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20-403: The script was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stephen of Perm , in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur . The script derived from Cyrillic and Greek , with Komi " Tamga " signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras because they were created by incisions rather than by usual writing. The inclusion of

40-762: A neologism in several chapters of a contemporary hagiography of Cyril (then named Constantine), most prominently when recounting a disputation in Venice in AD 867 while he and Methodius were en route to the Holy See , bringing relics of Pope Clement I and hoping to resolve a jurisdictional dispute in Great Moravia with Latin Rite missionaries sent by the Bishop of Salzburg . In St. Mark's Square , hostile clerics (branded "Latin accomplices" of

60-559: A straw man invented by Orthodox supporters of autocephaly or national churches , but never actually promoted by the Papacy or Constantinople. Riccardo Picchio regards the Venetian story as apocryphal. The Council of Tours 813 had mandated homilies in the vernacular (Romance or German). For other parts of the Catholic Mass , widespread use of the vernacular rather than Latin came after

80-523: A cathedral cleric in the town. Early on, Stephen mastered the reading and writing of the Russian language and became a lector. Stephen took his monastic vows in Rostov , where he learned Greek and learned his trade as a copyist. He befriended Epihanius , who became the biographer of Sergius of Radonezh ( c.  1314–1392 ) and later Stephen as well. He also befriended Sergius, though he would not become

100-519: A disciple of his. Around 1370, Stephen began creating an alphabet for the Zyrians, without the influence of Russian on it, despite the prevalence of the trilingual heresy in some Byzantine and Russian circles. In 1376, he voyaged to lands along the Vychegda and Vym rivers, and it was then that he engaged in the conversion of the Zyrians (Komi peoples). Rather than imposing Latin or Church Slavonic on

120-404: A text that praises Stephen for his evangelical activities, and styles him the "creator of Permian letters". Trilingual heresy In Slavic Christianity , the trilingual heresy or Pilatian heresy (less pejoratively trilingualism ) is the idea that Biblical Hebrew , Greek , and Latin are the only valid liturgical languages or languages in which one may praise God . Trilingualism

140-615: Is known as being one of the most successful missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church. Stephen is credited with the conversion of the Komi peoples to Christianity . He settled in Ust-Vym and became the first bishop of Perm in 1383. Stephen also created the Old Permic script , which makes him the founding father of Permian written tradition. "The Enlightener of Perm" or the "Apostle of

160-541: Is used to indicate numerals. Old Permic (U+10350–1037F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0. Stephen of Perm Stephen of Perm ( Russian : Стефан Пермский , romanized :  Stefan Permsky ; Komi : Перымса Степан , romanized:  Perymsa Stepan ; c.  1340 – 26 April 1396) was a Russian Orthodox bishop, painter and missionary . He

180-593: The Reformation in 1543. Lytkin's 1952 work is often considered the authoritative source of documentation for this script. There are 24 primary characters, along with 10 secondary characters that are subordinate to the primary characters. There are also some combining marks that may have been used for phonological purposes, in addition to some combining letters from Latin and Cyrillic that have been found as well. Spaces, middle dots, and semi-apostrophes have also been seen as punctuation in documents. A Cyrillic combining titlo

200-665: The Uralic languages . Only one of them has earlier documents: Hungarian , which had been written using the Old Hungarian script first before the Latin script was used after 1000. For comparison, an isolated birch bark letter , found in Novgorod and written in Cyrillic in a Finnic language , has been dated to the beginning of the 13th century and Finnish as a written language appeared only after

220-598: The Permians", as he is sometimes called, is commemorated by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches on 26 April. Epiphanius the Wise wrote about his life in The Life of Stephen of Perm . Stephen was born around 1340 in the town of Ustyug in northern Russia. The region was populated by the native Komi , also known as Zyrians or western Permians, with a minority of Russians. His father was

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240-621: The Slavonic liturgy. A generation later, Chernorizets Hrabar 's defence of the Glagolitic script used to write Old Church Slavonic, likewise, deprecates trilingualism on the basis that the Slavs would never have been converted if their own language had not been used. Papal edicts of 870 and 880 endorsed Slavonic liturgy, whereas others of the same era do not. Ihor Ševčenko points out that Isidore of Seville had written that Hebrew, Greek, and Latin were

260-485: The Wise , Sergius of Radonezh , and the great painter Andrei Rublev , signified "the Russian spiritual and cultural revival of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century". Indeed, Stephen's life encapsulates both the political and religious expansion of "Muscovite" Russia. Stephen's life was in fact commemorated in the writings of the aforementioned Epiphanius, who famously wrote the Panegyric to Saint Stephen of Perm ,

280-447: The devil ) "assembled against [Constantine] like ravens against a falcon and raised the trilingual heresy". Constantine defeated them by citing scripture and by pointing to the many precedents of Oriental Orthodox churches with vernacular liturgy. Elsewhere Constantine points out that Pontius Pilate (hence "Pilatian" heresy) used Hebrew, Greek, and Latin for the inscription on Christ's cross . In Rome Pope Adrian II duly approved

300-480: The indigenous pagan populace, as all the contemporary missionaries did, Stephen learnt their language and traditions and worked out a distinct writing system for their use, creating the second oldest writing system for a Uralic language. Although his destruction of pagan idols (e.g., holy birches ) earned him the wrath of some Permians, the metropolitan of Kiev , Pimen , created the bishopric of Perm in 1383 and consecrated Stephen as its first bishop . The effect of

320-599: The languages of "sacred law". Adrian II's support for Cyril and Methodius has been interpreted as motivated a desire to check the influence of the Bishop of Salzburg, or avoid a dispute with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople to whom Cyril and Methodius were responsible. A converse suggestion is that trilingualism was invented by the Salzburg lobby to attack Cyril and Methodius. Some historians regard trilingualism as

340-467: The latter aided the script to greater acceptance among the medieval Permic speakers of the time. The script was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script . Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language . April 26, which is the feast day of Stephen of Perm, is celebrated as Old Permic Alphabet Day. The Abur inscriptions are among the oldest relics of

360-501: The new bishopric and the conversion of the Vychegda Perm threatened the control that Novgorod had been enjoying over the region's tribute. In 1385, Aleksei, the archbishop of Novgorod ( r.  1359–1388 ), sent a Novgorodian army to oust the new establishment, but the new bishopric, with the help of the city of Ustyug, was able to defeat it. In 1386, Stephen visited Novgorod, and the city and its archbishop formally acknowledged

380-705: The new situation. Subsequently, the region's tribute became the luxury of Moscow. These events had immense repercussions for the future of northern Russia, and formed but one part of a larger trend which saw more and more of the Finnic North and its precious pelts passing from the control of Novgorod to Moscow . Stephen died in Moscow on 26 April 1396. He was canonized as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1549. The historian Serge Aleksandrovich Zenkovsky wrote that Stephen of Perm, along with Epiphanius

400-401: Was rejected in the 850s by Saints Cyril and Methodius , Byzantine brothers and missionaries who introduced a Christian liturgy in the vernacular of their Slavic converts, a language now called Old Church Slavonic . The idea originates as Old Church Slavonic Трьѧзычьници́ , ( Trĭẽzyčĭnici ), literally meaning "threefold paganism " rather than "threefold heresy ". It appears as

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