The Concordat in Alsace-Moselle is the part of the local law in Alsace-Moselle relating to the official status accorded to certain religions in these territories.
106-562: In Alsace-Moselle : The French Fourth Republic ( French : Quatrième république française ) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946. Essentially a reestablishment and continuation of the French Third Republic which governed from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II , it suffered many of
212-628: A plurality (not the absolute majority) of the National Assembly voting against the Cabinet. Consequently, these ministerial crises did not result in the dissolution of Parliament. Thus, as in the Third Republic, this regime was characterized by ministerial instability. The Fourth Republic was also a victim of the political context. The split of the three-party alliance in spring 1947, the departure of Communist ministers, Gaullist opposition , and
318-580: A Popular Movement (UMP), of which they had been an associate party since 2002. During a convention on 26 June, the party officially joined The Alliance (ARES) alongside New Centre and other centrist parties as an alternative to the UMP. The Alliance was replaced with the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) in September 2012. During the 8th European Parliament , the single Radical MEP Dominique Riquet sat with
424-552: A Radical doctrine. At this time, radicalism was distinct from and to the left of the July Monarchy's doctrinal liberalism . Radicals defended traditional peasant farmers and small craftsmen against the new rival economic projects of the 19th century, socialist collectivism and capitalist big business alike. The Radicals took a major part in the 1848 Revolution and the foundation of the Second Republic , sitting in parliament as
530-543: A bloodless action called Opération Corse . Operation Resurrection would be implemented if De Gaulle was not approved as leader by the French Parliament , if De Gaulle asked for military assistance to take power, or to thwart any organized attempt by the French Communist Party to seize power or stall De Gaulle's return. De Gaulle, who had announced his retirement from politics
636-537: A candidate for the UDF while the Radical Party supported his rival Jacques Chirac (RPR). After Chirac's re-election in 2002, most radicals participated to the creation of his new party, the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). The Radical Party then quit the UDF to associate itself with the UMP, sharing its memberships and budget with the latter. However, some members such as Thierry Cornillet continue to be part of UDF. It
742-513: A centre-left coalition, the Republican Front , which won the 1956 legislative election . Another split, this time over France's policy about the Algerian War (1954–1962), led to his resignation as party leader and the party's move in a distinctly conservative direction. The Fourth Republic was characterized by constant parliamentary instability because of divisions between major parties over
848-450: A centre-left formed of socially-conservative yet liberal and secular Moderate Republicans (pejoratively labeled "Opportunist Republicans") and a far-left of uncompromising anticlerical Radicals. Georges Clemenceau was the leader of the Radical parliamentary group, who criticized colonial policy as a form of diversion from "revenge" against Prussia and due to his ability was a protagonist of
954-515: A decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. On 29 May 1958, French politicians agreed upon calling on De Gaulle to take over the government as prime minister. The French Army's willingness to support an overthrow of the constitutional government was a significant development in French politics. With Army support, De Gaulle's government terminated
1060-824: A form of government based on unicameralism ; but this was rejected in the referendum of 5 May 1946 . For the 1946 elections , the Rally of Left Republicans ( Rassemblement des gauches républicaines , RGR), which encompassed the Radical-Socialist Party , the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance and other conservative parties, unsuccessfully attempted to oppose the Christian democrat and socialist MRP –SFIO–PCF alliance. The new constituent assembly included 166 MRP deputies, 153 PCF deputies and 128 SFIO deputies, giving
1166-451: A highly developed system of social benefits. According to various studies, the real purchasing power of the average French worker's salary went up by 170% between 1950 and 1975, while overall private consumption increased by 174% in the period 1950-1974. The French standard of living, which had been damaged by both World Wars , became one of the world's highest. The population also became far more urbanized; many rural départements experienced
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#17328375120031272-586: A leadership position in unifying western Europe, working closely with Konrad Adenauer of West Germany. Robert Schuman , who was twice Prime Minister and at other times Minister of Finance and Foreign Minister, was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions. A devout Catholic and anti-Communist, he led France to be a member of the European Communities , the Council of Europe and NATO. Les Trente Glorieuses ('The Glorious Thirty')
1378-510: A majority of monarchists belonging to two distinct factions, conservative-liberal Orléanists and Catholic-traditionalist Legitimists , but these were too divided to reach an agreement over the type of monarchy they wanted to restore. Their division allowed time for the Republicans to win the 1876 elections , leading to the firm establishment of a Republican republic. Like the monarchists, the Republicans were divided into two main factions, namely
1484-486: A modernization of French industrial and managerial systems, free trade, and friendly economic relations with West Germany. The French economy grew rapidly like economies of other developed countries within the framework of the Marshall Plan such as West Germany , Italy , and Japan . These decades of economic prosperity combined high productivity with high average wages and high consumption, and were also characterised by
1590-408: A population decline while the larger metropolitan areas grew considerably, especially that of Paris . Ownership of various household goods and amenities increased considerably, while the wages of the French working class rose significantly as the economy became more prosperous. As noted by the historians Jean Blondel and Donald Geoffrey Charlton in 1974, If it is still the case that France lags in
1696-472: A republican constitution. They came to be termed Radical Republicans by opposition to the Moderate Republicans . After the installation of the constitutional July Monarchy (1830–1848), the term Republican was outlawed and the regime's remaining Republican opponents adopted the term Radical for themselves. Following the monarchy's conservative turn, Alexandre Ledru-Rollin and Louis Blanc formulated
1802-505: A result, the Radical Party had a comeback in French politics. It then had 21 deputies (four more from those elected in 2002), 6 senators (two more from 2002), 4 MEPs and 8,000 members. Jean-Louis Borloo was a high-ranking minister in François Fillon 's second government as Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Transport and Minister of State from 2007 to 2010, when he chose not take part to Fillon's third government. It
1908-588: A section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the Algérie française movement to defeat separation. Revolts and riots broke out in 1958 against the French government in Algiers, but there were no adequate and competent political initiatives by the French government in support of military efforts to end the rebellion owing to party politics. The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of Indochina in 1954
2014-651: A section of the party's right-wing defected to form a second centre-right Independent Radical party (the Social and Radical Left) which opposed alliance with the Socialist Party and preferred close cooperation with the centre-right liberals of the Democratic Alliance . The party claimed 120,000 members in the 1930s, however, these figures were inflated by competitors purchasing party memberships in bulk to influence inner-party votes. The second Cartel des gauches won
2120-544: A secular equivalent by a written request. These religious education lessons are given by members of the faiths concerned and under the control of the respective churches. Religious ministers in Alsace-Moselle (pastors, priests and rabbis of the four recognised faiths) receive a salary from the Interior Ministry , which, by virtue of the 1993 Lang-Cloupet agreement, is linked to civil service salary scales. In 2012, this
2226-492: A temporary peace, Daladier was acclaimed upon his return to Paris as the man who had avoided war. However, two days after the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 the French government led by Daladier made good on its guarantees to Poland by declaring war alongside Britain. Following the 23 August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, Daladier engaged in an anti-communist policy, prohibiting
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#17328375120032332-704: A theology department. Both faculties are responsible for training ministers for their respective religious traditions. The Catholic faculty comes directly under the authority of the Holy See, and the diplomas that it awards are recognised by the Holy See as canonical. There have been a number of attempts to extend the coverage of the Concordat to recognise other religions, notably Islam, as well as other branches of Christianity. Radical Party (France) Former Former The Radical Party ( French : Parti radical , pronounced [paʁti ʁadikal] ), officially
2438-642: A way to prevent further war between France and Germany . Though the United Kingdom was invited, its Labour government , then preparing for a re-election fight, did not join the initiative. It was formally established in 1951 by the Treaty of Paris , signed by France, Italy , West Germany , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . Between these countries the ECSC would create a common market for coal and steel. The ECSC
2544-619: The 1932 legislative election , but its two main components were not able to establish a common agenda and consequently the SFIO chose to support the second government led by Herriot without participation. The coalition fell on 7 February 1934 following riots organized by the far-right leagues the night before. The Radical-Socialist Camille Chautemps 's government had been replaced by a government led by his popular rival Édouard Daladier in January after accusations of corruption against Chautemps' government in
2650-407: The 1965 presidential election . This federation later split in 1968. Under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber , President since 29 October 1969 issued from the left-wing, the party again made tentative moves to the left in the 1970s, but stopped short of an alliance with Socialist Party (PS) leader François Mitterrand and his Communist allies, leading to a final split in 1972 when
2756-620: The 1979 European elections . Following the left-wing scission in 1971, the Radical Party valoisien maintained the judicial rights to the official name of Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party and is its legal continuation. After the failure of the alliance with the Christians Democrats into the Reforming Movement, the Radical Party maintained its influence by participating in the foundation of Giscard d'Estaing's Union for French Democracy (UDF) in 1978. The Radical Party
2862-646: The Belleville Programme (supported by Léon Gambetta ) the election of civil servants and mayors , the proclamation of the so-called "great liberties", free public teaching and the separation of church and state. After the collapse of the Second French Empire following the 1870 Franco-Prussian War , the Third Republic was proclaimed in September 1870. The first elections in February 1871 returned
2968-595: The Cabinet . Despite De Gaulle's so-called discourse of Bayeux of 16 June 1946 in which he denounced the new institutions, the new draft was approved by 53% of voters voting in favor (with an abstention rate of 31%) in the referendum held on 13 October 1946 and the Constitution of 27 October 1946 came into force two weeks later as the Fourth Republic, in an arrangement in which executive power essentially resided in
3074-611: The Catholic , monarchist and traditionalist right had been weakened once and for all, instead these emerged reinvigorated by World War I. In 1924, Radical-Socialists formed electoral alliances with the SFIO. The Cartel des Gauches (Coalition of the Left) won the 1924 legislative election and Herriot formed a government. However, the Radical-Socialists gradually drifted to the right, moving from left-Republican governments supported by
3180-508: The Council of the Republic ), played a symbolic role. His main power was to propose a Prime Minister, who was subject to election by the National Assembly before forming a Cabinet. Only the Prime Minister could invoke a parliamentary vote on legitimacy of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister was also the only member of the executive able to demand a vote of confidence from the National Assembly (in
3286-619: The Dreyfus Affair , Radicals joined forces with conservative Republicans and some Socialists in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 's cabinet (1899–1902). In 1901, an Act on the right of association was voted and the various individual Radicals organised themselves into a political party in order to defend their governmental achievements from the Catholic Church 's influence and the traditionalist opposition. However, not all Radicals accepted
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3392-582: The European Union , created in 1993 through the Maastricht Treaty ). The trigger for the collapse of the Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958 . France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization . French West Africa , French Indochina , and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in
3498-473: The European Union . The new constitution made some attempts to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation before the war, but instability remained and the French Fourth Republic saw frequent changes of government – there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history. Moreover, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization of
3604-604: The French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in 1905, they shifted gradually towards the political centre . In 1926, its right-wing split off to form the Unionist (or National) Radicals. In 1971 the party's left-wing split off to form the PRG. The PR then affiliated with the centre-right , becoming one of the founder parties of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) in 1978. In 2002,
3710-626: The French Union . Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French-identifying population, saw rising pressure for separation from the Métropole . The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as the Pieds-Noirs , who wanted to stay part of France, so the Algerian War became not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war . Further complications came when
3816-456: The Marshall Plan (1948–1951), giving France $ 2.3 billion with no repayment. France was the second largest recipient after Britain. The total of all American grants and credits to France from 1946 to 1953 amounted to $ 4.9 billion. It provided urgently needed funding for modernizing transport systems, electricity generation, and basic industries including cement, coal, and steel. The plan required
3922-571: The Montagne legislative group. Fifty years later, the Radical-Socialist Party would consider this group its direct forefather. For a few months, Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin was Interior Minister in the provisional government. However, the conservatives won the 1848 legislative election , the first election by universal suffrage. The repression of the June 1848 workers' demonstrations disappointed
4028-468: The Rally for the Republic (RPR). An important split took place after the 1998 regional elections , during which some members of the party composed electoral alliances with the far-right National Front party. Those members created the Liberal Democratic Party while the Radical Party remained a member of the UDF. During the 2002 presidential election , François Bayrou presented himself as
4134-628: The Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party ( French : Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste , pronounced [paʁti ʁepyblikɛ̃ ʁadikal e ʁadikal sɔsjalist] ), is a liberal and social-liberal political party in France . Since 1971, to prevent confusion with the Radical Party of the Left (PRG), it has also been referred to as Parti radical valoisien , after its headquarters on
4240-411: The Third Republic any minister could call for a vote of confidence). The Cabinet could be dismissed if an absolute majority of the National Assembly's members voted against the Cabinet. Finally, the National Assembly could be dissolved after two ministerial crises in the legislature . However, these constitutional measures did not work. In January 1947, after his election by the National Assembly and
4346-542: The parti des 75,000 fusillés , "party of the 75,000 executed people"). The PCF was also opposed to French rule in Algeria and supported its independence. In the midst of this parliamentary instability and divisions of the political class, Charles de Gaulle took advantage of the May 1958 crisis to return to power. On 13 May, European colonists seized the Governor-General's building in Algiers while Opération Résurrection
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4452-553: The rue de Valois . The party's name has been variously abbreviated to PRRRS , Rad , PR and PRV . Founded in 1901, the PR is the oldest active political party in France. Coming from the Radical Republican tradition, the PR upheld the principles of private property , social justice and secularism . The Radicals were originally a left-wing group, but, starting with the emergence of
4558-401: The "no" on 28 September 1958 referendum. However, the new Constitution was finally adopted and proclaimed on 4 October 1958. Popular figure Pierre Mendès-France quit the Radical Party, which had crossed the threshold to the centre-right, as early moderate Republicans did at the beginning of the Third Republic, when the Radical Party, appearing to their left, pushed them over the border between
4664-667: The Algerian War and the proclamation of the new presidential regime. Mendès-France would officially become a member of the PSU in 1961, a year before the 18 March 1962 Evian Accords which put an end to the Algerian War. The Radical Party returned from support of the government to opposition in 1959 and declined throughout all the 1960s. Allied with the SFIO in the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left , it supported François Mitterrand for
4770-503: The Algerian War, which was officially called a "public order operation" until the 1990s. Mendès-France opposed the war and colonialism while the SFIO led by Prime Minister Guy Mollet supported it. Because of the start of the Cold War , all political parties, even the SFIO, opposed the French Communist Party (PCF), which was very popular due to its role during the Resistance (it was known as
4876-644: The Cabinet and to reinforce the authority of the Prime Minister of France, who led the Cabinet. The goal of the new constitution was to reconcile parliamentary democracy with ministerial stability. For instance, under the new Constitution, the President of the Council was the leader of the executive branch (Prime Minister of France). The President of the French Republic, elected by the Parliament (the National Assembly and
4982-528: The Chamber of Deputies (the parliamentary Speaker), had been ambivalent. The Radical-Socialist Party was reconstituted and formed one of the important parties of the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), but never recovered its dominant pre-war position. It failed to prevent the adoption of the projects of the three-parties coalition (nationalizations and the welfare state). Along with Democratic and Socialist Union of
5088-457: The Communists activities and the party's newspaper, L'Humanité . Furthermore, Daladier moved increasingly to the right, notably repealing the 40-hour work week which had been the Popular Front's most visible accomplishment. Daladier would eventually resign in March 1940 and take part in the new government of Paul Reynaud (leader of the main centre-right liberal party, the Democratic Alliance ) as minister of National Defense and of War. After
5194-449: The Concordat, but none have done so. On 21 February 2013, the Constitutional Council of France upheld the Concordat, reaffirming its validity, in response to an appeal from a secularist group which claimed that the Concordat in Alsace-Moselle contradicted the secular nature of the French Republic. Under the Concordat, religious education is compulsory in public schools, at both primary and secondary level, although parents can now opt for
5300-410: The Council in a coalition government in which the Radical-Socialist leaders Édouard Daladier and Camille Chautemps (representing left and right of the Radical-Socialist Party, respectively) took important roles. For the first time in its history, the Radical-Socialist Party obtained fewer votes than the SFIO. Over the tempestuous life of the coalition, the Radical-Socialists began to become concerned at
5406-406: The Fourth Republic (the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voted for its dissolution) and drew up a new constitution proclaiming the French Fifth Republic in 1958. Concordat in Alsace-Moselle This Concordat is a remnant of the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 . The 1801 Concordat was abrogated in the rest of France by the law of 1905 on the separation of church and state . However, at
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#17328375120035512-434: The French people wanted to continue the fight in Indochina against the Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh and his Viet Minh movement. Pierre Mendès France was a Radical Party leader who was Prime Minister for eight months in 1954–55, working with the support of the Socialist and Communist parties. His top priority was ending the war in Indochina, which had already cost 92,000 dead, 114,000 wounded and 28,000 captured in
5618-414: The Presidential Majority led by Gaullists. Finally, they joined it after the election of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to the presidency of France in 1974. They supported most reforms of Giscard d'Estaing's presidency (in particular the authorization of the contraceptive pill and recognition of women's rights ). This evolution brought by Servan-Schreiber's influence would end with the latter's failure during
5724-403: The Radical-Socialist Party remained the axis of the parliamentary majorities and of the governments. The cabinet led by the Independent Radical Georges Clemenceau (1906–1909) introduced income tax and workers' pensions, but is also remembered for its violent repression of industrial strikes. For the latter part of the Third Republic (1918–1940), the Radical-Socialists, generally representing
5830-418: The Radical-Socialist Party's chief aim in domestic policy was to prevent its wide-ranging set of reforms from being overturned by a return to power of the religious right. After the withdrawal of the Socialist ministers from the government following the International Socialist Congress of Amsterdam in 1904, the coalition dissolved and the Radicals went alone into the 1906 legislative elections . Nevertheless,
5936-482: The Radicals already benefited from a strong presence across the country. The party was composed of a heterogeneous alliance of personal fiefdoms, informal electoral clubs, masonic lodges and sections of the Ligue des droits de l'homme (Human Rights League) and the Ligue française de l'enseignement (French League of Education, an association dedicated to introducing, expanding and defending free, compulsory and non-religious primary education). The secularising cause
6042-431: The Radicals the party of the mainstream centre-left in France, taking advantage of the difficulties of the SFIO. The more conservative elements in the party led by Edgar Faure resisted these policies, leading to the fall of Mendès-France's government in 1955. They split and transformed the RGR in a centre-right party distinct from the Radical Party. Under Pierre Mendès-France 's leadership, the Radical Party participated to
6148-423: The Republicans' right wing (then the centre-left of the political spectrum), who were more inclined to accept a socially conservative constitutional monarchy as the first stage to a republic, the Republicans' left wing took a hard line in advocating progressive reforms such as universal manhood suffrage , civil liberties (such as press freedom and right to assembly, among others), and the immediate installation of
6254-412: The Resistance , it set up an electoral umbrella-group, the Rally of Republican Lefts (RGR). From 1947, after the split of the governmental coalition it participated to the Third Force coalition with the SFIO, the Christian-democratic Popular Republican Movement and the conservative-liberal National Centre of Independents and Peasants . In the early years of the Fourth Republic, the party returned to
6360-520: The Socialists (to their left) in the Bloc des gauches (Coalition of the Left), with the Radicals emerging the main political force. Émile Combes took the head of the Bloc des gauches cabinet and led a resolute anti-clerical policy culminating in the 1905 laic law which along with the earlier Jules Ferry laws removing confessional influence from public education formed the backbone of laïcité , France's policy of combatting clericalism by actively excluding it from state institutions. From then on,
6466-413: The Trente Glorieuses as an exceptional "catch up" period following the world wars. He cites statistics showing that normal growth in wealthy countries is about 1.5–2%, whereas in Europe growth dropped to 0.5% between 1913 and 1950, and then "caught up" with a growth rate of 4% between 1950 and 1970, until settling back to 1.5–2% from 1970 onward. Public opinion polls showed that in February 1954, only 7% of
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#17328375120036572-479: The Workers' International (SFIO) and French Communist Party (PCF). With these political forces, Radical-Socialists shared anti-clericalism and the struggle for "social progress", but unlike the other left parties the Radical-Socialists defended the principle of strict parliamentary action and the defence of private property, at least that of smallholders and small business. Additionally, the Radical-Socialist Party had thought before 1914 that its old adversaries among
6678-420: The anti-clerical segment of peasant and petty-bourgeois voters, were usually the largest single party in parliament, but with their anti-clerical agenda accomplished the party lost their driving force. Its leader before World War I Joseph Caillaux was generally more noted for his advocacy of better relations with Germany than for his reformist agenda. During World War I (1914–1918), the Radical-Socialist Party
6784-405: The change in doctrine and alliance. While retaining their doctrines, those show rejected the new turn towards social-democracy and partnership with the Socialist Party gradually peeled away, labelling themselves the Independent Radicals and sitting in their own loose-knit parliamentary party ( Radical Left ) to the right of the Radical-Socialists. The Radical-Socialist and Radical Republican Party
6890-442: The collapse of many governments. In the 1890s, competition from the growing labour movement and concern for the plight of industrial workers prompted Léon Bourgeois to update the fifty-year-old Radical doctrine to encompass social reforms such as the progressive income tax and social insurance schemes, hence the term Radical-Socialist, a social-democratic synthesis of reformist socialism with traditional radicalism. After
6996-466: The current French Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency . After the liberation of France in 1944, the Vichy government was dissolved and the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( French : Gouvernement provisoire de la République française , GPRF), also known as the French Committee of National Liberation , was instituted after a unanimous request of the Provisional Consultative Assembly to be properly represented. With most of
7102-417: The defeat of the Battle of France , the French army being overwhelmed by the Nazi Blitzkrieg , the French government declared Paris an open city on 10 June and flew to Bordeaux . The same month, Daladier escaped to Morocco in the Massilia . Thus, he was not there during the controversial 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain which opened the door to the Vichy regime . Daladier
7208-443: The hands of the President of the Council (the prime minister). The President of the Republic was given a largely symbolic role, although he remained chief of the French Army and as a last resort could be called upon to resolve conflicts. After the expulsion of the Communists from the governing coalition, France joined the Cold War against Stalin, as expressed by becoming a founding member of NATO in April 1949. France now took
7314-424: The left-wing and the right-wing, a process dubbed sinistrisme . Mendès-France then founded the Centre d'Action Démocratique (CAD), which would later join the Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA, which had split from the SFIO), which in turn fused into the Unified Socialist Party (PSU) on 3 April 1960. This new socialist party gathered all the dissidents from the Radical Party and the SFIO who were opposed to both
7420-404: The left-wing supporters of the new regime. Ledru-Rollin obtained only 5% of votes at the December 1848 presidential election , which was won by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte , who launched a coup , ending parliamentary democracy in favour of a Second Empire . From opposition, Radicals criticized Bonaparte's autocratic rule and attacks on civil liberties. At the end of the 1860s, they advocated with
7526-407: The location of its national headquarters at the Place de Valois in Paris, in order to distinguish it from the MRG. Opposed to an electoral alliance with the PCF, which was the foundation of the 1972 Common Programme , the Radicals were still anti-Gaullists. They allied with the Christian Democrats in the Reforming Movement in order to propose another way between the Common Programme's parties and
7632-444: The moderate left under the leadership of Pierre Mendès-France , a strong opponent of French colonialism , whose premiership from 1954 to 1955 saw France's withdrawal from Indochina and the agreement for French withdrawal from Tunisia . Mendès-France, a very popular figure who helped renew the Radical-Socialist Party after its discredit, was indeed elected on the pledge to stop Indochina War (1946–1954). Mendès-France hoped to make
7738-569: The nationalist leader in Tunisia, for the independence of that colony by 1956, and began discussions with the nationalist leaders in Morocco for a French withdrawal. The intention of the new Constitution's authors was to rationalize the parliamentary system . Ministers were accountable to the legislative body, the French National Assembly , but some measures were introduced in order to protect
7844-585: The new proportional representation did not create conditions for ministerial stability. Governmental coalitions were composed of an undisciplined patchwork of center-left and center-right parties. Finally, the Fourth Republic was confronted with the collapse of the French colonial empire . The creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman and French economist Jean Monnet on 9 May 1950 as
7950-451: The nomination of his ministers, Prime Minister Paul Ramadier called for a vote of confidence in order to verify that the Assembly approved the composition of his Cabinet. This initiated a custom of double election, a vote for the Prime Minister followed by a vote of confidence in the chosen Cabinet, that weakened the Prime Minister's authority over the Cabinet. Cabinets were dismissed with only
8056-543: The non-participating Socialists to a coalition of "Republican concentration" with the centre-right Independent Radicals and the more socially-conservative liberal parties in 1926. Two years later at the Angers Congress , the left-wing of the party obtained the withdrawal of the Radical-Socialists from the cabinet and the return to a policy of alliance with the Socialists. Édouard Daladier was elected party leader. However,
8162-415: The number of its telephones, working-class housing has improved beyond recognition and the various 'gadgets' of the consumer society–from television to motor cars–are now purchased by the working class on an even more avid basis than in other Western European countries. The worldwide 1973 oil crisis slowed down its explosive growth. Thus, the mid-1970s marked the end of the period. Thomas Piketty describes
8268-459: The numerous remaining French colonies . After a series of crises culminating in the Algerian crisis of 1958 , the French Fourth Republic collapsed. Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration empowered to design a new French constitution . The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 5 October 1958 following a public referendum which established
8374-737: The parties into the Radical Movement was held in December 2017. However, the union proved short-lived and, by 2021, both the PR and PRG returned to be independent parties. The PR was then part of the Ensemble Citoyens coalition. After the collapse of Napoleon 's empire in 1815, a reactionary Bourbon Restoration took place. The left-wing opposition was constituted by the broad family of Republicans, but these differed over whether and how far to cooperate with liberal-constitutional monarchists in pursuit of their common adversary . In contrast to
8480-555: The party split from the UDF and became an associate party of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) and were represented on the Liaison Committee for the Presidential Majority prior to launching The Alliance (ARES) in 2011 and the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) in 2012. After the 2017 presidential and legislative elections, negotiations to merge the PR and the PRG began. The refounding congress to reunite
8586-617: The perceived radicalism of their coalition partners. Hence, they opposed themselves to Blum's intention to help the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), forcing him to adopt a non-interventionist policy. Following the failure of Blum's second government in April 1938, Daladier formed a new government in coalition with the liberal and conservative parties. After the 29 September 1938 Munich Agreement which handed over Sudetenland to Nazi Germany in exchange for what proved to be
8692-479: The political class discredited and containing many members who had more or less collaborated with Nazi Germany, Gaullism and communism became the most popular political forces in France. Charles de Gaulle led the GPRF from 1944 to 1946. Meanwhile, negotiations took place over the proposed new constitution, which was to be put to a referendum. De Gaulle advocated a presidential system of government, and criticized
8798-403: The reinstatement of what he pejoratively called "the parties system". He resigned in January 1946 and was replaced by Felix Gouin of the French Section of the Workers' International ( Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière , SFIO). Ultimately only the French Communist Party ( Parti communiste français , PCF) and the socialist SFIO supported the draft constitution, which envisaged
8904-592: The remaining centre-left Radicals left the party and eventually became the Movement of the Radical-Socialist Left . This group, which wanted to be a part of the left-wing Common Programme , broke away to create the Movement of the Left Radicals (MRG) and at the 1974 presidential election , supported Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing. Henceforth, the Radical Party began to be known as valoisien , from
9010-400: The right emerged victorious. By the end of World War I, the Radical-Socialist Party, now led by Édouard Herriot , were generally a moderate centre-left party faced with the governmental dominance of the socially-conservative liberal parties to its right (see Independent Radicals and Democratic Alliance ) and pressure from its left by the rise of support for the socialist French Section of
9116-562: The same problems which led to its end. The French Fourth Republic was a parliamentary republic . Despite political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after World War II, with assistance from the United States through the Marshall Plan . It also saw the beginning of the rapprochement with France's longtime enemy Germany , which led to Franco-German co-operation and eventually to
9222-501: The time, Alsace-Moselle had been annexed by Germany , so the Concordat remained in force in these areas. The Concordat recognises four religious traditions in Alsace-Moselle: three branches of Christianity ( Catholicism , Lutheranism and Reformed ) plus Judaism . Therefore, the French concept of laïcité , a rigid separation of church and state, does not apply in this region. Several French governments have considered repealing
9328-569: The tripartite alliance an absolute majority. Georges Bidault of the MRP replaced Felix Gouin as the head of government. A new draft of the Constitution was written, which this time proposed the establishment of a bicameral form of government. Leon Blum of the SFIO headed the GPRF from 1946 to 1947. After a new legislative election in June 1946, the Christian democrat Georges Bidault assumed leadership of
9434-568: The wake of the Stavisky Affair and other similar scandals. This pattern of initial alliance with a socialist party unwilling to join in active government followed by disillusionment and alliance with the centre-right seemed to be broken in 1936, when the Popular Front electoral alliance with the Socialists and the Communists led to the accession of Socialist leader Léon Blum as President of
9540-644: The wake of the humiliating defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in early May 1954. At the Geneva Conference (1954) , he made a deal that gave the Viet Minh control of Vietnam north of the 17th parallel, and allowed him to pull out all French forces. That left South Vietnam standing alone. However, the United States moved in and provided large-scale financial, military and economic support for South Vietnam. Mendès France next came to an agreement with Habib Bourguiba ,
9646-693: Was arrested and tried in 1942 by the new regime (see the Riom Trial ) which accused him as well as other political leaders such as Socialist Léon Blum and conservative Paul Reynaud of being morally and strategically responsible for the loss of the Battle of France. After World War II, the Radicals, like many of the other political parties, were discredited by the fact that many of their members had voted to grant emergency powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain , although senior Radical leaders as Édouard Herriot, then President of
9752-641: Was blocked at an early stage ). Chief rabbis and presidents of the Jewish and Protestant consistories are appointed by the Prime Minister. Ministers of the three Christian churches are appointed by the Interior Minister. The University of Strasbourg includes two faculties of theology, one Protestant, the other Catholic. These are the only theology faculties in France, although the University of Lorraine in Metz also has
9858-458: Was called to power and proclaimed the end of the Fourth Republic (according to him too weak because of its parliamentarism) and replaced it by the Fifth Republic , a hybrid presidential-parliamentary system tailored for himself. The Radical Party supported de Gaulle at this crucial moment, leading Mendès-France to quit the party. Opposed to the proposed constitution, Mendès-France campaigned for
9964-523: Was championed by Émile Combes ' cabinet start of the 20th century. As the political enemy, they identified the Catholic Church, seen as a political campaign entity for ultra-conservatives and monarchists. At 1902 legislative election , the Radical-Socialists and the Independent Radicals allied themselves with the conservative-liberals of the Democratic Alliance (to their immediate right) and
10070-470: Was governed by a 'High Authority', checked by bodies representing governments; representatives of the peoples of the member States (selected from each state's Members of Parliament ); and an independent judiciary . The Treaty of Paris (1951) , which created the ECSC, was superseded on 25 March 1957 by the Treaty of Rome , which established the European Economic Community (the forerunner to
10176-586: Was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitous pullout and sacrifice French honour to political expediency. This prompted General Jacques Massu to create a French settlers' committee to demand the formation of a new national government under General De Gaulle, who was a national hero and had advocated a strong military policy, nationalism and the retention of French control over Algeria. General Massu, who had gained prominence and authority when he ruthlessly suppressed Algerian militants, famously declared that unless General De Gaulle
10282-471: Was launched by the right-wing insurrectionary Comité de Salut Public . De Gaulle, who had deserted the political arena for a decade by disgust over the parliamentary system and its chronic instability (the système des partis which he severely criticized), now appeared as the only man able to reconcile the far-right and the European settlers, which were threatening a coup d'état, with the French Republic. Thus, he
10388-421: Was not until 1914 that the Radical-Socialist Party imposed strict discipline on its parliamentary deputies, requiring them to sit exclusively in a single Radical-Socialist legislative caucus . The existence of a national party immediately changed the political scene. Several Radical independents had already been presidents of the council ( Ferdinand Buisson , Emile Combes and Charles Floquet , among others) and
10494-648: Was one of its six components, along with the centrists of the Centre of Social Democrats , the liberals of the Republican Party and of the National Federation of Perspectives and Realities Clubs , the social democrats of the Socialist-Democratic Movement and of the new members of the UDF. Through the UDF, the Radical Party participated to all of the governments issued from parliamentary majorities of
10600-460: Was returned to power, the French Army would openly revolt; General Massu and other senior generals covertly planned the takeover of Paris with 1,500 paratroopers preparing to take over airports with the support of French Air Force units. Armoured units from Rambouillet prepared to roll into Paris. On 24 May, French paratroopers from the Algerian corps landed on Corsica , taking the French island in
10706-454: Was said to be costing the French state 54 million euros per year. They also qualify for unemployment benefits. The Bishop of Metz and the Archbishop of Strasbourg are appointed by decree of the President of the Republic, after agreement with the Holy See. The actual involvement of the French state is however nowadays considered purely nominal (although a recent appointment to the see of Metz
10812-493: Was the first large political party established at a national level in France, which contrasted with previous parliamentary groups that were formed spontaneously by likeminded independent lawmakers elected through purely local electoral committees. The first congress of the Radical Party was held in June 1901. Delegates represented 476 election committees, 215 editorial boards of Radical newspapers and 155 Masonic lodges as well as lawmakers, mayors and municipal councillors. However, it
10918-536: Was the first time since 1974 that Radicals were not represented in a centre-right government. During the 7th term of the European Parliament , three Radical MEPs sat with the European People's Party Group (EPP) along with the UMP. On 7 April 2011, Borloo announced the creation of a centrist coalition. During a party congress on 14–15 May, the Radicals decided to cut their ties with Sarkozy's Union for
11024-402: Was the high prosperity in the 30 years from 1945 to 1975. In 1944, De Gaulle introduced a dirigiste economic policy, which included substantial state control over a capitalist economy, which was followed by 30 years of unprecedented growth. The wartime damage was extensive, and large reparations from defeated Germany did not happen. The United States helped revive the French economy with
11130-458: Was the keystone of the Sacred Union while the most prominent Independent Radical Georges Clemenceau led the cabinet again from 1917 to 1919. He appeared as the "architect of victory", but his relationship with the Radical-Socialist Party deteriorated. The Radical-Socialists and the Independent Radicals entered the 1919 legislative election in opposing coalitions, thus Clemenceau's alliance of
11236-536: Was then headed by Jean-Louis Borloo and André Rossinot . After the rise of Nicolas Sarkozy to the leadership of the UMP, Radicals launched a sort of re-foundation of their party in order to create a counterbalancing moderate and social wing within the UMP. The party soon started to attract other centrists (as Jean-Louis Borloo, Renaud Dutreil , Véronique Mathieu and Françoise Hostalier ) and even some anti-Sarkozy neo-Gaullists (as Serge Lepeltier and Alain Ferry ). As
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