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48-397: Wise , as a word, refers to someone with wisdom . Wise may also refer to: Wisdom Wisdom ( sapience , sagacity ) is the use of one's knowledge and experience to make good judgements. Wisdom is the interpreting and understanding of knowledge that leads to greater insight (e.g., common sense ). Wisdom is a pragmatic kind of " praxis (process) " where one

96-501: A Thousand Faces . The character Master Yoda from the films evokes the trope of the wise sage or "Oriental Monk", and he is frequently quoted, analogously to Chinese thinkers or Eastern sages in general. Psychologist D. W. Kreger's book The Tao of Yoda adapts the wisdom of the Tao Te Ching in relation to Yoda's thinking. Knowledge is canonically considered one of the pillars of the films' Jedi knights , something expanded upon in

144-596: A balance between them. Yoda is known to be emotionally expressive, to share a good joke with others, but also to recognize sorrow and his past mistakes". In many cultures, the name for third molars, which are the last teeth to grow, is etymologically linked with wisdom, as in the English wisdom tooth . This nickname originated from the classical tradition—the Hippocratic writings used the term sóphronistér (in Greek , related to

192-409: A capital W) is considered in a religious context. It transcends mere practical wisdom and may include deep understanding of self , interconnectedness, conditioned origination, and phenomenological insight. A person with this type of wisdom can act with appropriate judgment , a broad understanding of situations, and greater appreciation/compassion towards other living beings. The word sapience

240-1098: A certain way. He was the first to make the distinction between phronesis and sophia . According to Plato and Xenophon , the Pythia of the Delphic Oracle answered the question "who is the wisest man in Greece?" by stating Socrates was the wisest. According to Plato's Apology , Socrates decided to investigate the people who might be considered wiser than him, concluding they lacked true knowledge: τούτου μὲν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐγὼ σοφώτερός εἰμι: κινδυνεύει μὲν γὰρ ἡμῶν οὐδέτερος οὐδὲν καλὸν κἀγαθὸν εἰδέναι, ἀλλ᾽ οὗτος μὲν οἴεταί τι εἰδέναι οὐκ εἰδώς, ἐγὼ δέ, ὥσπερ οὖν οὐκ οἶδα, οὐδὲ οἴομαι: ἔοικα γοῦν τούτου γε σμικρῷ τινι αὐτῷ τούτῳ σοφώτερος εἶναι, ὅτι ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι. I am wiser than this man; for neither of us really knows anything fine and good, but this man thinks he knows something when he does not, whereas I, as I do not know anything, do not think I do either. This became immortalized in

288-534: A deity emanating from Ahura ( Amesha Spenta ). It is related to another ahura deity, Spenta Mainyu (active Mentality). It says in Yazna 31: To him shall the best befall, who, as one that knows, speaks to me Right's truthful word of Welfare and of Immortality; even the Dominion of Mazda which Good Thought shall increase for him. About which he in the beginning thus thought, "let the blessed realms be filled with Light", he it

336-439: A focus on the situation allows wisdom researchers to develop a fuller understanding of the role of context in producing wisdom. For example, studies have shown evidence of cross-cultural and within-cultural variability, and systematic variability in reasoning wisely across contexts and in daily life. Many, but not all, studies find that adults' self-ratings of perspective and wisdom do not depend on age. This conflicts with

384-533: A habit makes a person wiser. Grossmann says contextual factors—such as culture, experiences, and social situations—influence the understanding, development, and propensity of wisdom, with implications for training and educational practice. These contextual factors are the focus of continuing research. For instance, Grossmann and Kross identified a phenomenon they called "the Solomon's paradox": that people reflect more wisely on other people's problems than on their own. (It

432-554: A lesser degree) spirituality . In the Avesta Gathas , hymns traditionally attributed to Zoroaster , Ahura Mazda means "Lord" (Ahura) and "Wisdom" (Mazda), and is the central deity who embodies goodness, being also called "Good Thought" ( Vohu Manah ). In Zoroastrianism , the order of the universe and morals is called asha (in Avestan , truth, righteousness), which is determined by this omniscient Thought and also considered

480-415: A part of the broader task of improving wisdom. The three major psychological categories for wisdom are personality , development , and expertise . Psychologists have begun to gather data on commonly held beliefs or folk theories about wisdom. Initial analyses indicate that although "there is an overlap of the implicit theory of wisdom with intelligence, perceptiveness, spirituality, and shrewdness, it

528-478: A psychological construct. Wisdom is the capacity to have foreknowledge of something, to know the consequences (positive and negative) of the available courses of action, and take the best of the available options. Sapience (" sophia " in Greek) is "transcendent wisdom", "ultimate reality", or the ultimate truth of things. This more cosmic, "big picture" definition is often how wisdom ("true wisdom" or "Wisdom" with

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576-851: A type of biblical exegesis ) is the historical study of tropes, which aims to "define the dominant tropes of an epoch" and to "find those tropes in literary and non-literary texts", an interdisciplinary investigation of which Michel Foucault was an "important exemplar". The use of the term in relation to cinema may be more common in American English than in other dialects. A trope is an element of film semiotics and connects between denotation and connotation . Films reproduce tropes of other arts and also make tropes of their own. George Bluestone wrote in Novels Into Film that in producing adaptations, film tropes are "enormously limited" compared to literary tropes . Bluestone said, "[A literary trope]

624-508: Is hikmah . Prophets of Islam are believed by Muslims to possess great wisdom. The term occurs a number of times in the Quran , notably in Sura 2 :269, Sura 22 :46, and Sura 6 :151. Trope (cinema) A common thematic trope is the rise and fall of a mobster in a classic gangster film . The film genre also often features the sartorial trope of a rising gangster buying new clothes. The term has

672-497: Is a Hebrew word for "future," but also the Hebrew word for "birth", so one rabbinic interpretation of the teaching is that a wise person is one who can foresee the consequences of his/her choices (i.e. can "see the future" that he/she "gives birth" to). In Christian theology , "wisdom" (From Hebrew : חכמה transliteration: chokmâh pronounced: khok-maw', Greek : Sophia , Latin : Sapientia ) describes an aspect of God, or

720-461: Is a common strategy (i.e., heuristic). The Socratic method is a heuristic of epistemology . Buddhist traditions provide comprehensive guidance on how to develop wisdom. In the Star Wars universe, wisdom is valued. George Lucas incorporated spirituality and morals, recurrent in mythological and philosophical themes, into the films; one of his inspirations was Joseph Campbell 's The Hero of

768-404: Is a strength of wisdom (e.g., sage advice). Grossmann and colleagues summarized prior psychological literature to conclude that wisdom involves certain cognitive processes that afford unbiased , sound judgment in the face of ill-defined life situations: Grossmann found that habitually speaking and thinking of oneself in the third person increases these characteristics, which means that such

816-461: Is all meaningless. "'Meaningless! Meaningless!" says the Teacher [Solomon]. 'Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless'...For with much wisdom comes much sorrow, the more knowledge, the more grief" Solomon concludes that all life's pleasures and riches, and even [human]wisdom, mean nothing if there is no relationship with God. The Talmud teaches that a wise person can foresee the future. Nolad

864-438: Is associated with achieving balance between intrapersonal and interpersonal interests when facing personal life challenges, and when setting goals for managing interpersonal conflicts. Researchers also explore the role of emotions in wisdom. Most agree that emotions and emotion regulation are key to effectively managing the kinds of complex and arousing situations that most call for wisdom. Much empirical research has focused on

912-462: Is constantly using metacognition . The wise ones have equanimity (psychological stability) through tough times and an acceptance of reality. Wise ones use active and reflective listening, temperance (virtue) , and a wise rhetoric . Wisdom is associated with compromise , intellectual humility , acceptance of uncertainty , and a cosmopolitanism of what is Good . Wisdom contains virtues such as ethics and benevolence . Wisdom

960-445: Is derived from the Latin sapientia , meaning "wisdom". The corresponding verb sapere has the original meaning of "to taste", hence "to perceive, to discern" and "to know"; its present participle sapiens was chosen by Carl Linnaeus for the Latin binomial for the human species, Homo sapiens . Perennial wisdom seeks unity through nondualism . The wisdom of the crowd

1008-496: Is distinct from IQ . Baltes and colleagues defined wisdom as "the ability to deal with the contradictions of a specific situation and to assess the consequences of an action for themselves and for others. It is achieved when in a concrete situation, a balance between intrapersonal, interpersonal and institutional interests can be prepared". Balance appears to be a critical criterion of wisdom. Empirical research provides some support for this idea, showing that wisdom-related reasoning

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1056-523: Is evident that wisdom is an expertise in dealing with difficult questions of life and adaptation to the complex requirements." The field of psychology has also developed explicit theories and empirical research on the psychological processes underlying wisdom. Opinions on the psychological definition of wisdom vary, but there is some consensus that critical to wisdom are certain meta-cognitive processes that afford life reflection and judgment about critical life matters. These processes include recognizing

1104-411: Is named after King Solomon , who had legendary sagacity when making judgments about other people's dilemmas but lacked insight when it came to important decisions in his own life.) A researcher will measure wisdom differently depending on their theoretical position about the nature of wisdom. For example, some view wisdom as a stable personality trait, others as a context-bound process. Those wedded to

1152-582: Is needed to answer this question, while most studies rely on cross-sectional observations. The Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index is based on a 28-question survey (SD-WISE-28) created by researchers at the University of California San Diego to determine how wise a person is. In 2021 Dr. Dilip V. Jeste and his colleagues created a 7-question survey (SD-WISE-7) testing seven components: acceptance of diverse perspectives, decisiveness , emotional regulation , prosocial behaviors , self-reflection , social advising, and (to

1200-575: Is personified as femininity (i.e., Sophia ). Wisdom has been defined in many different ways, and there are several distinct approaches to assessing the characteristics attributed to wisdom. Charles Haddon Spurgeon defined wisdom as "the right use of knowledge ". Robert I. Sutton and Andrew Hargadon defined the "attitude of wisdom" as "acting with knowledge while doubting what one knows". In social and psychological sciences, several distinct approaches to wisdom exist, along with techniques of operationalization and measurement of wisdom as

1248-405: Is that by his wisdom created Right. In Baháʼí Faith scripture, "The essence of wisdom is the fear of God, the dread of His scourge and punishment, and the apprehension of His justice and decree." Wisdom is seen as a light that casts away darkness, and "its dictates must be observed under all circumstances". One may obtain knowledge and wisdom through God, his Word, and his Divine Manifestation ;

1296-409: Is wisdom. The Epistle of James is a New Testament analogue of the book of Proverbs, in that it also discusses wisdom. It reiterates the message from Proverbs that wisdom comes from God by stating, "If any of you lacks wisdom, you should ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to you". James also explains how wisdom helps one acquire other forms of virtue: "But

1344-492: The Book of Proverbs , which is filled with wise sayings , is attributed to Solomon. In Proverbs 9:10 , the fear of the Lord is called the beginning of wisdom. Another proverb says that wisdom is gained from God, "For the Lord gives wisdom; from His mouth come knowledge and understanding". In Proverbs 1:20 , there is also reference to wisdom personified in female form, "Wisdom calls aloud in

1392-452: The World Tree that unites all the realms of existence , suffering from hunger and thirst and finally wounding himself with a spear until he gained the knowledge of runes for use in casting powerful magic . He was also able to acquire the mead of poetry from the giants , a drink of which could grant the power of a scholar or poet , for the benefit of gods and mortals alike. Sia was

1440-563: The theological concept regarding the wisdom of God . Christian thought opposes secular wisdom and embraces Godly wisdom. Paul the Apostle states that worldly wisdom thinks the claims of Christ to be foolishness. However, to those who are "on the path to salvation" Christ represents the wisdom of God. Wisdom is considered one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit . 1 Corinthians 12:8–10 gives an alternate list of nine virtues, among which

1488-445: The acquisition of knowledge to seeking and promoting wisdom. This he defines as the capacity to realize what is of value in life, for oneself and others. He teaches that new knowledge and technological know-how increase our power to act. Without wisdom though, Maxwell claims this new knowledge may cause human harm as well as human good. He argues that the pursuit of knowledge is indeed valuable and good, but that it should be considered

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1536-550: The cognitive or meta-cognitive aspects of wisdom, assuming that an ability to reason through difficult situations is paramount. So although emotions likely play a role in how wisdom plays out in real events (and in reflecting on past events), empirical studies were late to develop on how emotions affect a person's ability to deal wisely with complex events. One study found a positive relationship between diversity of emotional experience and wise reasoning, irrespective of emotional intensity. Peterson & Seligman state that perspective

1584-555: The former approach often use single-shot questionnaires, which are prone to biased responses, something that is antithetical to the wisdom construct and fails to study wisdom in the contexts where it is most relevant: complex life challenges. In contrast, researchers who prefer the latter approach measure wisdom-related features of cognition, motivation, and emotion in the context of a specific situation. Such state-level measures provide less-biased responses as well as greater power in explaining meaningful psychological processes. Also,

1632-477: The limits of one's own knowledge, acknowledging uncertainty and change, attention to context and the bigger picture, and integrating different perspectives of a situation. Cognitive scientists suggest that wisdom requires coordinating such reasoning processes for insight into managing one's life. Reasoning of this sort is both theoretically and empirically distinct from general (fluid or crystallized) intelligence. Researchers have shown empirically that wise reasoning

1680-485: The meaning of moderation or teaching a lesson), and in Latin dens sapientiae (wisdom tooth). Athena (as Mentor) supported him by recognizing and fostering courage , hope , sense, bravery, and adeptness (Homer, trans. 1996, p. 102). The ancient Greeks considered wisdom to be an important virtue , personified as the goddesses Metis and Athena. Metis was the first wife of Zeus , who, according to Hesiod 's Theogony , had devoured her pregnant; Zeus earned

1728-483: The name of Apollo could also mean " ballon " (archer) and " omopoulon " (unifier of poles [divine and earthly]), since this god was responsible for divine and true inspirations, thus considered an archer who was always right in healing and oracles: "he is an ever-darting archer". Apollo prophesied through the priestesses ( Pythia ) in the Temple of Apollo (Delphi) , where the aphorism " know thyself " ( gnōthi seauton )

1776-519: The non-canon book The Jedi Path , and wisdom can serve as a tenet for Jediism . The Jedi Code states: "Ignorance, yet knowledge." In a psychology populational study published by Grossmann and team in 2019, respondents considered Yoda to be wiser than Spock , a fictional character from the Star Trek series, due to Spock's blind spot for emotion, which was positively associated with wise reasoning in people: "Yoda embraces his emotions and aims to achieve

1824-510: The personification of perception and thoughtfulness in the mythology of Ancient Egypt . Thoth, married to Maat (in ancient Egyptian : order, righteousness, truth), was regarded as the being who introduced wisdom to the nation. Public schools in the U.S. sometimes nod at " character education " which would include training in wisdom. Nicholas Maxwell, a philosopher in the United Kingdom, believes academia ought to alter its focus from

1872-429: The phrase " I know that I know nothing " an aphorism suggesting that it is wise to recognize one's own ignorance and to value epistemic humility . The ancient Romans also valued wisdom, which was personified as Minerva or Pallas. She also represents skillful knowledge and the virtues, especially chastity. Her symbol was the owl , which is still a popular representation of wisdom, because it can see in darkness. She

1920-416: The popular notion that wisdom increases with age. The answer to whether age and wisdom correlate depends on how one defines wisdom and one's experimental technique. The answer to this question also depends on the domain studied, and the role of experience in that domain, with some contexts favoring older adults, others favoring younger adults, and some not differentiating age groups. Rigorous longitudinal work

1968-555: The same origin as that of "trope" in the sense of literature , and derived from this. In turn, this came from the Greek τρόπος ( tropos ), "turn, direction, way", derived from the verb τρέπειν ( trepein ), "to turn, to direct, to alter, to change". Tropes and their classification were an important field in classical rhetoric . The study of tropes has been taken up again in modern criticism, especially in deconstruction . Tropological criticism (not to be confused with tropological reading ,

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2016-615: The source of all learning is the knowledge of God. The word "wisdom" ( חכם ) is mentioned 222 times in the Hebrew Bible . It was regarded as one of the highest virtues among the Israelites along with kindness ( חסד ) and justice ( צדק ). The books of Proverbs and Psalms each urge readers to obtain and to increase in wisdom. In the Hebrew Bible, wisdom is exemplified by Solomon , who asks God for wisdom in 2 Chronicles 1:10 . Much of

2064-440: The streets, she raises her voice in the marketplaces." In Proverbs 8:22–31 , this personified wisdom is described as being present with God before creation began and even as taking part in creation itself. King Solomon continues his teachings of wisdom in the book of Ecclesiastes . Solomon discusses his exploration of the meaning of life and fulfillment, as he speaks of life's pleasures, work, and materialism, yet concludes that it

2112-501: The title of Mêtieta ("The Wise Counselor") after that, as Metis was the embodiment of wisdom, and he gave birth to Athena, who is said to have sprung from his head. Athena was portrayed as strong, fair, merciful, and chaste. Apollo was also considered a god of wisdom, designated as the conductor of the Muses ( Musagetes ), who were personifications of the sciences and of the inspired and poetic arts. According to Plato in his Cratylus ,

2160-534: The wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere." James focuses on using this God-given wisdom to perform acts of service to the less fortunate. Apart from Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and James, other main books of wisdom in the Bible are Job, Psalms, and 1 and 2 Corinthians, which give lessons on gaining and using wisdom through difficult situations. The Islamic term for wisdom

2208-505: Was inscribed (one of the Delphic maxims ). He was contrasted with Hermes , who was related to the sciences and technical wisdom, and, in the first centuries after Christ, was associated with Thoth in an Egyptian syncretism , under the name Hermes Trimegistus . Greek tradition recorded the earliest introducers of wisdom in the Seven Sages of Greece . To Socrates and Plato , philosophy

2256-610: Was literally the love of wisdom ( philo - sophia ). This permeates Plato's dialogues ; in The Republic the leaders of his proposed utopia are philosopher kings who understand the Form of the Good and possess the courage to act accordingly. Aristotle , in Metaphysics , defined wisdom as understanding why things are a certain way ( causality ), which is deeper than merely knowing things are

2304-403: Was said to have been born from Jupiter's forehead. Odin is known for his wisdom, often as acquired through various hardships and ordeals involving pain and self-sacrifice. In one instance he plucked out an eye and offered it to Mímir, guardian of the well of knowledge and wisdom, in return for a drink from the well. In another famous account, Odin hanged himself for nine nights from Yggdrasil ,

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