and me." Sher Shah, however, replied "I have left you Kabul. You should go there." Kabul was the capital of the empire of Humayun's brother Kamran, who

23858-452: Was gradually drawing closer and closer to Agra. This was a serious threat to the entire family, but Humayun and Kamran squabbled over how to proceed. Kamran withdrew after Humayun refused to make a quick attack on the approaching enemy, instead opting to build a larger army under his own name. When Kamran returned to Lahore, Humayun, with his other brothers Askari and Hindal, marched to meet Sher Shah 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Agra at

24016-618: Was in AD 1540 supplanted by the Pathan Sher Shah, who, in AD 1545, was followed by Islam Shah. During the reign of the latter a battle was fought and lost by the Emperor's troops at Firozpur Jhirka, in Mewat, on which, however, Islam Shah did not loose his hold. Adil Shah, the third of the Pathan interlopers, who succeeded in AD 1552, had to contend for the Empire with the returned Humayun. In these struggles for

24174-473: Was ordered to join his brothers in Kandahar, Kamran Mirza and Askari Mirza instead decided to head to the relative peace of Kabul. This was to be a definitive schism in the family. Humayun headed for Sindh because he expected aid from the Emir of Sindh, Hussein Umrani, whom he had appointed and who owed him his allegiance. Also, his wife Hamida hailed from Sindh; she was the daughter of a prestigious pir family (a pir

24332-473: Was the assessment of land revenues, along with defining and establishing commissions for tax collectors. However, despite these reforms, Sher Shah faced resentment and intrigue from his stepmother, who had initially forced him to flee, and his step-brothers. This opposition eventually led to Sher Shah resigning from his post in 1518, after serving as manager for 21 years. Following his resignation, he initially engaged in banditry before departing for Agra , which

24490-450: Was the case with Pope John XXIII . The practice of using the baptismal name as papal name has not been ruled out and future popes could elect to continue using their original names after being elected pope. Often the new pontiff's choice of name upon being elected to the papacy is seen as a signal to the world of whom the new pope will emulate or what policies he will seek to enact. Such is the case with Benedict XVI who, in fact, explained

24648-559: Was under the rule of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate . Sher Shah remained in Agra until his father's death, after which he received his father's jagirs from Sultan Ibrahim Khan Lodi . Returning to his jagirs in 1520—21, Sher Shah began administering them while in the service of Behar Khan Lohani . Conflict emerged however over the split of his father's land between his brothers, and Muhammad Khan Sur initially drove Sher Shah from

24806-442: Was uniformly kind and considerate to his dependents, devotedly attached to his son Akbar, to his friends, and to his turbulent brothers. The misfortunes of his reign arose in great part, from his failure to treat them with rigor." He further writes: "The very defects of his character, which render him less admirable as a successful ruler of nations, make us more fond of him as a man. His renown has suffered in that his reign came between

24964-428: Was unusual in India, although it had been a common Central Asian practice since the time of Genghis Khan . Unlike most monarchies , which practiced primogeniture , the Timurids followed the example of Genghis and did not leave an entire kingdom to the eldest son. Although under that system only a Chingissid could claim sovereignty and Khanal authority, any male Chinggisid within a given sub-branch had an equal right to

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