Shediac Bay is a tidal embayment, an extension of the Northumberland Strait in New Brunswick , Canada .
158-442: It is located about 50 km (31 mi) north-east of Moncton . The nearest population centre is Shediac . There is a large island in the bay, Shediac Island. There is one major beach, Parlee Beach , which runs close. The bay contains Shediac Harbour which is a popular touristic , boating and fishing area. The Canadian Coast Guard maintain an inshore rescue boat station ( CCG IRB Shediac ) at Pointe du Chêne . Skull Island
316-404: A railway town . Its economy is stable and diversified, primarily based on its traditional transportation, distribution, retailing, and commercial heritage, and supplemented by strength in the educational, health care, financial, information technology, and insurance sectors. The strength of Moncton's economy has received national recognition and the local unemployment rate is consistently less than
474-472: A day and come from the world's highest tides in the Bay of Fundy. The first European mention of the bore was by British Lieutenant Colonel George Scott on 17 November 1758, during a downstream voyage from Moncton to Fort Frederick, near Saint John. The Admiralty referred to the tidal bore in a hydrographic chart published in 1861, observing that "[after] its passage the rise of the tide is very rapid until high water
632-489: A few degrees below the freezing point. Major snowfalls can result from Nor'easter ocean storms moving up the east coast of North America. These major snowfalls typically average 20–30 cm (8–12 in) and are frequently mixed with rain or freezing rain. Spring is often delayed because the sea ice that forms in the nearby Gulf of St. Lawrence during the winter requires time to melt, and this cools onshore winds, which can extend inland as far as Moncton. The ice burden in
790-514: A first language, and 10.8% speak another language as their mother tongue. About 46% of the city population is bilingual and understands both English and French; the only other Canadian cities that approach this level of linguistic duality are Ottawa , Sudbury , and Montreal . Moncton became the first officially bilingual city in the country in 2002. This means that all municipal services, as well as public notices and information, are available in both French and English. The adjacent city of Dieppe
948-537: A growing town. The prosperity engendered by the wooden shipbuilding industry allowed The Bend to incorporate as the town of Moncton in 1855. Although the town was named for Monckton, a clerical error at the time the town was incorporated resulted in the misspelling of its name, which has remained to the present day. Moncton's first mayor was the shipbuilder Joseph Salter. In 1857, the European and North American Railway opened its line from Moncton to nearby Shediac . This
1106-590: A new banking services centre to be located in Moncton which will employ over 1,000 people (including a previously announced customer contact centre). Meanwhile, several arms of the Irving corporation have their head offices and/or major operations in greater Moncton. These include Midland Transport, Majesta/Royale Tissues, Irving Personal Care, Master Packaging, Brunswick News, and Cavendish Farms. Kent Building Supplies (an Irving subsidiary) opened their main distribution centre in
1264-574: A new campus in 1996, the Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport opening a new terminal building and becoming a designated international airport in 2002, and the opening of the new Gunningsville Bridge to Riverview in 2005. In 2002, Moncton became Canada's first officially bilingual city. In the 2006 census, it was designated a Census Metropolitan Area and became New Brunswick's largest metropolitan area. Moncton lies in southeastern New Brunswick , at
1422-584: A non-official language as mother tongues, while 0.4% listed both French and a non-official language. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Moncton included: The underpinnings of the local economy are based on Moncton's heritage as a commercial, distribution, transportation, and retailing centre. This is due to Moncton's central location in the Maritimes: it has the largest catchment area in Atlantic Canada with 1.6 million people living within
1580-493: A population of 119,785 living in an area of 110.73 km (42.75 sq mi). Residents lived in 51,830 dwellings out of the 54,519 total private dwellings. Greater Moncton , the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA), had a population of 157,717 living in 67,179 of its 70,460 total private dwellings; a change of 8.9% from its 2016 population of 144,810 . The CMA includes the neighbouring city of Dieppe and
1738-540: A railway town for well over a century until the Canadian National Railway (CNR) locomotive shops closed in the late 1980s. Although Moncton's economy was traumatized twice—by the collapse of the shipbuilding industry in the 1860s and by the closure of the CNR locomotive shops in the 1980s—the city was able to rebound strongly on both occasions. It adopted the motto Resurgo (Latin: "I rise again") after its rebirth as
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#17328513219301896-564: A storm on 24 December 1850, during a trip to Boston for Christmas. A ferry service on the Petitcodiac River was launched around 1841, thanks to a license obtained by Simon Outhouse. The Larch , built by Stephen Binney in 1845, was another important vessel, becoming the largest to sail on the river. But it was not until the arrival of Joseph Salter in 1846 that the shipbuilding boom began: a shipyard founded by Binney and Salter produced 24 vessels from 1847 to 1859, and employed almost 500 of
2054-471: A three-hour drive of the city. The insurance, information technology, educational, and health care sectors also are major factors in the local economy with the city's two hospitals alone employing over five thousand people, along with a growing high tech sector that includes companies such as Nanoptix, International Game Technology , OAO Technology Solutions, BMM Test Labs, TrustMe, and BelTek Systems Design. Moncton has garnered national attention because of
2212-508: A type of asphalt, was first found in Albert County in 1849 by the Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner , inventor of kerosene . Over 200,000 tonnes of the mineral were shipped to Boston within 30 years. Large deposits of gypsum found eight kilometres (five miles) from the mining site were shipped around the globe as well. The Petitcodiac River was used as the primary means for transporting
2370-536: Is 275 km (106 sq mi). The river passes Coverdale and is joined by Turtle Creek before widening as it approaches Moncton. The causeway, built in 1968, formed a wall blocking all but 100 m (330 ft) of water as the river flowed downstream toward the Gunningsville Bridge . Before the causeway's construction, the river's area would expand through Moncton, attaining a width of 1.6 km (one mile). A series of banks to both sides precede
2528-735: Is a 122 km (47 sq mi) wetland. Once past the Hopewell Rocks , Shepody Bay merges with the Cumberland Basin , which runs south-west toward Chignecto Bay . Chignecto Bay drains into the Bay of Fundy, which flows into the Gulf of Maine , which proceeds south-east into the Atlantic Ocean through the Northeast Channel. The Petitcodiac River watershed is about 2,071 km (800 sq mi). The average yearly precipitation in
2686-484: Is a 20-story office building and the headquarters of Assumption Mutual Life Insurance . This building is 81 metres (266 ft) tall and tied with Brunswick Square ( Saint John ) as the tallest building in the province. The Blue Cross Centre is a nine-story building in Downtown Moncton . It is architecturally distinctive, encompasses a full city block, and is the city's largest office building by square footage. It
2844-529: Is a Francophone live theatre company which has its own auditorium and performance space on Botsford Street. The Anglophone Live Bait Theatre is based in the nearby university town of Sackville . There are several private dance and music academies in the metropolitan area, including the Capitol Theatre's own performing arts school. The Aberdeen Cultural Centre is a major Acadian cultural cooperative containing multiple studios and galleries. Among other tenants,
3002-515: Is a plaque dedicated in their honour at the mouth of Hall's Creek. They renamed the settlement "The Bend". The Bend remained an agricultural settlement for nearly 80 more years. Even by 1836, there were only 20 households in the community. At that time, the Westmorland Road became open to year-round travel and a regular mail coach service was established between Saint John and Halifax . The Bend became an important transfer and rest station along
3160-405: Is a small island within the harbour. Its name comes from the discovery of skulls on the site by archaeologists. The population of the island was once composed of Micmac and Acadian Wabanaki soldiers. In 2019, Hurricane Dorian accelerated the erosion of the island. The bay was a stopover location for Italo Balbo 's transatlantic mass flight in 1933. Major streams feeding into the bay are
3318-734: Is about 64% Francophone and has benefited from an ongoing rural depopulation of the Acadian Peninsula and areas in northern and eastern New Brunswick . The town of Riverview meanwhile is heavily (95%) Anglophone . A total of 67% of its residents are fluent in English and 47% are fluent in French. Common non-official languages spoken as mother tongues are Arabic (1.4%), Punjabi (0.7%), Chinese Languages (0.7%), Tagalog (0.6%), Korean (0.6%), Spanish (0.6%), Vietnamese (0.5%), and Portuguese (0.5%). 1.2% of residents listed both English and
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#17328513219303476-482: Is an important industry in Moncton and historically owes its origins to the presence of two natural attractions, the tidal bore of the Petitcodiac River (see above) and the optical illusion of Magnetic Hill . The tidal bore was the first phenomenon to become an attraction but the construction of the Petitcodiac causeway in the 1960s effectively extirpated the attraction. Magnetic Hill , on the city's northwest outskirts,
3634-501: Is attained", and that "[during the lowest tides] the Bore still appears but its broken front usually is only a few inches high." The bores ranged from 1 to 2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in height, with speeds from 5 to 13 km/h (3.1–8.1 mph). In 1825, Peter Fisher noted that the "noise of the Bore is heard a great distance, and animals immediately take to the highland, and manifest visible signs of terror if near it." Before
3792-495: Is found in bogs and areas where gypsum and limestone are present. Higher altitude slopes and ridgetops house sugar maple, beech, and yellow birch trees. Zelazny et al. note that "[the] high frequency of disturbed sites dominated by aspen stands reveals the degree of historical and recent human disturbance along the Petitcodiac River." The Petitcodiac River's riparian zone houses a number of trees, including willows , white spruce, white pine, and speckled alder . Other trees, such as
3950-416: Is generally modest, especially in late July and August, and short periods of drought occur on occasion. Autumn daytime temperatures remain mild until late October. First snowfalls usually do not occur until late November and consistent snow cover on the ground does not happen until late December. New Brunswick's Fundy coast occasionally experiences the effects of post-tropical storms. The stormiest weather of
4108-648: Is home to the Frye Festival , an annual bilingual literary celebration held in honour of world-renowned literary critic and favourite son Northrop Frye . This event attracts noted writers and poets from around the world and takes place in the month of April. The Atlantic Nationals Automotive Extravaganza, held each July, is the largest annual gathering of classic cars in Canada. Other notable events include The Atlantic Seafood Festival in August, The HubCap Comedy Festival , and
4266-537: Is located on the riverfront adjacent to Bore View Park and has been dated to 1769 both by architectural style and by dendrochronology . It is the only surviving building from the Pennsylvania Dutch era and is the oldest surviving building in the province of New Brunswick. In film production, the city has since 1974 been home to the National Film Board of Canada 's French-language Studio Acadie. Moncton
4424-625: Is the Bell Aliant Tower , a 127 metres (417 ft) microwave communications tower built in 1971. When it was constructed, it was the tallest microwave communications tower of its kind in North America. It remains the tallest structure in Moncton, dwarfing the neighbouring Place L’Assomption by 46 metres (151 ft). Indeed, the Bell Aliant Tower is also the tallest free-standing structure in all four Atlantic provinces. Assumption Place
4582-477: Is the city's most famous attraction. The Magnetic Hill area includes (in addition to the phenomenon itself ), a golf course, major water park , zoo , and an outdoor concert facility . A $ 90 million casino/hotel/entertainment complex opened at Magnetic Hill in 2010. Moncton's Capitol Theatre , an 800-seat restored 1920s-era vaudeville house on Main Street, is the main centre for cultural entertainment for
4740-581: Is the home of Medavie Blue Cross and the Moncton Public Library . There are about a half dozen other buildings in Moncton between eight and 12 stories, including the Delta Beausejour and Brunswick Crowne Plaza Hotels and the Terminal Plaza office complex. The most popular park in the area is Centennial Park , which contains an artificial beach, lighted cross country skiing and hiking trails,
4898-461: The 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the City of Moncton had a population of 79,470 living in 35,118 of its 37,318 total private dwellings, a change of 10.5% from its 2016 population of 71,889 . With a land area of 140.67 km (54.31 sq mi), it had a population density of 564.9/km (1,463.2/sq mi) in 2021. Moncton's urban area ( population centre ) had
Shediac Bay - Misplaced Pages Continue
5056-647: The Bay of Fundy and less than 30 km (19 mi) from the Northumberland Strait , the climate tends to be more continental than maritime during the summer and winter seasons, with maritime influences somewhat tempering the transitional seasons of spring and autumn. Moncton has a warm summer humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with uniform precipitation distribution. Winter days are typically cold but sunny, with solar radiation generating some warmth. Daytime high temperatures usually range
5214-512: The Memramcook and Petitcodiac river valleys subsequently fell under English control. Later that year, Governor Charles Lawrence issued a decree ordering the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia (including recently captured areas of Acadia such as Le Coude). This action came to be known as the " Great Upheaval ". The reaches of the upper Petitcodiac River valley then came under
5372-675: The Riverview side, the Gunningsville Bridge now connects to a new ring road around the town and is expected to serve as a catalyst for development in east Riverview . The retail sector in Moncton has become one of the most important pillars of the local economy. Major retail projects such as Champlain Place in Dieppe and the Wheeler Park Power Centre on Trinity Drive have become major destinations for locals and for tourists alike. Tourism
5530-647: The Shediac River , Bateman Brook, and Scoudouc River . Notable landforms and features nearby: Moncton Moncton ( / ˈ m ʌ ŋ k t ən / ; French pronunciation: [mɔŋktœn] ) is the most populous city in the Canadian province of New Brunswick . Situated in the Petitcodiac River Valley, Moncton lies at the geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city has earned
5688-552: The confluence of the Anagance and North rivers in western Westmorland County . The Anagance River arises from its tributaries, Hayward Brook and Holmes Brook, and drains 81 km (31 sq mi) from the south-east of the Petitcodiac River, while the North River drains 264 km (102 sq mi) from the north. From the confluence, the river passes under the bridge on Route 106 in Petitcodiac, The road then follows
5846-599: The metro Moncton area include Bore View Park (which overlooks the Petitcodiac River ), and the downtown Victoria Park , which features a bandshell , flower gardens, fountain, and the city's cenotaph . There is an extensive system of hiking and biking trails in Metro Moncton . The Riverfront Trail is part of the Trans Canada Trail system, and various monuments and pavilions can be found along its length. In
6004-408: The quaternary period. Non- calcareous Pennsylvanian (and younger) sandstones, conglomerates , silt, and red- to grey-tinted mudstone now compose the majority of the bedrock. The northern shore of the Petitcodiac River, including the Anagance and North rivers, is primarily made up of shale with volcanic rocks, mixed igneous rocks, and felsic pebble conglomerates. The southern shore, including
6162-467: The short-billed dowitcher , the red knot , the sanderling , and the least sandpiper are also known for migrating through the Important Bird Area . A diverse number of plant species reside in the watershed as well. Red, white, and black spruce, red maple, white birch, and trembling aspen are the most common. Jack pine is commonly found in regions that fires have repeatedly ravished, while cedar
6320-525: The tamarack and white pine, can also be found in the watershed. Plants such as the rufous bulrush tend to grow near calcareous areas, and hemlock can be found in small, pure stands. Alien plant species include the mother-of-thyme, the Japanese barberry, the Scotch broom, the yellow flag, and Canada bluegrass. In 1937, the 37,000-year-old skeleton of a mastodon was discovered by workers near Hillsborough . It
6478-463: The 1,000 inhabitants in Moncton. Salter would become the first mayor of Moncton in April 1855, the year the town was incorporated. The European and North American Railway was extended to link Pointe-du-Chene to Moncton in 1857, with an eventual goal of reaching Saint John in 1860. The move, according to Larracey, caused the town to become "but a station stop along a railway line". This coincided with
Shediac Bay - Misplaced Pages Continue
6636-678: The 1890s. The final vessel built in Moncton was the Woolastook II on 14 May 1980, while the final ship to sail up the Petitcodiac River was the Inox from France, which arrived on 12 July 1986, (and was, ironically, stranded in Moncton until 3 November due to the river's tidal fluctuations). In 1924, the Petitcodiac Tidal Power Company proposed a tidal power project. This called for a dam to be built between Hopewell Cape and Fort Folly Point. The company sold shares to raise funds for
6794-423: The 1980s were a period of economic hardship for the city as several major employers closed or restructured. The Eatons catalogue division, CNR's locomotive shops facility and CFB Moncton closed during this time, throwing thousands of citizens out of work. The city diversified in the early 1990s with the rise of information technology, led by call centres that made use of the city's bilingual workforce. By
6952-449: The 19th century, rising from fewer than 100 people in 1825, to over 15,000 people in 1917, and to 126,000 people in 2006. In spite of this growth, most of the area remains relatively undisturbed: 80 percent of the watershed is covered with forest, a tenth is used for agriculture and three percent is occupied by wetlands . Only four percent of the area is used for commercial, residential, or private usage. Nevertheless,
7110-443: The 4.7 km (2.9 mi) of river downstream from the causeway, with over 10 million cubic metres (13 million cubic yards) of silt deposited in the first three years following construction. Several reports from 1969 to 1971 described its impact on the aquatic ecosystem, and proposals for amendments to the causeway gates were released, but no action was taken. In 1976 and 1977, reports pointed out several problems related to
7268-430: The 90-degree turn to the south, a feature that gave Moncton its original name, Le Coude (The Elbow). The river passes Dieppe on its eastern side and Hillsborough on its western side before it approaches its mouth. The Memramcook River, which has a watershed area of 412 km (159 sq mi) joins the Petitcodiac River near its mouth. The Petitcodiac River then widens and drains into Shepody Bay, where there
7426-498: The Acadian population expelled from British territory . About 1,100 Acadians living around the Petitcodiac River were affected by this decision. Two hundred British troops led by Major Joseph Frye were sent to destroy the settlements of the Three Rivers, beginning with Shepody and Village-des-Blanchard (now Hillsborough). French resistance commander Charles Deschamps de Boishébert , hoping to evacuate as many Acadians as possible,
7584-616: The Acadians before the winter. He arrived in Moncton near midnight on 12 November, but the tide of the Petitcodiac River prevented him from sending more than twelve men. They came back the next morning with 16 prisoners. Scott was told that the area was virtually defenceless, so he sent three parties to La Chapelle (now Bore Park in Moncton), Silvabro (now Lewisville), and Jagersome (now Dieppe). Scott recorded no deaths or prisoners, but all buildings in sight were burned, and cattle were brought back onto
7742-478: The Acadians migrating to the Miramichi River probably died of hypothermia during the trip due to the 1758–59 winter. Those who survived joined the refugees already present, who had been persuaded by Boishébert to seek refuge there. Inadequate housing and supplies, among other reasons, led to the deterioration of the reputation of the French commander, and only 700 Acadians remained there by late 1759. Meanwhile,
7900-505: The Atlantic salmon or the striped bass. Various insects and arachnids reside around the Petitcodiac River. Among them is the stonefly , the mayfly, the caddisfly , the simulium , the subfamily of tanypodinae , and the Hydracarina . Non-native species, such as the black-footed spider, the beech scale, the white-marked tussock moth, and the mountain ash sawfly have also made their home in
8058-537: The Bay of Fundy. Hoping to find an ideal site for a settlement, they passed Advocate Harbour and the Saint John River before Dugua chose to settle on Saint Croix Island in present-day Maine . Although they did not explore the Petitcodiac region, they returned to the coasts of eastern Nova Scotia, where they founded Port Royal . In 1676, Jacques Bourgeois, a colonist from the Nova Scotian settlement, settled in
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#17328513219308216-641: The British and the French over control of the Ohio Valley . Initially, the inhabitants of Acadia were uninvolved in the conflict because the French had already ceded the land to Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). The Acadians were asked to take an oath declaring complete fidelity toward the British monarch on several occasions, but they refused. At first, they were not punished for doing so. A declaration of neutrality
8374-419: The British killed 19 Acadians, taking nine others prisoner. He and his troops continued to sail up the river the next day; they sent 60 men to burn a settlement 9.7 km (6 mi) west of Moncton. Historians presume that the area had already been deserted. Acadians continued to survive in the region, overcoming the results of the raids. Scott sailed back to the region to search for Beausoleil and to weaken
8532-729: The Caledonia Industrial Park in 2014. The Irving group of companies employs several thousand people in the Moncton region. There are three large industrial parks in the metropolitan area. The Irving operations are concentrated in the Dieppe Industrial Park. The Moncton Industrial Park in the city's west end has been expanded. Molson Coors opened a brewery in the Caledonia Industrial Park in 2007, its first new brewery in over fifty years. All three industrial parks also have large concentrations of warehousing and regional trucking facilities. A new four-lane Gunningsville Bridge
8690-635: The Congo (270 persons or 3.2%). As of 2021, approximately 82.4% of Moncton's residents were of European ancestry, while 14.9% were visible minorities and 2.7% were Indigenous. The largest ethnic minority groups in Moncton were Black (5.3%), South Asian (3.0%), Arab (1.5%), Filipino (1.3%), Chinese (0.9%), Southeast Asian (0.8%), Korean (0.7%), and Latin American (0.7%). Moncton is a bilingual city, 58.5% of its residents having English as their mother tongue, while 27.3% have French, 2.9% learned both English and French as
8848-532: The EIA report), the $ 68 million price tag, unstable ice conditions, and a lower water quality. In spite of legal threats by the Lake Petitcodiac Preservation Association (LAPPA) and various residents, the causeway opened its gates on 14 April 2010, coinciding with the beginning of various studies. Since the opening, the river improved significantly, surpassing original expectations for
9006-662: The Environment 's Water Quality Index gave two study sites an "excellent" rating, 20 sites a "good" rating, 27 sites a "fair" rating, and five sites a "marginal" rating. Since 1999, the Petitcodiac Watershed Alliance (known as the Petitcodiac Watershed Monitoring Group at the time) has collected water samples from May to October to study bacteria, nutrient, pH , dissolved oxygen (DO), and sediment levels. Two sampling sites, one upstream from
9164-468: The Greater Moncton water reservoir is maintained. Environmentalists warned of the dangers related to the move, fearing that contaminants could be pushed into the surrounding water. The Petitcodiac Riverkeeper also noted uranium mining's "irreversible effects to the health of ecosystems, watersheds, wildlife, agriculture, recreation, and public health", and joined 30 other environmental groups in asking
9322-459: The Little and Pollett rivers, is composed of Precambrian or Lower- Palaeozoic sedimentary, igneous, and volcanic rocks, and limestone. Both shores include red to grey Mississippian sandstone. Red beds , or red-tinted sedimentary rocks, have a higher occurrence around Strait Shores . Other significant Mississippian-era rock patches appear in two areas around the watershed. The first is located near
9480-544: The Moncton Area , a birdwatching guide covering sites from Sackville to Mary's Point . Other activities downstream from the causeway include boating, canoeing, kayaking, seal and harbour-porpoise viewing, and tour boating. On 24 July 2013, the North American record for surfing a single river wave was set by Wessels and Whitbread of California, who rode the Petitcodiac River's tidal bore 29 km (18 mi). Before
9638-421: The Moncton area was first settled in 1733, Moncton was officially founded in 1766 with the arrival of Pennsylvania German immigrants from Philadelphia . Initially an agricultural settlement, Moncton was not incorporated until 1855. It was named for Lt. Col. Robert Monckton , the British officer who had captured nearby Fort Beauséjour a century earlier. A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in
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#17328513219309796-399: The Petitcodiac River had one of the world's largest tidal bores , which ranged from 1 to 2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft) in height and moved at speeds of 5 to 13 kilometres per hour (3.1–8.1 mph). With the opening of the causeway gates in April 2010, the river is flushing itself of ocean silts, and the bore is returning to its former size. The Mi'kmaq were the first to settle near
9954-419: The Petitcodiac River watershed. At the southern extremities of the watershed, 50 to 90 percent of the world's semipalmated sandpipers feed on the mud shrimp at Shepody Bay. Around 269,445 stop there before migrating to South America, a number which accounts for at least 7.7 percent of the total population. Among others, the semipalmated plover (around 2 percent of the North American population),
10112-410: The Petitcodiac River, the final extant one being "Hasty", built in 1929. In 1968, the provincial and federal governments completed the construction of a causeway between the communities of Moncton and Riverview, to provide a crossing over the river, and to keep water levels from impeding agricultural production. This was a benefit for the federal government at the time, which had constantly maintained
10270-465: The Petitcodiac Watershed Monitoring Group noted in 2001 that this growth is one of the main factors for the ongoing " environmental degradation " of the river. The Petitcodiac River was listed in 2003 as the most endangered river in Canada by Earthwild International, and was listed second, behind Quebec 's Rupert River , in 2002. The causeway was cited as one of the major factors behind the river's degraded health. The Canadian Council of Ministers of
10428-591: The Petitcodiac and Memramcook rivers, and have often been exploited for agricultural purposes. A publication by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources notes that the soils in Salisbury, made from calcareous sandstone and mudstone, are fine-textured and, when properly drained, "are the most fertile glacial tills" in the watershed. In contrast, they note, soils deriving from local conglomerates are more coarse and sandy, and are less fertile. Albertite ,
10586-629: The Petitcodiac's tidal bore move up the river twice a day. The area features information about the wave, as well as a clock indicating the time of its next appearance. Bore Park is a part of Riverfront Park, Greater Moncton's 5 km (3.1 mi) section of the Trans Canada Trail , where tourists may walk, bike, or skate along the riverfront. The trail continues west to Hillsborough and Fundy National Park , and east to Sackville, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island . Jonathan Creek, Fox Creek, Halls Creek, and Mills Creek also offer trails that run along their streams. The following lists are ordered from
10744-462: The Petitcodiac. The Gunningsville Bridge , which crosses the Petitcodiac River to link Moncton and Riverview, was built in 1867. It was damaged and rebuilt on four different occasions. The first was following the Saxby Gale of 1869 , which forced the town to rebuild the bridge in 1872. It went under "extensive repairs" mid-1892, but ice build-up from the Petitcodiac continued to pose a threat for
10902-418: The Petitcodiac. The Atlantic salmon is no longer present in the watershed, and has since been listed as an endangered species in Canada. The American shad was a favourite with fishermen, and represented two-thirds of the entire Canadian shad landings from 1870 to 1900; catches peaked at 0.91 to 2.72 million kilograms (two to six million pounds) per year. Three other species have been eliminated from
11060-599: The Three Rivers, which the governor granted. After the Treaty of Paris (1763) , exiled Acadians began to return to the area, but their numbers around the Three Rivers remained under 200 by 1769. Settlers from Philadelphia began to migrate to the Petitcodiac River area in 1766: the Trites, Jones and Stieff families moved to present-day Moncton, but the Stieff family (now Steeves ), later moved south-east to Hillsborough. Nine families bought land up to 21 km (13 mi) west from
11218-830: The Three Rivers. The commander and the evacuated Acadians, whom Edward Larracey estimated to total around 700, suffered a massive famine from 1756 to 1758, largely caused by the scarce resources following the battle. In 1758, Joseph Broussard , also known as Beausoleil by the locals, led raids against British vessels sailing in the Bay of Fundy and the Cumberland Basin. This provoked the British into initiating two raids of their own. The first took place in February in Shediac , where Lieutenant Colonel George Scott tried to find Boishébert. When they were returning, Boishébert ambushed them, killing two of Scott's gunmen. The second raid took place at
11376-476: The World Wine Festival, both held in the spring. Petitcodiac River The Petitcodiac River / p ɛ t i ˈ k oʊ d i . æ k / is a river located in south-eastern New Brunswick , Canada. Local tourist businesses often refer to it as the "chocolate river" due to its distinctive brown mud floor and brown waters. Stretching across a meander length of 79 kilometres (49 miles),
11534-523: The area in 1871, when Moncton was selected to be the headquarters of the Intercolonial Railway of Canada (ICR). The arrival of the ICR in Moncton was a seminal event for the community. For the next 120 years, the history of the city was firmly linked with the railway's. In 1875, Moncton reincorporated as a town, and a year later, the ICR line to Quebec opened. The railway boom that emanated from this and
11692-577: The area of Beaubassin (now the Tantramar Marshes ). By 1685, its population had grown to 129, with 19 out of the 22 families living permanently in the region. Pierre Thibodeau, also from Port Royal, founded Chipody (Chipoudie) near Shepody Bay in 1698. At this time, the inhabitants often referred to the Petitcodiac, Memramcook, and Shepody River area as " Trois-Rivières " (Three Rivers) (not to be confused with Trois-Rivières, Quebec ). The French and Indian War erupted in 1754 amid tensions between
11850-478: The arrival of the steam train , leading to the town's de-incorporation. These changes gradually marginalized the Petitcodiac River. In 1968, a controversial rock-and-earth fill causeway was constructed between Moncton and Riverview to prevent agricultural flooding and to carry a crossing between the two communities. The causeway caused many problems for the river and its surrounding ecosystem. An estimated 10 million cubic metres (13 million cubic yards) of silt
12008-474: The associated employment growth allowed Moncton to achieve city status on April 23, 1890. Moncton grew rapidly during the early 20th century, particularly after provincial lobbying helped the city become the eastern terminus of the massive National Transcontinental Railway project in 1912. In 1918, the federal government merged the ICR and the National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) into
12166-559: The bend of the river, ranging from 1,718 to 2,193 acres (695–887 ha) per grant. In 1829, the population of Moncton reached 100, composed mainly of descendants of these settlers. Moncton's shipbuilding era began in 1840 with the arrival of Stewart Russell, a shipbuilder from Hopewell. Russell built the Aginora , which sailed down the Petitcodiac River to trade at the ports in Saint John and New England . The ship and its crew sank in
12324-400: The blueback herring, the brown bullhead, the chain pickerel, the smallmouth bass, the white perch, and the white sucker. Marine mammals were uncommon, but normally consisted of pilot whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbour porpoise, harbour seals, and porbeagles. Freshwater mollusc species included the brook floater, the dwarf wedgemussel , the eastern elliptio, the eastern floater,
12482-436: The bore was very impressive, sometimes between 1 and 2 metres (3 ft 3 in and 6 ft 7 in) high and extending across the 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) width of the Petitcodiac River in the Moncton area. This wave occurred twice a day at high tide, travelling at an average speed of 13 km/h (8.1 mph) and producing an audible roar. Unsurprisingly, the "bore" became a very popular early tourist attraction for
12640-501: The bridge's development and the removal of the causeway, which was completed on 17 September 2021. Confusion arose as to whether or not the project would be funded by the federal government. They refused, in spite of an earlier comment from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, which had hinted at a possible negotiation. Unwilling to wait, the provincial government came forward with an initial $ 20 million on 7 July 2008, to begin
12798-647: The causeway (1968), values were compared with the tidal bores of the Qiantang , Hooghly and Amazon rivers. After the causeway was built, the bores reached heights from about 5 to 75 cm (2.0–29.5 in). Before the construction of the causeway, the Petitcodiac River was home to many aquatic species. Fish originally included hundreds of thousands of Atlantic tomcod and rainbow smelt, tens of thousands of gaspereau and American shad, thousands of American eel, Atlantic salmon, brook trout, lamprey, and striped bass and hundreds of Atlantic sturgeon. Other fish include
12956-483: The causeway and one downstream, were used during the 2009 study. The river had an average temperature of 27 °C (81 °F) in August at the upstream location, in contrast to the average of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) at the same site over the total period of the study. E. coli levels were high upstream, and above recreationally safe levels downstream in June, July, and August. Nitrates and phosphates failed to meet
13114-477: The causeway yearly, with a recorded high of 730 m /s (26,000 cu ft/s) in 1962 and a low of 0.36 m /s (13 cu ft/s) in 1966. The same report estimated mean values for the minimum and maximum discharges for every two-year, 10-year, and 100-year flood events, and minimum discharges for every two-year, five-year, and 100-year "drought" events: The Petitcodiac River tidal bores—retrograde waves moving upstream over downstream waves—occur twice
13272-591: The causeway's gates were opened permanently as part of a $ 68 million three-phase project designed to restore the river. The causeway was replaced with a bridge, completed in September 2021. A commonly held belief suggests that the name "Petitcodiac" originates from the French term " petit coude ," meaning "little elbow." However, the actual derivation of the name is rooted in an indigenous word, likely from Maliseet or possibly Mi'kmaq language. According to Maliseet Elder and linguist Dr. Peter Paul of Woodstock Reserve,
13430-701: The centre houses the Galerie Sans Nom, the principal private art gallery in the city. The city's two main museums are the Moncton Museum at Resurgo Place on Mountain Road and the Musée acadien at Université de Moncton. The Moncton Museum reopened following major renovations and an expansion to include the Transportation Discovery Centre. The Discovery Centre includes many hands on exhibits highlighting
13588-658: The city's largest playground, lawn bowling and tennis facilities, a boating pond, a treetop adventure course, and Rocky Stone Field, a city owned 2,500 seat football stadium with artificial turf, and home to the Moncton Minor Football Association. The city's other main parks are Mapleton Park in the city's north end, Irishtown Nature Park (one of the largest urban nature parks in Canada) and St. Anselme Park (located in Dieppe ). The numerous neighbourhood parks throughout
13746-449: The city's transportation heritage. The city also has several recognized historical sites. The Free Meeting House was built in 1821 and is a New England–style meeting house located adjacent to the Moncton Museum. The Thomas Williams House, a former home of a city industrialist built in 1883, is now maintained in period style and serves as a genealogical research centre and is also home to several multicultural organizations. The Treitz Haus
13904-484: The city, but when the Petitcodiac causeway was built in the 1960s, the river channel quickly silted in and reduced the bore so that it rarely exceeded 15 to 20 centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in) in height. On April 14, 2010, the causeway gates were opened in an effort to restore the silt-laden river. A recent tidal bore since the opening of the causeway gates measured a 2-foot-high (0.61 m) wave, unseen for many years. Despite being less than 50 km (31 mi) from
14062-684: The city. The theatre hosts a performing arts series and provides a venue for various theatrical performances as well as Symphony New Brunswick and the Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada . The adjacent Empress Theatre offers space for smaller performances and recitals. The Molson Canadian Centre at Casino New Brunswick provides a 2,000-seat venue for major touring artists and performing groups. The Moncton-based Atlantic Ballet Theatre tours mainly in Atlantic Canada but also tours nationally and internationally on occasion. Théâtre l'Escaouette
14220-576: The command of French leader Charles Deschamps de Boishébert in the Battle of Petitcodiac , attempting to repel British troops but ultimately suffering the destruction of most of their settlement. Three years later, British troops returned to the river and launched the Petitcodiac River Campaign . In the 1840s, the Greater Moncton area experienced a shipbuilding boom, which was halted following
14378-405: The community by the mid-1840s, allowing for the civic incorporation in 1855. But the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s, causing the town to lose its civic charter in 1862. Moncton regained its charter in 1875 after the community's economy rebounded, mainly due to a growing railway industry. In 1871, the Intercolonial Railway of Canada chose Moncton as its headquarters, and Moncton remained
14536-759: The community has been bolstered by its ability to host major events such as the Francophonie Summit in 1999, a Rolling Stones concert in 2005, the Memorial Cup in 2006, and both the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics and a neutral site regular season CFL football game in 2010. Positive developments include the Atlantic Baptist University (later renamed Crandall University ) achieving full university status and relocating to
14694-584: The control of the Philadelphia Land Company (one of the principals of which was Benjamin Franklin .) In 1766, Pennsylvania German settlers arrived to reestablish the preexisting farming community at Le Coude. The Settlers consisted of eight families: Heinrich Stief ( Steeves ), Jacob Treitz (Trites), Matthias Sommer (Somers), Jacob Reicker (Ricker), Charles Jones (Schantz), George Wortmann (Wortman), Michael Lutz (Lutes), and George Koppel (Copple). There
14852-421: The dykes in the area. It also benefited the provincial government, as the federal government was willing to fund the $ 3 million project, but not a bridge. Although the causeway was equipped with a fishway, problems arose when fish were unable to cross it freely due to sedimentation build-up; some 82 percent of the salmon were prevented from travelling upstream by the structure. The sediment accumulated in
15010-402: The eastern pearlshell, and the triangle floater. Many other aquatic organisms are thought to have once entered the watershed due to the low salinity of the water. Six species have disappeared from the river since the mid-1980s. The Petitcodiac River was the only known Canadian habitat of the dwarf wedgemussel, and was later isolated to just nine American watersheds after its elimination from
15168-406: The effects of agriculture on the river's water quality, and recommended to work with local farmers to install cattle fencing around streams which run through their properties, and "eventually phase out" cosmetic pesticide usage. The Petitcodiac Riverkeeper holds a stronger position on the issue: the organisation notes that pesticides "find their way into the surface and ground water by leaching into
15326-445: The entire causeway with a bridge. An Environmental Impact Assessment study was commissioned in 2003 to develop and summarise these options, and on its completion in 2005, it announced the recognition of "Option 3" and "Option 4" as possible solutions. The first option had been ruled out following the evaluation of other fish passage models, which were deemed inapplicable to the river. The second, suggesting systematic gate-opening periods,
15484-423: The failure of Moncton's shipbuilding industry and a population drop from a peak of 2,000 to about 500. The town declared bankruptcy and was unincorporated in 1862, but it later regained its status in 1875, after it became the Intercolonial Railway 's headquarters for its shops in 1871. While the Petitcodiac River continued to aid in the shipping of goods into the 20th century, shipbuilding essentially ended in
15642-495: The first phase. The approach of Phase 2 was met with various complaints. A biology professor at the Université de Moncton noted that $ 200,000–$ 250,000 worth of pesticide would be required to keep the mosquito population around the city of Moncton from doubling once the gates open. Flood warnings were issued by the provincial Department of Supply and Services for the town of Riverview, warning that high river tides could lead to
15800-440: The flooding of over 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of sport fields and structures built in low-lying areas; however, they added that the causeway's flood gates were able to descend if required, eliminating the chances of such repercussions from a possible inundation. Residents near the headpond west of the causeway criticized the project, citing the decrease in property values of about 480 homes (by approximately 30 percent, according to
15958-534: The gates from April to December each year. A provincial government committee report recommended an additional seven options for the modification of the causeway in May 1992, but the government did not act upon any of these options due to the low "cost-benefit" factor. More reports documented problems related to the passage of fish in the river until 1995, when the Department of Transportation agreed to open one gate from April to December, as suggested four years earlier. A project
16116-422: The gates' function due to erosion, winter ice jams, and "unsatisfactory fishway operation". It was not until 1978 that New Brunswick's Department of Transportation commissioned a study of the problems. The final report recommended three alternatives for action: to continue operation "as-is", to continue operation without the gates, or to eliminate gate leakage and amend the operation protocol. The third alternative
16274-537: The geographic centre of the Maritime Provinces . The city is along the north bank of the Petitcodiac River at a point where the river bends acutely from west−east to north−south flow. This geographical feature has contributed significantly to historical names for the community. Petitcodiac in the Mi'kmaq language has been translated as "bends like a bow". The early Acadian settlers in the region named their community Le Coude ("the elbow"). Subsequent English immigrants changed
16432-457: The gulf has diminished considerably over the last decade, and the springtime cooling effect has weakened as a result. Daytime temperatures above freezing are typical by late February. Trees are usually in full leaf by May. Summers are warm, sometimes hot, and can be somewhat humid due to the seasonal prevailing westerly winds strengthening the climate's continental tendencies. Daytime highs sometimes reach more than 30 °C (86 °F). Rainfall
16590-403: The late 1990s, retail, manufacturing and service expansion began to occur in all sectors and within a decade of the closure of the CNR locomotive shops Moncton had more than made up for its employment losses. This dramatic turnaround in the city's fortunes has been termed the "Moncton Miracle". The community's growth has continued unabated since the 1990s, actually accelerating. The confidence of
16748-611: The leachate flow from the landfill. Three years later, Gemtec Limited was fined a total of $ 6,000 and was ordered to contribute a total of $ 22,000 to the federal Environmental Damages Fund and the Jonathan Creek Committee. The river aids in the drainage of ten significant bodies of water: Weldon Creek, Fox Creek, Mill Creek, Halls Creek, Jonathan Creek, Turtle Creek, Little River, Pollett River, Anagance River, and North River. A report in 2000 showed that it handles an average discharge of 27.3 m /s (960 cu ft/s) at
16906-625: The median age in Moncton was 41.4, close to the national median age of 41.2. The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 8,460 persons or 10.9% of the total population of Moncton. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (795 persons or 9.4%), India (655 persons or 7.7%), United States of America (555 persons or 6.6%), China (475 persons or 5.6%), Nigeria (470 persons or 5.6%), United Kingdom (395 persons or 4.7%), Syria (385 persons or 4.6%), South Korea (380 persons or 4.5%), France (290 persons or 3.4%), and Democratic Republic of
17064-576: The mid-20th century. The first scheduled air service out of Moncton was established in 1928. During the Second World War , the Canadian Army built a large military supply base in the city to service the Maritime military establishment. The CNR continued to dominate the economy of the city; railway employment in Moncton peaked at nearly 6,000 workers in the 1950s before beginning a slow decline. Moncton
17222-573: The minerals at the time. The Petitcodiac River region was first settled by the Mi'kmaq, who used the river's upstream current as part of a portage route between Shubenacadie and a winter camp at the confluence of the Anagance and North rivers. The first Europeans arrived in early 1604, when a French expedition to Acadia (now Nova Scotia and New Brunswick), led by the explorer Pierre Dugua de Mons and accompanied by cartographer Samuel de Champlain and future Acadian governor Jean de Biencourt , sailed into
17380-427: The name refers to a wall of water rushing in: "now they call that petakuyak. [It] means 'sound of thunder,' well, the rush of water coming in like a thunderstorm." If the term has a Mi'kmaq origin, it could be linked to " Petkootkweăk ," meaning "the river that bends like a bow", possibly a reference to the river's right angle bend near Moncton. The Acadians adapted the name to Petcoudiac or Petitcoudiac , which
17538-537: The national average. On 1 January 2023, Moncton annexed an area including Charles Lutes Road and Zack Road; revised census information has not been released. Acadians settled the head of the Bay of Fundy in the 1670s. The first reference to the "Petcoucoyer River" was on the De Meulles map of 1686. Settlement of the Petitcodiac and Memramcook river valleys began about 1700, gradually extending inland and reaching
17696-453: The newly formed Canadian National Railways (CNR) system. The ICR shops became CNR's major locomotive repair facility for the Maritimes and Moncton became the headquarters for CNR's Maritime division. The T. Eaton Company's catalogue warehouse moved to the city in the early 1920s, employing over 700 people. Transportation and distribution became increasingly important to Moncton's economy in
17854-462: The newly promoted Colonel Frye. The settlements of Miramichi , Richibucto , and Bouctouche surrendered the next day, with a delegate sent to the fort to represent their 700 refugees. Frye requested and received permission from Governor Lawrence to take them in for the winter. The Acadian refugees were offered land on the Isthmus of Chignecto in early 1760, but most requested their original lands around
18012-420: The nickname "Hub City" because of its central inland location in the region and its history as a railway and land transportation hub for the Maritimes. As of the 2021 Census, the city had a population of 79,470. The metropolitan population in 2022 was 171,608, making it the fastest growing CMA in Canada for the year with a growth rate of 5.3%. Its land area is 140.67 km (54.31 sq mi). Although
18170-554: The north-western border of the watershed, near Lutes Mountain and Cornhill. The second ranges from the east of the Memramcook River to the west of Hillsborough, in Beech Hill. The Petitcodiac River watershed also features karst topography , where gypsum and limestone around Mississippian rocks dilute into the circulating groundwater. This creates sinkholes , depressions , and caves. Examples of rare karst occurrences appear west of
18328-533: The opening of the causeway gates on 14 April 2010, the Petitcodiac River's 21 km (13 mi) headpond (west of the causeway), colloquially known as Lake Petitcodiac, was promoted by LAPPA as a recreational haven for residents in the area. According to the association, over 10,000 estimated hours of boating took place on the lake, in addition to canoeing, kayaking, motor boating, water skiing, jet skiing, sailing, and swimming. Fishing tournaments, dragon boat regattas , dog sledding , and snowmobiling were popular at
18486-511: The place of the causeway. The project was divided into three phases, expected to cost a total of $ 68 million. Phase 1 consisted of the prevention of erosion along the shorelines, improvements to the nearby drainage system, and the construction of dikes and aboiteaux ; the work was carried out from 7 July 2008, to 14 April 2010. Phase 2 consisted of opening the gates to monitor river flow, both upstream and downstream, for two years. Phase 3 commenced in 2012 and consisted of
18644-547: The project and a series of on-site and airborne studies were conducted by the federal government, but the project fell through by 1928. As rail transport became more common, it displaced river transportation around the Great Depression . In addition, the Greater Moncton International Airport offered an airmail service from Moncton to Montreal by 29 December 1929. These factors further marginalised
18802-410: The project. An AMEC engineer participating in the firm's studies, Jacques Paynter, said that the banks of the river had begun widening "at a noticeable pace", with the tidal bore growing closer to its pre-1968 levels: "We were actually anticipating a fairly modest increase in height. It seems to be already exceeding what we might have expected." He noted that an estimated 40,000 gaspereau had returned to
18960-540: The province: the lower Saint John River to the north-west, the Shediac Bay to the north-east, and the Kennebecasis River to the south. Although the Petitcodiac River's watershed is geographically distinct from that of the nearby Memramcook River, some groups merge the two for categorisation purposes. The area has been occupied by Europeans since the late 17th century. Moncton's population has grown rapidly since
19118-428: The provincial government to establish a ban on the act. The province would later restrict uranium mining to 300 m (980 ft) from residential areas and ban it from protected drinking water areas. Another controversy in 2006 involved exploration for oil and gas deposits in the same area, but access was blocked by the municipal government. Shortly after the building of the causeway, a 35 ha (86-acre) landfill
19276-420: The raiding rapidly took its toll on the residents who stayed around the Three Rivers, as food supplies became scarce and reconstruction became impossible. The fall of Quebec City in September 1759 also eliminated the possibility of assistance from that area. On 16 November 1759, the 190 Acadians in the region sent a delegate to Fort Beauséjour (which had been renamed Fort Cumberland) to announce their surrender to
19434-429: The river channel downstream and rendered the Moncton area of the waterway unnavigable. On April 14, 2010, the causeway gates were opened in an effort to restore the silt-laden river. The Petitcodiac River exhibits one of North America's few tidal bores : a regularly occurring wave that travels up the river on the leading edge of the incoming tide. The bore is a result of the Bay of Fundy 's extreme tides. Originally,
19592-512: The river to Moncton on the left side of the river. Route 1 crosses the river a few kilometres downstream to join Trans-Canada Highway 2 . The community of River Glade precedes Petitcodiac River's right tributary, Pollett River, with a watershed of 314 km (121 sq mi). As the waterway runs past Salisbury, its final major right tributary, Little River (formerly known as Coverdale River), joins it. Little River's watershed
19750-473: The river traverses Westmorland , Albert , and Kings counties, draining a watershed area of about 2,071 square kilometres (800 sq mi). The watershed features valleys, ridges, and rolling hills, and is home to a diverse population of terrestrial and aquatic species. Ten named tributaries join the river in its course toward its mouth in Shepody Bay . Prior to the construction of a causeway in 1968,
19908-404: The river's riparian zones , which is a common "land use practice". Although mining around the area essentially stopped with the closure of the gypsum mines in 1982, uranium mining has surfaced as a potential problem for the river. The province was the subject of a controversy in 2007 when it gave Vale Limited (formerly known as CVRD Inco) the right to mine for uranium at Turtle Creek , where
20066-467: The river, and called for more studies to determine the impact of the causeway's opening. Residents around the Petitcodiac have used the river for various recreational purposes. Trips were made annually via the river from Moncton to Beaumont for Feast of Saint-Anne celebrations with the locals. The Blakeson , a towboat owned by Blakeny and Sons, offered "moonlight cruises" in the early 1930s for 50 cents (approximately $ 6.50 in 2010 values). The service
20224-521: The river, who used it as part of a portage route between Shubenacadie and the village of Petitcodiac , where they had a winter camp. In 1698, the region was colonized by Acadians from Port Royal, Nova Scotia ; however, they were later expelled in 1755 during the Seven Years' War . During this period, Acadian resistance fighters based in Village-des-Blanchard (now Hillsborough ) fought under
20382-564: The river: the striped bass, the Atlantic sturgeon, and the Atlantic tomcod. However, a project of the Petitcodiac Riverkeeper, funded by the Government of Canada's Environmental Damage Fund in 2005, noted that the removal of the causeway would result in a "good" chance of bringing back the eliminated species, and an "excellent" chance of increasing the numbers of species deemed to have been reduced in numbers. No data has been released for
20540-446: The route. Over the next decade, lumbering and then shipbuilding became important industries in the area. The community's turning point came when Joseph Salter took over (and expanded) a shipyard at the Bend in 1847. The shipyard grew to employ about 400 workers. The Bend subsequently developed a service-based economy to support the shipyard and gradually began to acquire all the amenities of
20698-435: The safe quality threshold on occasion. A publication by the New Brunswick Department of Environment in 2007 showed that the watershed did not meet the quality guidelines for E. coli in 10 percent of samples, for dissolved oxygen in 5 percent of samples, and pH in 3 percent of samples; in contrast, the river was always within safe nitrate levels. During their 2001 study, the Petitcodiac Watershed Alliance noted
20856-571: The settlement of Shepody in March, where the British were shocked to find that the Acadians had already begun rebuilding their homes. On 28 June, Scott learned of reports that cattle were stolen outside of Fort Beausejour; the British issued an order for Captain Beloni Danks to send 75 men up the Petitcodiac River . They arrived in Moncton the following night, and about 30 Acadians began firing at their vessel. However, Danks held his offensive position, and
21014-410: The settlement's name to The Bend of the Petitcodiac (or simply "The Bend"). The Petitcodiac river valley at Moncton is broad and relatively flat, bounded by a long ridge to the north (Lutes Mountain) and by the rugged Caledonia Highlands to the south. Moncton lies at the original head of navigation on the river, but a causeway to Riverview (constructed in 1968) resulted in extensive sedimentation of
21172-416: The site of present-day Moncton in 1733. The first Acadian settlers in the Moncton area established a marshland farming community and chose to name their settlement Le Coude ("The Elbow"), an allusion to the 90° bend in the river near the site of the settlement. In 1755, nearby Fort Beausejour was captured by British forces under the command of Lt. Col. Robert Monckton . The Beaubassin region including
21330-406: The soil or as part of stormwater runoff ." They request that, while measures have been taken in 2009 by the provincial government to regulate cosmetic pesticide usage, the province must forbid its usage altogether and require chemical manufacturers to disclose health warnings and all ingredients on labels. The New Brunswick Department of Environment also warned of the erosion caused by the removal of
21488-1024: The stationing of call-centres for Canadian companies (who provide services in both languages). The city is home to the regional head offices for several Canadian federal agencies such as Correctional Service Canada , Transport Canada , the Gulf Fisheries Centre and the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency . There are 37 call centres in the city which employ over 5,000 people. Some of the larger centres include Asurion , Numeris , ExxonMobil , Royal Bank of Canada , Tangerine Bank , UPS , Fairmont Hotels & Resorts , Rogers Communications and Nordia Inc. A number of nationally or regionally prominent corporations have their head offices in Moncton including Atlantic Lottery Corporation , Assumption Life Insurance, Medavie Blue Cross Insurance, Armour Transportation Systems and Major Drilling Group International . TD Bank announced in 2018
21646-506: The strength of its economy. The local unemployment rate averages around 6%, which is below the national average. In 2004 Canadian Business magazine named it "The best city for business in Canada", and in 2007 FDi magazine named it the fifth most business-friendly small-sized city in North America. Moncton's high proportion of bilingual workers and its status as border-city between majority francophone and majority anglophone areas makes it an attractive centre for both federal employment and
21804-539: The time as well. However, a study by the PWMG showed that fecal coliform levels in the headpond from June, July, and September 2009 exceeded 2,419 parts per 100 millilitres; more than 12 times the 200/100 ml recommended by the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for recreational purposes. Bore Park, located in the area formerly known as La Chapelle, became a popular tourist location by 1907 for watching
21962-535: The town of Riverview , as well as adjacent suburban areas in Westmorland and Albert counties. With a land area of 2,562.47 km (989.38 sq mi), it had a population density of 61.5/km (159.4/sq mi) in 2021. Moncton's urban area is the third largest in Atlantic Canada, after Halifax, Nova Scotia , and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador , and the second largest in The Maritimes . In 2016,
22120-536: The vessel. Additional raids by Scott between 14 and 17 November captured a dozen Acadian prisoners, burned settlements, and uncovered Beausoleil's own schooner . The crew sent an Acadian prisoner on the 17th to request the surrender of the remaining residents, but when he returned, he reported that they had all begun to flee to Cocagne , Shediac, and the settlements around the Miramichi River . This prompted Scott to return to Fort Frederick in Saint John. A few of
22278-462: The village of Three Rivers, where large sinkholes alternate between small ridges to form honeycomb-shaped patterns. Hillsborough is the home of one of the longest gypsum cave networks in eastern Canada, and is a key habitat for bats in hibernation. The majority of the watershed's topsoil is composed of sand, clay, and silt, under which normally lies a layer of ablation moraines . Fairly rich soils made of alluvium and tidal deposits are found along
22436-529: The watershed is 1,100 millimetres (43 in), with average temperatures of 17.5 °C (63.5 °F ) in the summer and −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) in the winter. The watershed is located in the Kings, Westmorland, and Albert counties in south-east New Brunswick, with some of it crossing into the Caledonian Highlands to the south-east. It borders the Bay of Fundy and three other designated watersheds in
22594-509: The wooden structure, leading to the construction of a new steel version from 1915 to 1919. This fourth bridge would suffer through many collisions, including one with the Mayflower in September 1929, which caused the ship to capsize and drown two men. The Gunningsville Bridge would last 86 years before it would be demolished a final time, making way for a 425-metre-long (1,394 ft) four-lane bridge crossing. Covered bridges were also built over
22752-521: The year, with the greatest precipitation and the strongest winds, usually occurs during the fall/winter transition (November to mid-January). The highest temperature ever recorded in Moncton was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on August 18 and 19, 1935. The coldest ever recorded was −37.8 °C (−36 °F) on February 5, 1948. Moncton generally remains a "low rise" city, but its skyline encompasses buildings and structures with varying architectural styles from many periods. The city's most dominant structure
22910-568: Was built near the river. Various materials were disposed of in the area, including petroleum waste oil , pipe and foam insulation, sewage sludge, and medical waste. While the landfill was shut down in 1992, samples by the Environmental Bureau of Investigation and the Petitcodiac Riverkeeper showed that ammonium levels around the leachate exceeded Canadian quality guidelines by as much as 15 times, and contained heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and PCBs . A mortality rate of 100 percent
23068-405: Was chosen two years later, but did not substantially improve fish migration as expected. The provincial government decided to open the gates between 15 April and 7 July 1988, to allow fish to migrate up the stream. This was repeated from 26 September to 31 October 1988, and in the spring of 1989 and 1990 during low tides. In 1991, New Brunswick's Department of Oceans and Fisheries recommended opening
23226-467: Was deposited in the 4.7 km (2.9 mi) of river downstream from the causeway in the first three years following construction. The causeway restricted the movement of fish and reduced the region's salmon catches by 82 percent. Water quality has also dropped thanks to industrial expansion around the area. In 2003, Earthwild International designated the Petitcodiac River as the most endangered river in Canada because of these problems. On 14 April 2010,
23384-404: Was followed in 1859 by a line from Moncton to Saint John . At about the time of the railway's arrival, the popularity of steam-powered ships forced an end to the era of wooden shipbuilding. The Salter shipyard closed in 1858. The resulting industrial collapse caused Moncton to surrender its civic charter in 1862. Moncton's economic depression did not last long; a second era of prosperity came to
23542-535: Was found for test trout and daphnia when exposed to water samples. Gemtec Limited, the company responsible for planning and closing the landfill, and the City of Moncton were charged on 12 March 2002, for offences relating to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999) and the Fisheries Act. The city pleaded guilty on 23 September 2003, paid a $ 35,000 fine, and was ordered to help reduce
23700-543: Was in near perfect condition and was transported to the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John , where it has been displayed ever since. The Petitcodiac River watershed covers an area north and east of the Caledonian Highlands; a low-elevation (on average 67 m; 220 ft) region with rolling hills, valleys, and ridges. In fact, most of the region was below sea level, beneath the former DeGeer and Goldthwait seas, during
23858-620: Was later modified to Petitcodiac by British settlers. The river gained the nickname "Chocolate River" due to its heavy sedimentation, resulting in a distinctive brown tint. With the construction of the Petitcodiac River Causeway, an additional 10 million cubic metres (13 million cubic yards) of sediment began to accumulate in the 4.7 km (2.9 mi) stretch downstream from the causeway. The river measures about 79 km (49 mi) from its source near Three Rivers to its mouth at Shepody Bay; its source derives from
24016-693: Was opened in 2005, connecting downtown Riverview directly with downtown Moncton . On the Moncton side, the bridge connects with an extension of Vaughan Harvey Boulevard as well as to Assumption Boulevard and will serve as a catalyst for economic growth in the downtown area. This has become already evident as an expansion to the Blue Cross Centre was completed in 2006 and a Marriott Residence Inn opened in 2008. The new regional law courts on Assumption Blvd opened in 2011. A new 8,800 seat downtown arena (the Avenir Centre) recently opened in September 2018. On
24174-534: Was placed on the Trans-Canada Highway network in the early 1960s after Route 2 was built along the city's northern perimeter. Later, the Route 15 was built between the city and Shediac . At the same time, the Petitcodiac River Causeway was constructed. The Université de Moncton was founded in 1963 and became an important resource in the development of Acadian culture in the area. The late 1970s and
24332-413: Was popular until the towboat capsized in front of embarking passengers, causing them to lose interest. During their Environmental Impact Assessment in September 2005, AMEC cited recreational fishing and birdwatching as major pre-causeway activities. A fishery for Atlantic salmon existed downstream from the causeway for several years post-1968. The Moncton Naturalists' Club also publishes their Birding in
24490-411: Was ruled out because of the inability to cater to every marine species' migration periods. Option 4 was split into three sub-options, mainly to list possible bridge lengths: 170, 280, and 315 metres (190, 310, and 344 yards). The provincial government later accepted the proposal on 6 December 2006, and selected "Option 4B" on 7 August 2007, which called for a 280 m (310 yd) bridge in
24648-445: Was signed in 1730 and was accepted by Nova Scotia governor Richard Philipps . This earned the Acadians the nickname the "neutral French". At the outbreak of war in 1754, the British again demanded unconditional oaths of fealty, perceiving the Acadians as a possible threat. In spite of resistance led by Jean-Louis Le Loutre , representatives eventually agreed to sign, but their reluctance persuaded Governor Charles Lawrence to order
24806-516: Was then organized in December 1996 to begin a trial for the systematic opening of the gates during the year, but conditions could not be physically met, and it was terminated on 1 June 1999. In February 2001, the Niles Report proposed an additional four modifications to the causeway project: to either replace the fishway, open the gates during peak fish migration, open the gates permanently, or replace
24964-455: Was unable to march the distance between Nerepis and the Shepody settlement in time, but fought at the second threatened village on 28 August 1755. Boishébert's troops, composed of inhabitants from the area and from Shepody, counter-attacked, suffering only one loss to twenty-three British casualties. This defeat is thought to have been the reason for the British abandonment of the campaign at
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