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78-546: Secunda CTL consists of two production units. The Sasol II unit was constructed in 1980 and the Sasol III unit in 1984. It has total production capacity of 160,000 barrels per day (25,000 m/d). As of 2020 it is the world's largest single emitter of greenhouse gas, at 56.5 million tonnes CO 2 a year. However, if Afşin-Elbistan C power station in Turkey is built and operated at planned capacity it would emit over 60 million tonnes

156-570: A 1 m (3.3 ft) high temporary roof on the 4th flue make it the tenth tallest structure , and the second tallest free-standing structure in Africa. It remains the tallest structure in South Africa , and the tallest free-standing structure in sub-Saharan Africa. As a major component of South Africa's economy, Secunda was in turn a major target of the African National Congress during

234-705: A body corporate, or for criminal penalty (maximum) of seven years imprisonment and/or penalty of $ 46,200. EIA provisions within Ministerial Authorities in the ACT are found in the Chapters 7 and 8 of the Planning and Development Act 2007 (ACT). EIA in ACT was previously administered with the help of Part 4 of the Land (Planning and Environment) Act 1991 (Land Act) and Territory Plan (plan for land-use). Note that some EIA may occur in

312-809: A context of sustainable development. According to the Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment, the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) was restructured with the new mandate to substitute the institution initially established in 1982. At the central level, EEAA represents the executive arm of the Ministry. The purpose of EIA is to ensure the protection and conservation of the environment and natural resources including human health aspects against uncontrolled development. The long-term objective

390-433: A decision-making component" that provide "...an objective basis for granting or denying approval for a proposed development." Justice La Forest addressed his concerns about the implications of Bill C-45 regarding public navigation rights on lakes and rivers that would contradict previous cases.( La Forest 1973 , pp. 178–80) The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 2012 (CEAA 2012) "and its regulations establish

468-452: A healthy environment and a healthy economy; and (i) to encourage the study of the cumulative effects of physical activities in a region and the consideration of those study results in environmental assessments." Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Environmental Lawyer Dianne Saxe argued that the CEAA 2012 "allows the federal government to create mandatory timelines for assessments of even

546-412: A predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision-makers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential environmental impacts. Environmental impact assessments commenced in the 1960s, as part of increasing environmental awareness . An EIA is prepared to estimate

624-498: A project, based on predicted harms. The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol is a sector-specific method for checking the quality of Environmental and Social assessments and management plans. The history of EIA in Australia could be linked to the enactment of the U.S. National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) in 1970, which made the preparation of environmental impact statements a requirement. In Australia, one might say that

702-410: A proposed undertaking; (2) decision making that both guarantees the adequacy of this process and reconciles, to the greatest extent possible, the proponent's development desires with environmental protection and preservation." La Forest referred to ( Jeffery 1989 , 1.2,1.4) and ( Emond 1978 , p. 5) who described "...environmental assessments as a planning tool with both an information-gathering and

780-487: A significant percentage of projects not completing legally required environmental impact assessments prior to construction. China's State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) used the legislation to halt 30 projects in 2004, including three hydro-power plants under the Three Gorges Project Company. Although one month later (Note as a point of reference, that the typical EIA for a major project in

858-457: A year, though this project was stopped on the grounds of possible soil and air pollution. Air Liquide acquired the 42,000 tons/day oxygen production in 2020, with plans for 900 MW power plants to reduce CO 2 emissions. The Sasol III Steam Plant has a 301 m (988 ft) tall chimney built by Concor , which consists of a 292 m (958 ft) high windshield and four 300 m (980 ft) reinforced concrete flues which together with

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936-535: Is 1.031 Kcal/kg, seam depths are 50 – 175 m, moisture content 53%, ash content 20% and sulfur content 1.2%. Electricity exports to the EU will be subject to the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism from 2026 unless Turkey implements its own carbon price. Energy thinktank Shura suggests that people whose jobs are at risk of this could be offered retraining or early retirement. Article 56 of

1014-480: Is addressed via bilateral agreements or one-off accreditation of state processes, as provided for in the EPBC Act. The EPBC Act provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places. It defines this as matters of "national environmental significance". The following are the nine matters of such significance: In addition to this,

1092-472: Is completed in a timely manner; (g) to ensure that projects, as defined in section 66, that are to be carried out on federal lands, or those that are outside Canada and that are to be carried out or financially supported by a federal authority, are considered in a careful and precautionary manner to avoid significant adverse environmental effects; (h) to encourage federal authorities to take actions that promote sustainable development in order to achieve or maintain

1170-485: Is not done in Turkey, but opponents of the expansion estimate that the extra air pollution could lead to an additional 1900 premature deaths. This was estimated by using CALPUFF to model dispersion of NO 2 , SO 2 and PM2.5 ; and deposition of mercury was also estimated. According to the EIA 28 million tonnes of CO2 may be emitted per year, far more than the largest Turkish greenhouse gas emitter in 2022, which

1248-450: Is not known what pollution sources will be granted exemptions.(see FAQ). According to Greenpeace many people in nearby villages, such as Çoğalhan and Altınelma , complain of asthma . Çoğulhan has 3 times the SO2 level of Elbistan. Climate Trace has estimated 2023 local air pollution from the A plant at: 120t PM 2.5 , 9.35Kt NO x , and 10.52Kt SO 2 . According to Çelikler

1326-426: Is to ensure a sustainable economic development that meets present needs without compromising future generations ability to meet their own needs. EIA is an important tool in the integrated environmental management approach. EIA must be performed for new establishments or projects and for expansions or renovations of existing establishments according to the Law for the Environment. A wide range of instruments exist in

1404-624: Is used to govern development and approval process, this system is a mixture of the Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act 1994 (Tas) (EMPC Act), Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 (Tas) (LUPA Act), State Policies and Projects Act 1993 (Tas) (SPPA), and Resource Management and Planning Appeals Tribunal Act 1993 (Tas). The EIA process in Victoria is intertwined with the Environment Effects Act 1978 (Vic) and

1482-704: The Navigable Waters Protection Act and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act ", along with gutting existing laws and making cuts to science and research, "will be disastrous, not only for the environment but also for Canadians' health and economic prosperity." On 26 September 2012, Leslie argued that with the changes to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act that came into effect 6 July 2012, " seismic testing , dams, wind farms and power plants" no longer required any federal environmental assessment. She also claimed that because

1560-528: The Electricity Generation Company (EUAŞ) . The plant burns lignite from Kışlaköy coal mine (mostly transported by lorry ) and sometimes from other mines. Built between 2004 and 2005 Afşin-Elbistan B is the largest single coal-fired power station in Turkey and is estimated to emit almost 8 million tonnes CO 2 per year, over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions . Opponents said in 2020 that ash retention filters were disabled on

1638-672: The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) for 'controlled actions'. South Australia (SA) The local governing tool for EIA in South Australia is the Development Act 1993 (SA). There are three levels of assessment possible under the Act in the form of an environment impact statement (EIS), a public environmental report (PER) or a Development Report (DR). In Tasmania, an integrated system of legislation

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1716-829: The Environmental policy of the European Union . Among them the European Union has established a mix of mandatory and discretionary procedures to assess environmental impacts. Directive (85/337/EEC) on Environmental Impact Assessments (known as the EIA Directive ) was first introduced in 1985, amended in 1997, amended again in 2003 following EU signature of the 1998 Aarhus Convention , and once more in 2009. The initial Directive of 1985 and its three amendments have been codified in Directive 2011/92/EU of 13 December 2011. In 2001,

1794-609: The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline . Thomas R. Berger , Royal Commissioner of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (9 May 1977), worked extremely hard to ensure that industrial development on Aboriginal people 's land resulted in benefits to those indigenous people . On 22 April 2013, NDP MP Megan Leslie issued a statement claiming that the Harper government 's recent changes to "fish habitat protection,

1872-551: The Paris Agreement to limit climate change , the plans to build the C plant should be immediately abandoned. In 2021 the C plant was cancelled. In 2024 the mayors of Elbistan and nearby Nurhak opposed the proposed expansion of the A plant. According to a 2020 survey from nearby Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University most locals say they have chronic illness, and almost all believe that environmental protection measures taken by power plant managers are insufficient. Opponents of

1950-540: The Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey the power stations have caused over 17 thousand premature deaths as of 2024. The Health and Environment Alliance estimate almost one hundred thousand cases of bronchitis have been caused, mostly in children. There is an air quality monitoring station in Elbistan , which is 22 km away from the power stations, and its data is public: however data from air quality monitoring 3 km from

2028-619: The Supreme Court of Canada described environmental impact assessment in terms of the proper scope of federal jurisdiction with respect to environments matters, "Environmental impact assessment is, in its simplest form, a planning tool that is now generally regarded as an integral component of sound decision-making." Supreme Court Justice La Forest cited ( Cotton & Emond 1981 , p. 245), "The basic concepts behind environmental assessment are simply stated: (1) early identification and evaluation of all potential environmental consequences of

2106-565: The apartheid era. Two ANC attacks (and their aftermath) were dramatized in the 2006 film Catch a Fire . 26°33′13.3″S 29°09′56.7″E  /  26.553694°S 29.165750°E  / -26.553694; 29.165750 Af%C5%9Fin-Elbistan C power station The Afşin-Elbistan power stations are two coal-fired power stations in Turkey , in Afşin District in Kahramanmaraş Province . Both Afşin-Elbistan A, built in

2184-410: The environmental impact assessment . Afşin-Elbistan A is a 1355 MW lignite -fired power station, owned by Çelikler Holding . The National Energy Plan published in 2023 forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030, but did not say where. In 2024 Çelikler was considering buying two cheap second-hand steam turbines from shut down American nuclear plants , but

2262-413: The 1980s, and the newer Afşin-Elbistan B burn lignite from the nearby Elbistan coalfield . Air pollution, such as sulfur dioxide , is trapped by surrounding mountains, and Greenpeace alleges that levels of particulates and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere have exceeded legal limits. The Environment Ministry has not released flue gas measurements , and there is no recent public data from

2340-563: The A plant and mine employed 1450 people, mostly local, in 2024. The C plant was planned to operate for 35 years and was proposed to be funded by the Turkey Wealth Fund (TWF), the country's sovereign wealth fund , being a major partner. This is in accordance with the energy policy of Turkey , which prioritises local sources of energy to reduce coal and natural gas imports, partly in order to maintain energy security . Verus Partners advised on finance, but despite low production costs,

2418-697: The ACT on Commonwealth land under the EPBC Act (Cth). Further provisions of the Australian Capital Territory (Planning and Land Management) Act 1988 (Cth) may also be applicable particularly to national land and "designated areas". In New South Wales, the Environment Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) establishes two pathways for EIA. The first is under Division 5.2 of the EP&;A Act, which provides for EIA of 'State Significant Infrastructure' projects (from June 2011, this Part replaced

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2496-410: The C power station was cancelled. Like some other power stations in Turkey the proposed three units of 600 MW for Afşin C were planned to be state-owned. Estimated to cost 17.3 billion lira (2,470,000 USD), at planned capacity 11 TWh per year (about 3%) of the nation's electricity would have been generated by burning 23 million tonnes of Turkish lignite annually. The site, on

2574-649: The CEAA 2012—which she claimed was rushed through Parliament—dismantled the CEAA 1995, the Oshawa ethanol plant project would no longer have a full federal environmental assessment. Mr. Peter Kent (Minister of the Environment) explained that the CEAA 2012 "provides for the Government of Canada and the Environmental Assessment Agency to focus on the large and most significant projects that are being proposed across

2652-651: The EIA procedures were introduced at a State Level prior to that of the Commonwealth (Federal), with a majority of the states having divergent views to the Commonwealth. One of the pioneering states was New South Wales, whose State Pollution Control Commission issued EIA guidelines in 1974. At a Commonwealth (i.e. Federal) level, this was followed by passing of the Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) in 1974. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act) superseded

2730-496: The EPBC Act aims at providing a streamlined national assessment and approval process for activities. These activities could be by the Commonwealth, or its agents, anywhere in the world or activities on Commonwealth land; and activities that are listed as having a 'significant impact' on matters of 'national environment significance'. The EPBC Act comes into play when a person (a proponent) wants an action (often called "a proposal" or "a project") assessed for environmental impacts under

2808-488: The EPBC Act, he or she must refer the project to the Department of the Environment and Energy (Commonwealth). This referral is then released to the public and the relevant state, territory and Commonwealth ministers, for comment on whether the project is likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance. The Department of the Environment and Energy assess the process and makes recommendation to

2886-568: The Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act 1974 (Cth) and is the current central piece for EIA in Australia on a Commonwealth (i.e. Federal) level. An important point to note is that this federal legislation does not override the validity of the States or Territories environmental and development assessments and approvals; rather the EPBC Act runs as a parallel to the State/Territory Systems. Overlap between federal and state requirements

2964-814: The Inquiries Act 1985 (NT). There are four main EIA processes in Queensland. Firstly, under the Integrated Planning Act 1997 (IPA) for development projects other than mining. Secondly, under the Chapter 3 of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld) (EP Act) for some mining and petroleum activities. Thirdly, under the State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971 (Qld) (State Development Act) for 'significant projects'. Finally, under

3042-704: The Ministerial Guidelines for Assessment of Environmental Effects (made under the s 10 of the EE Act). Part 4 of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (WA) provides the legislative framework for the EIA process in Western Australia. The EPA Act oversees the planning and development proposals and assesses their likely impacts on the environment. In Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transportation) ,( SCC 1992 ) La Forest J of

3120-638: The USA takes one to two years.), most of the 30 halted projects resumed their construction, reportedly having passed the environmental assessment, the fact that these key projects' construction was ever suspended was notable. A joint investigation by SEPA and the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2004 showed that 30–40% of the mining construction projects went through the procedure of environment impact assessment as required, while in some areas only 6–7% did so. This partly explains why China has witnessed so many mining accidents in recent years. SEPA alone cannot guarantee

3198-548: The area. The coalfield also has D and E sectors but, although D and E power stations were planned in the early 21st century, these are not in use. Kışlaköy Coal Mine or Afşin Elbistan Mine is a lignite mine in Elbistan coalfield . The largest operating lignite mine in Turkey, it is open pit and can produce 7 million tonnes a year, which feeds the Afşin-Elbistan power stations. The average energy value of coal

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3276-510: The assessment is to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical , social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made". EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to

3354-483: The border in Afşin district, is near the two existing Afşin-Elbistan power stations. In 2019, compulsory purchase of the land was authorised by President Erdoğan , and diversion of Hurman Creek would have allowed more access to Elbistan coalfield as well as supplying the plant's cooling water. In 2021 negotiations with Chinese companies continued. But later in 2021 China stopped funding overseas coal power. The station

3432-889: The components of the environment that are within the legislative authority of Parliament from significant adverse environmental effects caused by a designated project; (b) to ensure that designated projects that require the exercise of a power or performance of a duty or function by a federal authority under any Act of Parliament other than this Act to be carried out, are considered in a careful and precautionary manner to avoid significant adverse environmental effects; (c) to promote cooperation and coordinated action between federal and provincial governments with respect to environmental assessments; (d) to promote communication and cooperation with aboriginal peoples with respect to environmental assessments; (e) to ensure that opportunities are provided for meaningful public participation during an environmental assessment; (f) to ensure that an environmental assessment

3510-517: The constitution says that “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution.” [1] In 2024 Human Rights Watch alleged that the existing power stations and proposed expansion contravene the constitution and violate the human rights of nearby residents by damaging their health. According to

3588-482: The country." The 2,000 to 3,000-plus smaller screenings that were in effect under CEAA 1995 became the "responsibility of lower levels of government but are still subject to the same strict federal environmental laws ." Anne Minh-Thu Quach, MP for Beauharnois—Salaberry, QC, argued that the mammoth budget bill dismantled 50 years of environmental protection without consulting Canadians about the "colossal changes they are making to environmental assessments." She claimed that

3666-474: The earthquakes . The plant burns lignite , which is transported by conveyor belt from the nearby Kışlaköy coal mine . After burning 2% of the lignite remains as slag and 18% as fly ash, and a new landfill site was planned for both of these in 2019. Use of modified fly ash in concrete has been suggested. Afşin-Elbistan B is a 1440MW coal-fired power station in Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province , state owned by

3744-553: The effects of a proposed development or construction project. EIA provides technical evaluations that are intended to contribute to more objective decision making. In the United States, EIA obtained formal status in 1969, with the enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). EIAs have been used increasingly around the world. The number of environmental assessments filed every year "has vastly overtaken

3822-617: The eight matters of national environmental significance, regardless of any other undesirable environmental impacts. This is primarily due to the division of powers between the states and the Federal government, and the Australian Government environment minister not being able to overturn a state decision. There are strict civil and criminal penalties for the breach of EPBC Act. Depending on the kind of breach, civil penalty (maximum) may go up to $ 550,000 for an individual and $ 5.5 million for

3900-399: The federal government is entering into "limited consultations, by invitation only, months after the damage was done." The Environmental Impact Assessment Law (EIA Law) requires that an environmental impact assessment be completed prior to project construction. However, if a developer completely ignores this requirement and builds a project without submitting an environmental impact statement,

3978-468: The fuel oil system was replaced by gas and dry flue gas filters were completed; wet flue gas filters were completed in 2021. In 2022 a study found levels of chromium and nickel in the soil exceeding regulations and the Climate Change Policy and Research Association alleged that the plant was operating illegally according to environmental laws. Little power was generated in 2023 due to damage by

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4056-458: The full enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, observed Professor Wang Canfa , director of the centre to help environmental victims at China University of Political Science and Law . In fact, according to Wang, the rate of China's environmental laws and regulations that are actually enforced is estimated at barely 10%. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) EIA is implemented in Egypt under

4134-403: The issue was enlarged to include the assessment of plans and programmes by the so-called Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive (2001/42/EC), which was amended by Directive 2014/52/EU of 16 April 2014. Under the EU directive, a compliant EIA must provide certain information in seven key areas: In 2021, ESG reporting requirements changed in the EU and UK. The EU started enforcing

4212-506: The largest and most important projects, regardless of public opposition." "Now that federal environmental assessments are gone, the federal government will only assess very large, very important projects. But it's going to do them in a hurry." Dianne Saxe On 3 August 2012 the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency designated nine projects: Saxe compares these timelines with environmental assessments for

4290-467: The latest emission control technologies . But, according to campaign group Right to Clean Air Platform , it would still have resulted in thousands of early deaths over the lifetime of the plant. Cooling water would have been supplied from Hurman Creek via the Karakuz Dam, (which was completed in 2024 ). According to Climate Action Network Europe the plant would have increased the risk of drought in

4368-399: The legislative basis for the federal practice of environmental assessment in most regions of Canada." CEAA 2012 came into force July 6, 2012 and replaces the former Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (1995). EA is defined as a planning tool to identify, understand, assess and mitigate, where possible, the environmental effects of a project. "The purposes of this Act are: (a) to protect

4446-583: The main opposition Republican People's Party , spoke out against the proposed C plant and asked in a parliamentary question why it should be built on agricultural land. Environmentalists claimed the country already had too much electricity generating capacity and contended that the plant would damage local water resources. Environmental and public health groups criticised the proposed C plant EIA for describing coal as clean energy and, in February 2020, thousands of people filed petitions against its approval: but it

4524-405: The minister or the delegate for the feasibility. The final discretion on the decision remains of the minister, which is not solely based on matters of national environmental significance but also on the consideration of social and economic impact of the project. The Australian Government Minister for the Environment and Energy cannot intervene in a proposal if it has no significant impact on one of

4602-525: The nearest air quality monitor . As of 2023 official health impact assessment is not done in Turkey, but the Right to Clean Air Platform estimates that the power station air pollution has killed over 17 thousand people. The National Energy Plan published in 2023 forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030, but did not say where. As of 2024 Çelikler Holding want to build more coal power , despite public opposition, and are awaiting official approval or rejection of

4680-405: The number of more rigorous Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)." An environmental assessment is a "mini-Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) designed to provide sufficient information to allow the agency to decide whether the preparation of a full-blown Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is necessary." General and industry specific assessment methods are available including: At the end of

4758-513: The only penalty is that the environmental protection bureau (EPB) may require the developer to do a make-up environmental assessment. If the developer does not complete this make-up assessment within the designated time, only then is the EPB authorized to fine the developer. Even so, the possible fine is capped at a maximum of about US$ 25,000, a fraction of the overall cost of most major projects. The lack of more stringent enforcement mechanisms has resulted in

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4836-521: The plants say that: "a significant portion of the people living in Afşin Elbistan are struggling with cancer or respiratory tract diseases ." Coal power in Turkey Environmental impact assessment Environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) is the assessment of the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with

4914-401: The power stations is not public. Health and Environment Alliance estimate that phasing out coal by 2030, instead of when the A and B power plant licences end in 2038 and 2052 respectively, would prevent over 2000 premature deaths. There is a pollutant release and transfer register , but as of September 2024 no years are publicly searchable because it is not yet technically complete, and it

4992-542: The pretext that they are expensive to clean. An environmental impact report for proposed ash and slag storage was approved in 2020. By 2021 unit 3 had been converted to gas. The plant stopped running late-September 2024, and due to lack of coal due to a mine landslide it was predicted not to run until some time in 2025. In 2021 environmental group TEMA Foundation said that air quality measurements had not been taken in Karamanmaraş for almost 11 months of 2020, and that it

5070-611: The previous Part 3A, which previously covered EIA of major projects). The second is under Part 4 of the EP&A Act dealing with development assessments for local, regional, and State Significant Developments (other than State Significant Infrastructure). The EIA process in Northern Territory is chiefly administered under the Environmental Assessment Act (EAA). Although EAA is the primary tool for EIA in Northern Territory, there are further provisions for proposals in

5148-616: The private sector was not interested, as the coal is low-quality. The TWF claimed the plant would have an economic life of 35 years, create "serious employment", and Vice President Fuat Oktay said in 2020 that it would reduce the current account deficit . According to Greenpeace local farmers say ash has reduced their crop yields. In 2024 Greenpeace argued that the proposed 36b lira investment in new coal power would be better spent on solar power and energy storage . The Afşin-Elbistan C EIA estimated CO 2 emissions would be more than 60 million tonnes of CO 2 per year: and it

5226-556: The project, an audit evaluates the accuracy of the EIA by comparing actual to predicted impacts. The objective is to make future EIAs more valid and effective. Two primary considerations are: Audits can be performed either as a rigorous assessment of the null hypothesis or with a simpler approach comparing what actually occurred against the predictions in the EIA document. After an EIA, the precautionary and polluter pays principles may be applied to decide whether to reject, modify or require strict liability or insurance coverage to

5304-605: The proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term " strategic environmental assessment " (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state. It is a tool of environmental management forming a part of project approval and decision-making. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review. The purpose of

5382-598: The umbrella of the Ministry of state for environmental affairs. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) is responsible for the EIA services. In June 1997, the responsibility of Egypt's first full-time Minister of State for Environmental Affairs was assigned as stated in the Presidential Decree no.275/1997. From thereon, the new ministry has focused, in close collaboration with the national and international development partners, on defining environmental policies, setting priorities and implementing initiatives within

5460-405: Was ZETES power stations at 15 million tonnes. Brought online from 1984 to 1987 Afşin-Elbistan A is one of the largest installed capacity coal-fired power stations in Turkey and is estimated to emit over 8 million tonnes of CO 2 per year, over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions . It was depicted on the reverse of the 5000 lira banknotes of 1990–1994. In 2004 or 2005 an EIA

5538-420: Was accepted by the government. For comparison, total annual greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey are less than 575 million tonnes; thus about a tenth of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey would have been from the planned power station. Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide means the public will know the level of emissions almost in real time. Ali Öztunç, local MP and environment spokesperson for

5616-628: Was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation in March. In 2021 an expert report commissioned by the Maraş Regional Administrative Court said that the EIA positive decision given to Afşin-Elbistan C was faulty as it failed to accurately assess the project's environmental pollution and impact on agricultural activities, water basins and human health. Environmental group TEMA Foundation said that, as Turkey had recently ratified

5694-522: Was concerned that the plant would add to the industrial pollution of the Aksu and Ceyhan rivers. In March 2019 Greenpeace projected the message "These chimneys are spitting poison" onto the plant, to publicise their earlier report claiming that, together with neighbouring Afşin-Elbistan B, the plants were responsible for 17,000 premature deaths. The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot. According to energy analyst Haluk Direskeneli, writing in 2019, FGD

5772-499: Was done re rehabilitation and FGD. The plant was shut down in January 2020 due to local air pollution, but reopened later in 2020. Delivery of FGD parts was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic but the filters were installed in 2021. In January 2019 locals complained that the plant had been restarted causing ash pollution visible in the snow, and local MP Sefer Aycan said in parliament he

5850-546: Was not installed and electrostatic precipitation was inadequate, and "it is futile to repair this power plant". The plant was shut down in January 2020 as it did not meet the flue gas emission limits which came into force that month. Çelikler planned to have filters installed by June 2020. The plant reopened but complaints of air pollution continued, and in October 2021 it was said by opposition MP Ali Öztunç to be still operating without filters due to company lobbying . In 2020

5928-400: Was planned to run almost 7000 hours per year to generate 11,380 GWh. By using a supercritical boiler , the plant would have been more efficient and emitted less local air pollution than all other large (over 400 MW) local lignite-fuelled power stations in Turkey , as they use subcritical boilers. According to the Turkey Wealth Fund , the plant would have been environmentally friendly, using

6006-435: Was unsure whether suitable steam boilers which could cope with Turkish lignite could be found, as large electrostatic precipitators and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) would be needed. As of September 2024 the environmental impact assessment (EIA) which began in 2022 of adding such 4th and 5th units totalling about 700 MW is still being considered by the government. As of 2023 official health impact assessment

6084-584: Was very worrying that the plants continued to operate on temporary permits without the necessary environmental improvements. Afşin-Elbistan C was a planned 1800- MW coal-fired power station , which was proposed to be funded by the Turkey Wealth Fund and built by a state-owned mining company to be called Maden Holding. According to the EIA the plant would have burned 23 million tonnes of lignite annually, and emitted over 61 million tonnes of CO 2 each year for 35 years. However, in 2021 Turkey targeted net zero carbon emissions by 2053, and in 2022

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