Misplaced Pages

#498501

61-625: Sheikh Abdul Rehman (born 1931) is an Indian politician , survivor of the Indian partition , and former member of parliament and the legislative assembly from Jammu and Kashmir . He is notably recognized as the only Muslim to have served as the president of the Jammu and Kashmir unit of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), the predecessor to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Rehman has had

122-650: A motion of no confidence is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition. Vidhan Parishad, also called as the State Legislative Council, is the upper house in those states of India that have a bicameral state legislature ; the lower house being the State Legislative Assembly . Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India . Only 6 out of 28 states have

183-624: A secular and socialist state as per the Constitution. There is a provision for a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house , the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), which represents the states of the Indian federation, and a lower house , the Lok Sabha (House of the People), which represents the people of India as a whole. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary , which

244-471: A Legislative Council. These are Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Telangana , Maharashtra , Bihar , and Uttar Pradesh . No union territory has a legislative council. The size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than one third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size cannot be less than 40 members. These members elect the chairman and Deputy Chairman of

305-525: A State Legislative Assembly must have no less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an Act of Parliament as is the case in the states of Goa , Sikkim , Mizoram and the union territory of Puducherry which have fewer than 60 members. A State Legislative Assembly may be dissolved in a state of emergency , by the Governor on request of the Chief Minister , or if

366-647: A long and diverse political career, having been associated with several parties, including the Bharatiya Lok Dal , Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), and National Conference (NC). Sheikh Abdul Rehman was born in 1931 in Khalu village, Bhaderwah , Jammu and Kashmir. He experienced significant trauma during the Partition of India in 1947, losing 16 family members, including his parents and siblings, to violence. Rehman attended school until Class 10 but could not continue due to

427-501: A majority of members in their respective lower houses (Lok Sabha in the central government and Vidhan Sabha in states). India had its first general election in 1951, which was won by the Indian National Congress , a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until 1977 , when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of single-party domination and

488-507: A member of one of the houses of bicameral Parliament of India , alongside heading the respective house. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha. The prime minister is appointed by the president of India ; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected every five years , lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be

549-506: A member of the Lok Sabha or of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister controls the selection and dismissal of members of the Union Council of Ministers ; and allocation of posts to members within the government. The Union Council of Ministers is the principal executive organ of the Government of India , which functions as the senior decision-making body of

610-582: A new constitution in a referendum on 28 September 1958 that led to the establishment of the French Fifth Republic in 1959. Chile became the first parliamentary republic in South America following a civil war in 1891. However, following a coup in 1925 this system was replaced by a presidential one . Since the London Declaration of 29 April 1949 (just weeks after Ireland declared itself

671-587: A parliamentary system. Following the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War , France once again became a republic – the French Third Republic – in 1870. The President of the Third Republic had significantly less executive powers than those of the previous two republics had. The Third Republic lasted until the invasion of France by Nazi Germany in 1940. Following the end of the war,

SECTION 10

#1732852316499

732-647: A republic, and excluded itself from the Commonwealth) republics have been admitted as members of the Commonwealth of Nations. In the case of many republics in the Commonwealth of Nations , it was common for the Sovereign, formerly represented by a Governor-General , to be replaced by a non-executive head of state. This was the case in South Africa (which ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth immediately upon becoming

793-459: A set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India . Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister has to be

854-492: A state party, if: Registered unrecognized political parties are those parties which are either newly registered or which have not secured enough percentage of votes in the assembly or general elections to become a state party or those which have never contested elections since being registered. Registered but unrecognized political parties don’t enjoy all the benefits extended to the recognized parties. Parliamentary republic In contrast to republics operating under either

915-561: A symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. Every political party in India, whether a national or regional/state party, must have a symbol and must be registered with the Election Commission of India . Symbols are used in the Indian political system to identify political parties in part so that illiterate people can vote by recognizing the party symbols. In the current amendment to

976-496: Is a legislative body in each of the states and certain union territories of India . In 22 states and 3 union territories , there is a unicameral legislature which is the sole legislative body. Vidhan Sabha is present in all the states and 3 union territories. Each Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by single-member constituencies . The Constitution of India states that

1037-519: Is an initiative proposed in India to synchronize the schedules of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and state legislative assembly elections. The concept aims to conduct simultaneous elections for both central and state governments, a practice that was prevalent until 1967. Advocates argue that this approach would significantly reduce the burden on the public exchequer, minimize the disruption caused by frequent elections, and ensure more consistent policy implementation. However, it faces challenges, such as

1098-580: Is dependent on parliament, the head of government and head of state can form one office (as in Botswana , the Marshall Islands , Nauru , and South Africa ), but the president is still selected in much the same way as the prime minister is in most Westminster systems . This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament. In some cases, the president can legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake

1159-516: Is headed by the Supreme Court . The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to settle disputes between the central government and the states, to settle inter-state disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing writs for their enforcement in cases of violation. There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using plurality voting (first past

1220-707: Is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces . The new president is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament ( MPs ), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ( Vidhan Sabha ) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies ( MLAs ) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi , Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry . The election process of

1281-795: The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and successfully contested the Bhaderwah Assembly seat in 1996. Around 2011–2012, he returned to the National Conference, completing a full circle in his political journey. In October 2023, Rehman, then aged 92, was detained overnight by the police in Jammu . The detention occurred ahead of a solidarity meeting for residents of Gaza amid the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict . Although no formal charges were filed, Rehman expressed frustration over his detention, stating, “At least tell me what I did wrong.” Indian politician Politics of India works within

SECTION 20

#1732852316499

1342-553: The Constitution of India empowered to conduct free and fair elections in India . The Election commission is headed by a Chief Election Commissioner and consists of two other Election Commissioners . At the states and union territories , the Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the state or union territory (CEO), who leads the election machinery in the states and union territories. At

1403-548: The French Fourth Republic was constituted along similar lines in 1946. The Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after the war, and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration, which changed the continent permanently. Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent

1464-630: The House of the People , is the lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of

1525-469: The Lok Sabha , the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be prorogued by the president. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply , where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held, where

1586-552: The Parliament House , New Delhi. The maximum membership of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552 (Initially, in 1950, it was 500.) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filed by the election of up to 543 elected members. The new parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47) . The quorum for

1647-649: The President , is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. There are five categories of the council of ministers as given below, in descending order of rank : The Rajya Sabha , constitutionally the Council of States , is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India . It has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while

1708-400: The Rajya Sabha the upper house . The judiciary systematically contains an apex supreme court , 25 high courts , and 688 district courts , all inferior to the supreme court. The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the civil procedure code , the penal code , and the criminal procedure code . Similar to

1769-589: The State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – is a unicameral legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) – is a bicameral legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the lower house and corresponds to the Lok Sabha while the Vidhan Parishad is the upper house and corresponds to the Rajya Sabha of the Parliament of India Vidhan Sabha, also known as State Legislative Assembly,

1830-467: The constitution in the prime minister , parliament , and the supreme court , respectively. The president of India is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces , while the elected prime minister acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government. The parliament is bicameral in nature, with the Lok Sabha being the lower house , and

1891-457: The presidency . The vice president is also the ex officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha . Article 66 of the Constitution of India states the manner of election of the vice president. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament and not the members of state legislative assembly by the system of proportional representation using single transferable votes and

Sheikh Abdul Rehman - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-542: The president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed) according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution . The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245 (233 elected, 12 appointed). Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with about a third of the 238 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. Unlike

2013-409: The presidential system or the semi-presidential system , the head of state usually does not have executive powers as an executive president would (some may have reserve powers or a bit more influence beyond that), because many of those powers have been granted to a head of government (usually called a prime minister ). However, in a parliamentary republic with a head of state whose tenure

2074-437: The 74th amendment to the Constitution, have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the panchayati raj system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution. The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local governance bodies in India are called municipalities and abbreviated as the "MC" . These are classified based on

2135-467: The House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law or decree. Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, who crossed 18 years from

2196-692: The Lok Sabha in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The idea has been periodically revisited, with significant push in recent years from Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Bharatiya Janata Party . When compared to other democracies, India has had a large number of political parties during its history under democratic governance. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947.As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties, 57 state parties, and 2,764 registered unrecognized parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose

2257-436: The Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The vice president of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The deputy chairman , who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the chairman. The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India . The president

2318-583: The State Legislative Council. Local government in India is governmental jurisdiction below the level of the state . Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation. Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in

2379-514: The Symbols Order, the commission has asserted the following five principles: A political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a national party if: Six national political parties are - Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) , Indian National Congress (INC) , Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) , Communist Party of lndia (Marxist) (CPI-M) , Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and National People's Party (NPP) . A political party shall be entitled to be recognized as

2440-517: The Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English common and Statutory Law . The term New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Union government, as the seat of the central government is in New Delhi . The Lok Sabha , constitutionally

2501-456: The central authority at the centre and states at the periphery. The Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both central and state governments; it is well recognised, fluid (Preamble of the Constitution being rigid and to dictate further amendments to the Constitution) and considered supreme, i.e. the laws of the nation must conform to it. India is officially declared

Sheikh Abdul Rehman - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-489: The day-to-day running of government (as in Iceland) but by convention they either do not use these powers or they use them only to give effect to the advice of the parliament or head of government. Some parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system. Typically, parliamentary republics are states that were previously constitutional monarchies with

2623-559: The dissolution as unconstitutional and subsequently resigned from his position. This marked his departure from the Jana Sangh. Rehman joined Chaudhary Charan Singh 's Bharatiya Lok Dal and was fielded as the joint Janata Party candidate for the Jammu-Poonch Lok Sabha constituency in the 1977 general elections , though he did not win. Later, Charan Singh sent him to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh . In 1990, Rehman joined

2684-596: The district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates/District Collectors (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work. The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by Article 324 of the Constitution and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act . The state election commissions are responsible for conducting local body elections in

2745-523: The executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries. A smaller executive body called the Union Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in India; it is a subset of the Union Council of Ministers who hold important portfolios and ministries of the government. Pursuant to Article 75, a minister who works at the pleasure of

2806-512: The financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district. The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants: Elections in the Republic of India include elections for The Election Commission of India ( ECI ) is a constitutional body established by

2867-499: The framework of the country's Constitution . India is a parliamentary secular democratic republic in which the president of India is the head of state & first citizen of India and the Prime Minister of India is the head of government . It is based on the federal structure of government, although the word is not used in the Constitution itself. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. federal in nature, that consists of

2928-430: The logistical complexities of conducting elections on such a large scale and concerns over the potential impact on the federal structure of governance. The proposal continues to spark significant debate among political parties, constitutional experts, and the general public in India. Simultaneous elections were common in India until 1967, but the practice ended due to the premature dissolution of some state assemblies and

2989-409: The members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure. The Vice President of India is the deputy to the head of state of the Republic of India , i.e. the president of India . The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the order of precedence and first in the line of succession to

3050-611: The parties and centralised financing of elections. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices India in 2023 was the 19th most electoral democratic country in Asia . The Government of India is modelled after the Westminster system . The Union government (also called as the Central government) is mainly composed of the executive , the legislature , and the judiciary , and powers are vested by

3111-705: The party's local leadership failed to act against communal violence and crimes in Bhaderwah . He left the NC and was subsequently approached by Swami Raj, a leader of the Jammu Praja Parishad , an organization advocating for the integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. Rehman joined the Praja Parishad and became its Bhaderwah in-charge. As a member of the Praja Parishad, Rehman worked underground during agitations for

SECTION 50

#1732852316499

3172-413: The post) system from 543 Single-member district . There are 245 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members are elected/nominated by the President of India. Governments are formed through elections held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that secure

3233-408: The president is a more extensive process than of the prime minister who is also elected indirectly (elected by the members of the majority party (or union) in the Lok Sabha ). Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy , is elected in an extensive manner by

3294-422: The respective states. The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results. A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989. The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on

3355-587: The rise of coalition governments. The latest 18th Lok Sabha elections was conducted in seven phases from 19 April 2024 to 1 June 2024 by the Election commission of India. The results bought in the NDA ( National Democratic Alliance ) to form in the next government In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair. Possible reasons for this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, independent civil society associations that mobilise support for

3416-416: The size of the population of the urban settlement. The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards

3477-559: The state's full integration into India . When the Praja Parishad merged with the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Rehman became an active member of the latter. Rehman achieved several milestones during his political career: In 1973, internal disputes arose within the Jana Sangh 's Jammu and Kashmir unit. The party’s national leadership dissolved the state working committee following disagreements over general secretary elections. Rehman opposed

3538-413: The status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in the region. The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as ration cards have been allowed for voting in certain situations. " One Nation, One Election "

3599-480: The unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government – there were 20 governments in ten years. Additionally, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization. As a result, the Fourth Republic collapsed and Charles de Gaulle was given power to rule by decree, subsequently legitimized by approval of

3660-543: The upheaval caused by Partition. In his teenage years, he became involved with the National Conference (NC) and led its Bhaderwah student wing. He was entrusted with delivering messages to Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah , the NC founder and then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, who was imprisoned in Bhaderwah at the time. During the Partition, Rehman grew disillusioned with the National Conference, particularly after

3721-503: The voting is conducted by Election Commission of India via secret ballot. The vice president also acts as the chancellor of the Panjab University and Delhi University. State governments in India are the governments ruling over 28 states and 8 union territories of India and the head of the Council of Ministers in a state is the Chief Minister . Each state has a legislative assembly . A state legislature that has one house –

SECTION 60

#1732852316499
#498501