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24-545: The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century. The extant Permic languages are: The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as Finno-Permic languages , along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and Ugric languages together made up the Finno-Ugric family . However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and

48-725: A Finnic language , has been dated to the beginning of the 13th century and Finnish as a written language appeared only after the Reformation in 1543. Lytkin's 1952 work is often considered the authoritative source of documentation for this script. There are 24 primary characters, along with 10 secondary characters that are subordinate to the primary characters. There are also some combining marks that may have been used for phonological purposes, in addition to some combining letters from Latin and Cyrillic that have been found as well. Spaces, middle dots, and semi-apostrophes have also been seen as punctuation in documents. A Cyrillic combining titlo

72-608: A subject–object–verb order. Most modern texts, however, possess a subject-verb-object word order, due to heavy Russian language influence and the resulting calques . The following sample text displays the Anbur , Cyrillic (modern) and Latin lyrical text from the Komi-Zyryan folk song "Kačaśinjas" ( Daisies ). The first verse of the song and the refrain, as written in the Anbur Script: The second verse and refrain, as written in

96-568: A number of other clusters of the shape voiced consonant +/m/, while Komi-Zyryan adds a number of clusters of the shape voiced consonant +/j/. The verb root for 'to come': Udmurt лыкты- /lɯktɯ-/ , Komi локты- /loktɯ-/ also shows alternation to plain /k/ in e.g. the imperative (in Udmurt only dialectally). Old Permic The Old Permic script ( Komi : Важ Перым гижӧм , 𐍮‎𐍐𐍕 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒𐍙𐍕𐍞𐍜 ‎, Važ Perym gižöm ), sometimes known by its initial two characters as Abur or Anbur ,

120-506: A puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of close vowels , one of which results in modern /i ɯ u/ in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt /e ɯ u/ to Komi /e ə o/ (but /i ʉ u/ in the Komi-Yazva language ). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length ( *u, *uː ), tenseness ( *ʊ, *u ) and height ( *u, *o ). Here

144-536: Is Komi-Permyak . Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia . There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010. It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in

168-505: Is a "highly idiosyncratic adaptation" of the Cyrillic script once used to write medieval Komi (a member of the Permic branch of Finno-Ugric languages). The script was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stephen of Perm , in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur . The script derived from Cyrillic and Greek , with Komi " Tamga " signs,

192-472: Is absent in the modern Komi language. U u A a Letters particular to the Molodtsov alphabet include ԁ , ԃ , ԅ , ԇ , ԉ , ԋ , ԍ , ԏ , most of which represent palatalized consonants. There are no diphthongs, although vowel sequences can occur at morpheme boundaries. The phoneme /ɨ/ is phonetically [ɯ̈] , and /a/ is phonetically [ä] . There is noticeable positional allophony, depending on

216-454: Is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages. Komi has merged original *w into /ʋ/ and undergone a word-final a change *l → /ʋ/ ~ /w/ in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially *r → /d͡ʒ/ or /d͡ʑ/ . *ŋ is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become /m/ next to back vowels , /n/ next to central vowels, /ɲ/ next to front vowels . In later Russian loanwords,

240-576: Is the vowel table used in Wiktionary: Beserman *wo- > ўа- Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и dialectal Udmurt Noun roots in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with

264-613: Is used to indicate numerals. Old Permic (U+10350–1037F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. Komi language Komi ( коми кыв , komi kyv ), also known as Zyran , Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan ( зыран коми кыв , zyran komi kyv ), is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permian languages ; the other regional variety

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288-709: The Russian language . April 26, which is the feast day of Stephen of Perm, is celebrated as Old Permic Alphabet Day. The Abur inscriptions are among the oldest relics of the Uralic languages . Only one of them has earlier documents: Hungarian , which had been written using the Old Hungarian script first before the Latin script was used after 1000. For comparison, an isolated birch bark letter , found in Novgorod and written in Cyrillic in

312-400: The 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century. Komi has ten dialects: Syktyvkardin ( Sysola ), Lower Ežva (Vychegda), Central Ežva (Vychegda), Upper Ežva (Vychegda), Luz-let, Upper Sysola , Pećöra , Iźva , Vym , and Udora dialects. Syktyvkardin is spoken in the region of Syktyvkar and forms

336-673: The 1920s, the language was written in the Molodtsov alphabet , which also derived from Cyrillic. In the 1930s, during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union , Komi was briefly written with a version of the Latin script . Since the 1940s it uses the Russian-based Cyrillic alphabet with the additional letters І , і and Ӧ , ӧ . Ԃ ԃ O o Ԅ ԅ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ - - /ɔ/ "open o" Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ 𐍔 ‎ - - /ɛ/ "open e" Open "e"

360-502: The Zyrians and the Udmurts . Proto-Uralic word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages. A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of the voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants. The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as: This inventory

384-448: The canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ. In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms : Udmurt has similar alternation for

408-722: The consonants /f x t͡s/ may occur. The consonant *w was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial *k , generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series. An exceptional word is the numeral "six", *kwatʲ , which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster. Literary Komi and literary Udmurt both possess a seven-vowel system /i ɯ u e ə o a/ . These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from Proto-Uralic has always been

432-403: The latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras because they were created by incisions rather than by usual writing. The inclusion of the latter aided the script to greater acceptance among the medieval Permic speakers of the time. The script was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script . Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for

456-488: The model for the generic standard dialect of the language. Dialects are divided based primarily on their use of /v/ and /l/ : The start of the change date to the 17th century. It is not seen in the oldest Komi texts from the 14th century, nor in loanwords from Komi to Khanty , dated to the 16th; though it fully occurred before Russian loanwords that entered the language in the 18th century as /l/ remains unchanged in these. Some dialects are further distinguished based on

480-597: The north, west and south, and the Urals in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century. The word Permian was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the Zyrians , and the Russians later began using the appellation Zyrian . From the 19th century, the word Permian was used in scholarly writing to designate

504-407: The palatalized alveolars /dʲ tʲ/ , which have unpacked in syllable-final position as clusters /jd jt/ . The Old Permic script is the first writing system for Komi. It was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stephen of Perm . The alphabet resembled medieval Greek and Cyrillic . The script was also known as Anbur (Komi: 𐍐𐍝𐍑𐍣𐍠 ‎, Анбур), named for the first 2 letters of

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528-534: The relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain. The word Permian can be traced back philologically to the Russian word Perem (Перемь) or Perm (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles. The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the Dvina River , as well as the area bounded by the Pechora , Vychegda and Kama rivers in

552-513: The script, " an " & " bur " (𐍐 & 𐍑, respectively). It is no longer in use today, though it has received Unicode Support as "Old Permic" in recent times. The script saw use in Komi-inhabited areas, primarily the Principality of Great Perm and parts of Bjarmaland . In the 16th century, this alphabet was replaced by the Russian alphabet with certain modifications for affricates. In

576-399: The surrounding consonants, however no allophone overlaps with another vowel phoneme. Komi has 17 cases, with a rich inventory of locative cases. Like other Uralic languages, Komi has no gender. Verbs agree with subjects in person and number (sg/pl). Negation is expressed with an auxiliary verb, which is inflected for person, number and tense. Komi is an agglutinative language and adheres to

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