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34-514: Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia . There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010. It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in

68-697: A subject-verb-object word order, due to heavy Russian language influence and the resulting calques . The following sample text displays the Anbur , Cyrillic (modern) and Latin lyrical text from the Komi-Zyryan folk song "Kačaśinjas" ( Daisies ). The first verse of the song and the refrain, as written in the Anbur Script: The second verse and refrain, as written in the Zyryan Cyrillic Alphabet: The third and final verse and refrain, as written in

102-483: A preferred order). Languages that have SOV structure include Standard Chinese is generally SVO but common constructions with verbal complements require SOV or OSV. Some Romance languages are SVO, but when the object is an enclitic pronoun, word order allows for SOV (see the examples below). German and Dutch are considered SVO in conventional typology and SOV in generative grammar . They can be considered SOV but with V2 word order as an overriding rule for

136-472: Is absent in the modern Komi language. U u A a Letters particular to the Molodtsov alphabet include ԁ , ԃ , ԅ , ԇ , ԉ , ԋ , ԍ , ԏ , most of which represent palatalized consonants. There are no diphthongs, although vowel sequences can occur at morpheme boundaries. The phoneme /ɨ/ is phonetically [ɯ̈] , and /a/ is phonetically [ä] . There is noticeable positional allophony, depending on

170-548: Is developed by Lukoil. The petroleum, wood and paper industries made up 94.5% of the Republic’s exports in 2021. Railroad transportation is very well developed. The most important railroad line is Kotlas – Vorkuta – Salekhard , which is used to ship most goods in and out of the republic. The rivers Vychegda and Pechora are navigable. There are airports in Syktyvkar , Ukhta , and Vorkuta . In 1997, total railroad trackage

204-428: Is scarce. However, it is known that their height and abnormal shapes make the top of these rock giants inaccessible even to experienced rock-climbers. Population : 737,853 ( 2021 Census ) ; 901,189 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,018,674 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,261,024 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Source: According to the 2010 Census , ethnic Russians make up 65.1% of the republic's population, while

238-542: The 2021 Bandy World Championship , but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then cancelled after many participants pulled out after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine . Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb In linguistic typology , a subject–object–verb ( SOV ) language is one in which the subject , object , and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order. If English were SOV, "Sam oranges ate" would be an ordinary sentence, as opposed to

272-543: The Catholic Church . In addition, 41% of the population declared to be " spiritual but not religious ", 14% is atheist , and 6.4% follows other religions or failed to answer the question. There are over 450 secondary schools in the republic (with ~180,000 students). The most important higher education facilities include Komi Republican Academy of State Service and Administration, Syktyvkar State University and Ukhta State Technical University . The head of government in

306-515: The finite verb in main clauses , which results in SVO in some cases and SOV in others. For example, in German, a basic sentence such as " Ich sage etwas über Karl " ("I say something about Karl") is in SVO word order. Non-finite verbs are placed at the end, however, since V2 only applies to the finite verb: " Ich will etwas über Karl sagen " ("I want to say something about Karl"). In a subordinate clause ,

340-596: The "settlers" who arrived in the early 20th century were prisoners of the Gulag – sent by the hundreds of thousands to perform forced labor in the Arctic regions of the USSR. Towns sprang up around labor-camp sites, which gangs of prisoners initially carved out of the untouched tundra and taiga . The first mine, "Rudnik No. 1", became the city of Vorkuta , and other towns of the region have similar origins: "Prisoners planned and built all of

374-400: The 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century. Komi has ten dialects: Syktyvkardin ( Sysola ), Lower Ežva (Vychegda), Central Ežva (Vychegda), Upper Ežva (Vychegda), Luz-let, Upper Sysola , Pećöra , Iźva , Vym , and Udora dialects. Syktyvkardin is spoken in the region of Syktyvkar and forms

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408-673: The 1920s, the language was written in the Molodtsov alphabet , which also derived from Cyrillic. In the 1930s, during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union , Komi was briefly written with a version of the Latin script . Since the 1940s it uses the Russian-based Cyrillic alphabet with the additional letters І , і and Ӧ , ӧ . Ԃ ԃ O o Ԅ ԅ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ - - /ɔ/ "open o" Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ 𐍔 ‎ - - /ɛ/ "open e" Open "e"

442-622: The Komi Republic is the Head of the Republic. As of 2024, the current Head is Rostislav Goldshteyn . The State Council is the legislature. The Komi Republic's major industries include oil processing, timber, woodworking, paper, natural gas and electric power industries. Major industrial centers are Syktyvkar , Inta , Pechora , Sosnogorsk , Ukhta , and Vorkuta . Komigaz conducts natural gas transportation and distribution. The Yaregskoye oil field

476-413: The action verb, to place genitive noun phrases before the possessed noun, to place a name before a title or honorific ("James Uncle" and "Johnson Doctor" rather than "Uncle James" and "Doctor Johnson") and to have subordinators appear at the end of subordinate clauses. They have a weaker but significant tendency to place demonstrative adjectives before the nouns they modify. Relative clauses preceding

510-405: The actual Standard English "Sam ate oranges" which is subject–verb–object (SVO). The term is often loosely used for ergative languages like Adyghe and Basque that really have agents instead of subjects. Among natural languages with a word order preference, SOV is the most common type (followed by subject–verb–object ; the two types account for more than 87% of natural languages with

544-577: The distinction between these two types is far from sharp. Many SOV languages are substantially double-marking and tend to exhibit properties intermediate between the two idealised types above. Many languages that have shifted to SVO word order from earlier SOV retain (at least to an extent) the properties: for example, the Finnish language (high usage of postpositions etc.) The Ethio-Semitic , Cushitic and Omotic languages generally exhibit SOV order. ተስፋዬ Täsəfayē Tesfaye Subject በሩን bärun

578-400: The ethnic Komi make up 23.7%. Other groups include Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarusians (1%), Ethnic Germans (0.6%), Chuvash (0.6%), Azeris (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. Excluding 46,886 people who were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that

612-566: The expansion into Komi territories, accompanied by a great increase in monastic activity in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church . The missionary Stephen of Perm , a native of Ustyug , created the first alphabet for the Komi, known by contemporary Russians as Zyrians ( zyriane ). He settled in Ust-Vym and became the first bishop of Perm. After Novgorod

646-586: The expedition led by Alexander von Keyserling in 1843. They found ample reservoirs of various minerals, as well as timber, to exploit. After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast was established on August 22, 1921, and on December 5, 1936, it was reorganized into the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its administrative center located at the town of Syktyvkar . Many of

680-530: The finite verb is not affected by V2, and also appears at the end of the sentence, resulting in full SOV order: " Ich sage, dass Karl einen Gürtel gekauft hat. " (Word-for-word: "I say that Karl a belt bought has.") A rare example of SOV word order in English is "I (subject) thee (object) wed (verb)" in the wedding vow "With this ring, I thee wed." SOV languages have a strong tendency to use postpositions rather than prepositions , to place auxiliary verbs after

714-688: The indigenous population. Around 32,800 km of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , Virgin Komi Forests . It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe . The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created in 1930) and Yugyd Va National Park (created in 1994). Winters in

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748-487: The model for the generic standard dialect of the language. Dialects are divided based primarily on their use of /v/ and /l/ : The start of the change date to the 17th century. It is not seen in the oldest Komi texts from the 14th century, nor in loanwords from Komi to Khanty , dated to the 16th; though it fully occurred before Russian loanwords that entered the language in the 18th century as /l/ remains unchanged in these. Some dialects are further distinguished based on

782-522: The modern Latin Alphabet: Komi Republic The Komi Republic ( Russian : Республика Коми ; Komi : Коми Республика ), sometimes simply referred to as Komi , is a republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia . Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar . The population of the republic at the 2021 census was 737,853, down from 901,189 at the 2010 census . The Komi people first feature in

816-682: The north-east of the East European Plain . The Polar Urals rise in the northeastern part. Forests cover over 70% of the territory, and swamps cover approximately 15%. The Komi Republic is the second-largest federal region by area in European Russia after Arkhangelsk Oblast. Major rivers include: There are many lakes in the republic. Major lakes include: The republic's natural resources include coal , oil , natural gas , gold , diamonds , and timber . Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by

850-436: The nouns to which they refer usually signals SOV word order, but the reverse does not hold: SOV languages feature prenominal and postnominal relative clauses roughly equally. SOV languages also seem to exhibit a tendency towards using a time–manner–place ordering of adpositional phrases . In linguistic typology, one can usefully distinguish two types of SOV languages in terms of their type of marking: In practice, of course,

884-406: The palatalized alveolars /dʲ tʲ/ , which have unpacked in syllable-final position as clusters /jd jt/ . The Old Permic script is the first writing system for Komi. It was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stephen of Perm . The alphabet resembled medieval Greek and Cyrillic . The script was also known as Anbur (Komi: 𐍐𐍝𐍑𐍣𐍠 ‎, Анбур), named for the first 2 letters of

918-458: The proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. According to a 2012 survey, 30.2% of the population of Komi adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Rodnovers or Komi native religious believers, 1% are Muslims , 1% are Orthodox Christians not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches , 1% are Old Believers , and 0.4% are members of

952-743: The records of the Novgorod Republic in the 11th century, when traders from Novgorod traveled to the Perm region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians called these lands Zavolochye ("beyond the portage"), from the Russian word volok ("portage"), and the Komi were referred to as "the Chud beyond the portage". The Novgorodians penetrated deep into these lands, and the methods used were typical of those used by later Russians in subsequent campaigns. The Moscow principality also played an increasing role in

986-606: The republic are long and cold, and the summers, while short, are quite warm. Deemed one of the Seven Wonders of Russia , the Komi Republic is home to Manpupuner (Man-Pupu-Nyer), a mysterious site in the northern Ural mountains , in the Troitsko-Pechorsky District , made out of seven rock towers bursting out of the flat plateau known as the "7 Strong Men". Manpupuner is a very popular attraction in Russia, but not on an international level. Information regarding its origin

1020-478: The republic's major cities, not just Ukhta but also Syktyvkar, Pechora, Vorkuta, and Inta. Prisoners built Komi's railways and roads, as well as its original industrial infrastructure." On 21 March 1996, the Komi Republic signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement was abolished on 20 May 2002. The republic is situated to the west of the Ural Mountains , in

1054-561: The script, " an " & " bur " (𐍐 & 𐍑, respectively). It is no longer in use today, though it has received Unicode Support as "Old Permic" in recent times. The script saw use in Komi-inhabited areas, primarily the Principality of Great Perm and parts of Bjarmaland . In the 16th century, this alphabet was replaced by the Russian alphabet with certain modifications for affricates. In

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1088-465: The surrounding consonants, however no allophone overlaps with another vowel phoneme. Komi has 17 cases, with a rich inventory of locative cases. Like other Uralic languages, Komi has no gender. Verbs agree with subjects in person and number (sg/pl). Negation is expressed with an auxiliary verb, which is inflected for person, number and tense. Komi is an agglutinative language and adheres to a subject–object–verb order. Most modern texts, however, possess

1122-544: Was 1,708 km, automobile roads 4,677 km. Stroitel plays again in the Russian Bandy Super League in the 2017–18 season, after several years in Russian Bandy Supreme League , the second highest division. In 2015 a bandy federation for the republic was founded. In 2016 the authorities presented a five-year plan to develop bandy in the republic. There was an application in place to host

1156-483: Was annexed by Moscow, the Komi territories came under the influence of Moscow in the late 15th and early 16th century. The site of Syktyvkar , settled from the 16th century, was known as Sysolskoye (Сысольскoe). In 1780, under Catherine the Great , it was renamed to Ust-Sysolsk (Усть-Сысольск) and used as a penal colony . Russians explored the Komi territory most extensively in the 19th and early 20th centuries, starting with

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