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66-456: The Northumberland Strait (French: détroit de Northumberland ) is a strait in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in eastern Canada . The strait is formed by Prince Edward Island and the gulf's eastern, southern, and western shores. The western boundary of the strait is delineated by a line running between North Cape, Prince Edward Island and Point Escuminac, New Brunswick while

132-552: A state visit to Canada in 1998, referred to the bridge as the "Span of Green Gables ". In April 2022, the PEI legislature voted unanimously in favour of renaming the bridge to "Epekwitk Crossing", whereas Epekwitk ( / ˈ ɛ b ə ɡ w ɪ d / EH -bə-gwid ) is the traditional Mi'kmaq name for Prince Edward Island. The name change would need to be approved by the Canadian federal government in order to take effect. After completing

198-569: A $ 148 million fixed link featuring a tunnel/causeway/bridge. Approach roads and railway lines were constructed at Borden and Jourimain Island but the project was formally abandoned in 1969 upon scientific recommendation in favour of improved ferry services. Due to the extremely complex tidal regime in the Northumberland Strait consisting of diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles, any attempt to close Abegweit Passage would be next to impossible since

264-516: A capacity of 300 MW. Pictou Island , in Nova Scotia receives no electricity from that province's utility, Nova Scotia Power . Residents must generate their own electricity from off-grid sources. Bell Aliant has two fibre optic telecommunications cables spanning Northumberland Strait to serve Prince Edward Island . The first is a submarine cable running from Caribou, Nova Scotia to Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island . The other runs through

330-508: A fixed subsidy for the construction and operation of a fixed link, in return for the province agreeing to the abandonment of the ferry service and the railway system. Following the election of the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney , with its agenda for regional development through so-called "mega-projects," Public Works Canada called for formal proposals in 1987 and received three offers. These proposals included

396-517: A lengthy environmental impact assessment for the project. The developer of the single bridge proposal, Strait Crossing Development Inc., was selected and an announcement that the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project would be built was finally made on December 2, 1992; the developer being required to privately finance all construction through bond markets. Shareholders of Strait Crossing Development Inc. include: As mentioned,

462-456: A link would be built largely for the benefit of mainland tourists and businesses waiting to exploit the Island. The pro-link group Islanders for a Better Tomorrow noted transportation reliability would result in improvements for exporters and the tourism industry. The result was 59.4% (in total percentage) in favour of the fixed link. The debate did not end with the 1988 plebiscite and the federal government faced numerous legal challenges and

528-464: A new commercial and tourist development on the abandoned CN rail yards in Borden-Carleton, with phase I of this facility opening in spring 1997 as "Gateway Village". New Brunswick has never received similar federal support to improve the economy of Cape Tormentine , which has become a shadow of its former role in PEI transportation history, although in recent years a new eco-tourist and visitor centre

594-400: A tunnel, a bridge, and a combined tunnel-causeway-bridge. These developments sparked an extremely divisive debate on the Island, and Premier Joe Ghiz promised a plebiscite to gauge public support, which was held on January 18, 1988. During the plebiscite debate, the anti-link group Friends of the Island cited potential ecological damage from the construction, as well as concerns about

660-431: Is 40 metres (131 ft) above water with a 60 m (197 ft) navigation span for ship traffic. The bridge rests on 62 piers, of which the 44 main piers are 250 m (820 ft) apart. The bridge is 11 m (36 ft) wide. The speed limit on the bridge is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) but can vary with wind and weather conditions. When travelling at the speed limit, it takes about 12 minutes to cross

726-709: Is a box girder bridge carrying the Trans-Canada Highway across the Abegweit Passage of the Northumberland Strait , linking the province of Prince Edward Island with the mainland province of New Brunswick . Opened May 31, 1997, the 12.9-kilometre (8.0 mi) bridge is Canada's longest bridge and the world's longest bridge over ice-covered water. Construction took place from 1 November 1993 until May 1997 and cost C$ 1.3 billion. Before its official naming, Prince Edward Islanders often referred to

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792-427: Is also notable for the ice boats , small oared boats which made regular dangerous crossings of the strait in winter carrying mail and passengers before the era of ice breaking ferries . Strait A strait is a water body connecting two seas or two water basins. While the landform generally constricts the flow, the surface water still flows, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and through

858-574: Is not without controversy as many Islanders feel the word "Confederation" is overused throughout the province, finding use in the name of a Northumberland Ferries Limited vessel (M/V Confederation ), a performing arts centre and art gallery ( Confederation Centre of the Arts ), a shopping centre (Confederation Court Mall), and the province-wide rails to trails system ( Confederation Trail ), as well as in tourism promotions (e.g., "Birthplace of Confederation"). The President of Ireland , Mary McAleese , during

924-401: Is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals; Pearse Canal , for example. Straits are the converse of isthmuses . That is, while a strait lies between two land masses and connects two large areas of ocean, an isthmus lies between two areas of ocean and connects two large land masses. Some straits have

990-529: The Canso Causeway , and at the same time as another mega-project, the St. Lawrence Seaway was being constructed. A rockfill causeway was proposed to cross Abegweit Passage, with a 300 m (984 ft) bridge/tunnel to accommodate shipping. This plan was rejected for navigational reasons but was raised again in 1962, and in 1965, the federal government, ignoring concerns of the shipping industry, called for tenders for

1056-646: The Confederation Bridge when it opened on 31 May 1997. Maritime Electric supplies electricity to customers in Prince Edward Island. Although the utility does have some electrical generation facilities, since the mid-1970s the majority of Prince Edward Island's electricity has been purchased from NB Power and supplied via an interprovincial electrical interconnection. This interconnection consisted of two 23 km (14 mi) 138 kilovolt oil-filled submarine transmission cables installed 1975-78 under

1122-510: The Confederation Bridge ; this cable replaced a submarine cable that used to run from Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island to Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick . Eastlink has a fibre optic telecommunications cable connecting Gaspereau, Prince Edward Island with Port Hood, Nova Scotia . Swim-related details about crossings, tides, currents, marine life, and navigation can be found at OpenWaterPedia's Northumberland Strait page . There have been several documented unassisted swim crossings of

1188-464: The Government of Canada . The Government of Canada agreed to pay about $ 44 million a year for 33 years to Strait Crossing Development Inc., this being the subsidy which was formerly paid to Marine Atlantic to cover operating losses of the ferry system. These payments are in effect a mortgage and are being used by the developer to pay off construction costs. In 2032, the bridge's ownership will revert to

1254-747: The Schedule to the Prince Edward Island Terms of Union in the Constitution of Canada required steamship service to connect the Island's railway system with that of mainland North America. A dedicated ferry service replaced the steamships in 1917, but no changes were made to the constitution. The fixed crossing, however, required a constitutional amendment (see Amendments to the Constitution of Canada ). The Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1993 (Prince Edward Island) dealt with this issue, as well as

1320-462: The Suez Canal . Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes, and these seem to suit the formal definition of strait, they are not usually referred to as such. Rivers and often canals, generally have a directional flow tied to changes in elevation, whereas straits often are free flowing in either direction or switch direction, maintaining the same elevation. The term strait

1386-453: The 1980s by an unsolicited proposal from a Nova Scotia businessman. The federal government favoured the construction of a fixed link chiefly because of the rising costs of providing ferry service (a constitutional requirement dating from PEI's accession to Confederation) and the increasing deficits being incurred by the railway system on PEI (run as part of Canadian National, then a Crown corporation ). The federal government proposed to provide

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1452-642: The Island and the mainland of the Dominion, winter and summer, thus placing the Island in continuous communication with the Intercolonial Railway and the railway system of the Dominion . . . Following Confederation, early steamship services across Northumberland Strait connected the Island ports of Charlottetown and Georgetown with railway facilities at Pictou, Nova Scotia . Similar services operated from Summerside connected with railway facilities at Shediac , New Brunswick . The most direct route across

1518-427: The Island government until the federal government decided to implement a railcar ferry service across Abegweit Passage between new ports at Port Borden and Cape Tormentine . In 1912, the federal government promised to open a car ferry between the "Capes" (Cape Traverse, PEI to Cape Tormentine, NB). The privately owned New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Railway from Sackville, New Brunswick to Cape Tormentine

1584-478: The New Brunswick shore, and .5 km (0.3 mi) from the Prince Edward Island shore. Extremely durable high-grade concrete and reinforcing steel were used throughout construction of the pre-cast components, with the estimated lifespan of the bridge being in excess of 100 years. The reinforced concrete structure was also designed to withstand iceberg impacts, as a deflection cone encircles each pillar at

1650-487: The Northumberland Strait at the western end of the Abegweit Passage between Murray Corner, New Brunswick and Fernwood, Prince Edward Island . Since the Northumberland Strait freezes in winter, the cables were designed to be protected from ice scouring and were copied from a Swedish design that was originally used to supply the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea . They were replaced in 2017 by two new cables providing

1716-456: The Northumberland Strait, however, was at the 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) wide Abegweit Passage . Infrequent winter service provided by underpowered steamships incapable of breaking sea ice ensured the survival of a passenger and mail service across Abegweit Passage using iceboats until a permanent ferry service was established in the 1910s. The unsatisfactory winter steamship service and reliance upon primitive iceboats provoked complaints from

1782-418: The beloved ferries which made their final crossings that evening. It is estimated that almost 75,000 people participated in a "Bridge Walk" and "Bridge Run" during the hours immediately prior to the opening for traffic. BridgeFest '97 began on Friday, May 30th, starting with the run in the morning, and then the walk continuing for the rest of the day. Thousands of people walked across the bridge on Friday. In

1848-409: The bridge as the "Fixed Link". It officially opened to traffic on May 31, 1997. The bridge is a two-lane toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (at Route 1 ) and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick (at Route 16 ). It is a multi-span balanced cantilever bridge with a post-tensioned concrete box girder structure. Most of the curved bridge

1914-402: The bridge. Tolls apply only when leaving Prince Edward Island (when travelling westbound). The toll rates since January 2022 are $ 50.25 for a two-axle automobile and $ 8.50 for each additional axle. Motorcycles are charged $ 20.00. While pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted to cross the bridge, a shuttle service is available. Before 2006, the shuttle was free and since January 1, 2022,

1980-405: The consortium received a year-end dividend of $ 2.6 million. The number of tourists visiting Prince Edward Island increased from 740,000 in 1996 (the year before the bridge opened) to 1,200,000 in 1997, but this dropped back to about 900,000 visitors annually. As a way of further promoting the island's new accessibility, the province issued vehicle licence plates from 1999 to 2006 that featured

2046-534: The days following the opening of the bridge, ferry operator Marine Atlantic disposed of its four vessels. The ferry terminals and docks in both ports were removed over the summer of 1997. The bridge is operated by Strait Crossing Bridge Limited (SCBL), a subsidiary of the Strait Crossing Development Inc. consortium which built the structure. SCBL will privately manage, maintain, and operate the bridge until 2032, when these operations will transfer to

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2112-461: The decline of rail service to ports and the increased capacity of highways to larger ports outside the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which freezes in the winter. Cruise ships regularly visit Charlottetown during summer and fall, and since 2012 a few smaller cruise ships have been visiting Pictou, NS. The narrowest part of the strait, the 13-kilometre (7–nautical mile) wide Abegweit Passage in the western part of

2178-646: The early 1990s, Denmark's largest construction project, and was modified at a French shipyard before working on the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project. Following the placement of the final major component and completion of the bridge structure in Abegweit Passage on November 19, 1996, HLV Svanen returned to Denmark for use in construction of the Øresund Bridge . Construction of the fixed link required over 5,000 workers ranging from labourers and specialty trades, to engineers , surveyors , and managers . The economic impact of construction on Prince Edward Island

2244-556: The eastern boundary is delineated by a line running between East Point, Prince Edward Island and Inverness, Nova Scotia . The Northumberland Strait varies in depth between 17 and 65 metres, with the deepest waters at either end. The tidal patterns are complex; the eastern end has the usual two tides per day, with a tidal range of 1.2 to 1.8 metres, while the western end effectively has only one tide per day. The strait's shallow depths lend to warm water temperatures in summer months, with some areas reaching 25° C , or 77° F . Consequently,

2310-456: The eastern end of the strait (approximately 24.5 kilometres (13.2 nmi) was made by Jill Leon of Charlottetown, PEI on July 31, 2013, when she swam from Caribou, NS to Wood Islands, PEI in 9 hours, 48 minutes. The strait is famous in folklore circles for regular sightings of the Ghost Ship of Northumberland Strait , a flaming vessel which appears in the middle of the strait. The strait

2376-421: The entire strait and Gulf of St. Lawrence. While the western shores of Cape Breton Island and northeastern shores of the Nova Scotia peninsula are dominated by granite , sedimentary rocks along the central and western parts of the strait, as well as the entire south shore of Prince Edward Island, consist of sandstone , lending to beautiful sandy beaches with minimal coastal development. The largest island in

2442-482: The federal government ferry subsidy is used to pay for the original tendered price ($ 1 billion). Operating costs for the bridge have also proven expensive, with warranty repairs for asphalt adherence and the complete replacement of all bridge deck lighting cutting into profits. Toll revenues have fallen over 30% since the bridge opened, largely because of declining tourism traffic and domestic travel and currently range from $ 25 to $ 30 million annually. After expenses in 2003,

2508-436: The federal government. All tolls charged by SCBL are revenue for the consortium. Toll increases are indexed to inflation and regulated by the federal government. The consortium has rarely commented upon the profitability of the bridge, but during the structure's 10th anniversary, it was revealed that there had been a 30% cost overrun in construction ($ 330 million). The consortium is forced to cover this out of toll revenue since

2574-464: The former steamship routes until port facilities were opened in October 1917. Automobile service was added in 1938 and other vessels followed as the ferry service expanded in the post- war years. This ferry service was initially the responsibility of Canadian Government Railways (1917–1918) and later Canadian National Railway (1918–1983), then a CNR subsidiary CN Marine (1977–1986). In 1986, CN Marine

2640-404: The impact on Prince Edward Island's lifestyle in general, and noted that the "mega-project" model has had limited success in other areas of the world, and rarely enriched the local population. The Friends of the Island believed that a fixed link was being pressured by a federal government not willing to shoulder the cost of constitutional obligations for funding an efficient ferry service, and that

2706-413: The island by bridge and leaving by ferry or vice versa pay for leaving the island only. Various proposals for a fixed link across the Northumberland Strait can be traced as far back as the 1870s when the provinces' railway systems were developed. Subsequent proposals arose during federal elections in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The ebb and flow of public support for a fixed link was indirectly tied to

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2772-466: The issue as a member of the provincial Legislative Assembly, and in 1891, as a Senator and member of a delegation to meetings on the subject, conducted at the British Parliament . The idea lost favour following his death in 1901. Talk of a fixed link was revived in the 1950s and 1960s, coinciding with federal election campaigns. The topic was raised in 1957, only two years following the opening of

2838-511: The issue of tolls on the crossing. It made clear that the government (or a private body) could charge a toll (an essential part of the government's financing plans) for the crossing without violating the terms of union: The construction, which was carried out by a construction joint venture of Ballast Nedam , GTMI (Canada), Northern Construction and Strait Crossing Inc., started in the fall of 1993, beginning with preparation of staging facilities. Bridge components were built year-round from 1994 to

2904-548: The name "Abegweit Crossing", which would pay homage to the Abegweit Passage which the bridge crosses, the vessel M/V Abegweit which the bridge would replace, and to the Mi'kmaq traditional name for the island. However, the Canadian government overruled the committee, and on September 27, 1996, the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Diane Marleau announced that the bridge's name would be "Confederation Bridge". This name

2970-567: The nickname lobsters from workers. All major components were lifted from the Amherst Head staging facility, transported, and placed in Abegweit Passage using the HLV Svanen , a Dutch -built heavy lift catamaran, which during the construction of the fixed link was reportedly the tallest man-made structure in the province. HLV Svanen was custom-built for use on the Great Belt Bridge in

3036-437: The point when it meets the water surface that would cause an iceberg to bounce off. Their sheer size and weight required strengthening of the soil base during the design and preparation work for the Amherst Head staging facility, as well as the use of a crawler transport system to move pieces from fabrication to storage, and onto a nearby pier. These crawler transports, using specially designed teflon -coated concrete rails, earned

3102-466: The potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal stream turbines . Tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power . The Pentland Firth (a strait) may be capable of generating 10  GW . Cook Strait in New Zealand may be capable of generating 5.6 GW even though the total energy available in the flow is 15 GW. Straits used for international navigation through

3168-535: The service has charged $ 4.75 per pedestrian or $ 9.50 per cyclist when leaving Prince Edward Island. Baggage is charged at a rate of $ 4.25 per bag after the first bag. The other major Northumberland Strait crossing, Wood Islands Ferry from Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island to Caribou , Nova Scotia , currently charges $ 78.00 per car (including passengers) when leaving Prince Edward Island. Other ferry fares include $ 20.00 per adult pedestrian, $ 40.00 per motorcycle, and $ 20.00 per bicycle. Travellers, whether entering

3234-413: The strait across Abegweit Passage between Port Borden, Prince Edward Island and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick . This service operated from October 1917 until May 1997. Owned by the Government of Canada , it was one of Canada's busiest ferry services and was operated by various federal Crown corporations ( Canadian National Railways , CN Marine , Marine Atlantic ). The ferry service was replaced by

3300-407: The strait between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick , is now spanned by the Confederation Bridge . The strait hosts three seasonal ferry services: All three ferry services are located in the eastern end of the strait and operate during the ice-free months from May - December. There was a year-round ferry service that operated in the central/western part of

3366-442: The strait in both directions. In some straits there may be a dominant directional current through the strait. Most commonly, it is a narrowing channel that lies between two land masses . Some straits are not navigable, for example because they are either too narrow or too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago . Straits are also known to be loci for sediment accumulation. Usually, sand-size deposits occur on both

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3432-573: The strait is Pictou Island . Major communities on the strait include the cities of Charlottetown and Summerside , Prince Edward Island as well as the towns of Souris, Prince Edward Island , Pictou, Nova Scotia , and Shediac , New Brunswick . The Northumberland Strait is a minor shipping route, with ports such as Pugwash shipping salt, Summerside, Charlottetown, Georgetown and Souris shipping agricultural products and receiving petroleum and aggregate, and Pictou shipping forestry products and general cargo. Shipping has declined in recent decades with

3498-544: The strait is reportedly home to the warmest ocean water temperatures in Canada, and some of the warmest ocean water temperatures on the Atlantic coast north of Virginia . There are many sandy beaches along both the northern and southern coasts of the strait. These beaches, found in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, are very popular with tourists. During the winter months between December and April, sea ice covers

3564-695: The strait, although there is no official body to verify these claims. All documented single and double crossings except one have been at the western end of the strait across the Abegweit Passage . The first documented single crossing of Abegweit Passage (approximately 14 kilometres (7.6 nmi)) with assistance was made by Evelyn Henry of Keppoch, PEI on July 15, 1951, when she swam from Cape Tormentine, NB to Borden, PEI in 8 hours, 47 minutes. There have been two documented single-day double crossings of Abegweit Passage (approximately 27 kilometres (15 nmi)) with assistance to date: The first and to date only, documented single crossing with assistance across

3630-405: The structure on November 19, 1996, SCI worked throughout the winter, paving the bridge deck, placing bridge concrete barrier guardrails which also act as wind barriers, placing bridge deck and navigational lighting, constructing the Borden-Carleton toll plaza, and finishing the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island approach roads. In separate construction, the federal and provincial governments built

3696-399: The summer of 1996, and placement of components began in the fall of 1994 until the fall of 1996. Approach roads, toll plazas, and final work on the structure continued until the spring of 1997, at an estimated total cost of $ 1 billion. All bridge components were constructed on land, in purpose-built staging yards located on the shoreline at Amherst Head, fronting on Borden Harbour just east of

3762-423: The territorial sea between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone are subject to the legal regime of transit passage ( Strait of Gibraltar , Dover Strait , Strait of Hormuz ). The regime of innocent passage applies in straits used for international navigation (1) that connect a part of high seas or an exclusive economic zone with

3828-670: The territorial sea of a coastal nation ( Straits of Tiran , Strait of Juan de Fuca , Strait of Baltiysk ) and (2) in straits formed by an island of a state bordering the strait and its mainland if there exists seaward of the island a route through the high seas or through an exclusive economic zone of similar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics ( Strait of Messina , Pentland Firth ). There may be no suspension of innocent passage through such straits. [REDACTED] Media related to Straits at Wikimedia Commons Confederation Bridge The Confederation Bridge ( French : Pont de la Confédération )

3894-477: The tidal cycles on each side of a causeway would be placed at opposites to each other. It is estimated by tidal experts at the Canadian Hydrographic Service , that tidal currents through a gap in such a causeway would be in excess of 18 knots (33 km/h), powerful enough to counter most commercial ships and to sweep away boulders the size of houses. Consideration of a fixed link was renewed in

3960-478: The town and ferry docks, and an inland facility located at Bayfield, New Brunswick , about 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Cape Tormentine. The Amherst Head staging facility was where all large components were built, including the pier bases, ice shields, main spans, and drop-in spans. The Bayfield facility was used to construct components for the near-shore bridges which were linked using a launching truss extending over shallow waters almost 2 km (1.2 mi) from

4026-574: The two opposite strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas . The terms channel , pass , or passage can be synonymous and used interchangeably with strait , although each is sometimes differentiated with varying senses. In Scotland, firth or Kyle are also sometimes used as synonyms for strait. Many straits are economically important. Straits can be important shipping routes and wars have been fought for control of them. Numerous artificial channels, called canals , have been constructed to connect two oceans or seas over land, such as

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4092-467: The varying levels of federal investment in ferry and steamship connections to the province over the years, finally culminating in a proposal in the mid-1980s which resulted in the construction of the current bridge. As a part of Prince Edward Island's admission into the Dominion of Canada in 1873, the Canadian government was obligated to provide: . . . efficient steam service for the conveyance of mails and passengers to be established and maintained between

4158-482: Was opened on Jourimain Island near the western end of the bridge. The official opening for the bridge took place on May 31, 1997, with the first vehicle traffic crossing at approximately 5:00 p.m. ADT following a nationally televised ceremony which aired on CBC and included a sailpast of the schooner Bluenose II and several Canadian Coast Guard ships, a flyover by the Snowbirds , and an emotional farewell to

4224-563: Was purchased by the federal government and an order was made with a shipyard in England for an icebreaking railcar ferry, to be called the Prince Edward Island . Ports were developed at Carleton Point, several kilometres west of Cape Traverse, and the existing harbour at Cape Tormentine; the new port at Carleton Point would be named Borden in honour of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden . The new ferry entered service in 1915 and operated on

4290-529: Was renamed when all federal government ferry services in Atlantic Canada were transferred to the new Crown corporation Marine Atlantic . Discussion of a fixed link can be traced to George Howlan , who called for construction of a railway tunnel beneath Abegweit Passage at the same time as the Prince Edward Island Railway was being built across the province in the 1870s. Howlan also raised

4356-455: Was substantial, with the provincial GDP rising over 5% during the construction, providing a short-term economic boom for the Island. It neared completion in April 1997. Throughout construction, the federal government received suggestions for names. A committee was formed on May 1, 1996, chaired by former PEI Premier Alex Campbell , to choose the new name from the submissions. The committee chose

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