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56-480: The name Udmurt comes from * odo-mort 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the Permic root * od(o) meaning 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery'. The second part, murt , means 'person' (cf. Komi mort , Mari mari , Mordvin mirď- ), probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language (such as Scythian ): * mertä or * martiya meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian mard ). This, in turn,

112-502: A South Asian origin. Sharma et al.(2009) theorizes the existence of R1a in India beyond 18,000 years to possibly 44,000 years in origin. A number of studies from 2006 to 2010 concluded that South Asian populations have the highest STR diversity within R1a1a, and subsequent older TMRCA datings. R1a1a is present among both higher ( Brahmin ) castes and lower castes, and while the frequency

168-486: A few centuries the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation." However, according to Narasimhan et al. (2018) , steppe pastoralists are a likely source for R1a in India. The R1a family tree now has three major levels of branching, with the largest number of defined subclades within the dominant and best known branch, R1a1a (which will be found with various names such as "R1a1" in relatively recent but not

224-600: A massive migration from the Yamnaya culture northwards took place c. 2,500 BCE, accounting for 75% of the genetic ancestry of the Corded Ware culture , noting that R1a and R1b may have "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BCE". Yet, all their seven Yamnaya samples belonged to the R1b-M269 subclade, but no R1a1a has been found in their Yamnaya samples. This raises the question where

280-563: A national epic called Dorvyzhy . Their national musical instruments include the krez zither (similar to the Russian gusli ) and a pipe-like wind instrument called the chipchirghan . A chapter in the French Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie from 1776 is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people. James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by

336-482: A number of other clusters of the shape voiced consonant +/m/, while Komi-Zyryan adds a number of clusters of the shape voiced consonant +/j/. The verb root for 'to come': Udmurt лыкты- /lɯktɯ-/ , Komi локты- /loktɯ-/ also shows alternation to plain /k/ in e.g. the imperative (in Udmurt only dialectally). Haplogroup R1a Haplogroup R1a , or haplogroup R-M420 , is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which

392-507: A puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of close vowels , one of which results in modern /i ɯ u/ in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt /e ɯ u/ to Komi /e ə o/ (but /i ʉ u/ in the Komi-Yazva language ). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length ( *u, *uː ), tenseness ( *ʊ, *u ) and height ( *u, *o ). Here

448-536: A rare, basal paragroup , under R-M420* and defined by the mutation SRY1532.2. Examples of R1a initially considered to be basal and to constitute a paragroup are now known to have been part of a fundamental forking in R1a*, i.e. R1a2 (R-YP4141). (The previously defining SNP SRY1532.2 is now regarded as unreliable.) R1a2 has two sub-branches: R1a2a (R-YP5018) and R1a2b (R-YP4132). R1a2 (R-YP4141) has two branches R1a2a (R-YP5018) and R1a2b (R-YP4132). This rare primary subclade

504-603: A smaller eastern hunter-gatherer component, or Srubnaya -like. It is common for Northeastern Europeans to have a high level of Steppe-related admixture. Permic The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation . The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak

560-466: Is U (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 (10.4 %) and U5 (9.3 %). Nearly as common is H (22.5 %). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T (16.5 %), D (11 %) and Z (6 %). When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30 percent of it is Nganasan -like. This Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking peoples. The rest can be modelled to be mostly Steppe -like with

616-538: Is a STR based group that is R-M17(xM458). This cluster is common in Poland but not exclusive to Poland. R1a1a1b1a2b3a (R-L365) was early called Cluster G . This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia, being related to Indo-European migrations (including Scythians , Indo-Aryan migrations and so on). In Mesolithic Europe, R1a is characteristic of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs). A male EHG of

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672-655: Is an extremely rare primary subclade of R1a1. It has been found in three individuals, from Belarus, Tunisia and the Coptic community in Egypt respectively. The following SNPs are associated with R1a1a: R1a1a1 (R-M417) is the most widely found subclade, in two variations which are found respectively in Europe (R1a1a1b1 (R-Z282) ([R1a1a1a*] (R-Z282) (Underhill 2014) ) and Central and South Asia (R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) ([R1a1a2*] (R-Z93) Underhill 2014) ). This large subclade appears to encompass most of

728-587: Is considered "clearly West Slavic". The founding ancestor of R-L260 is estimated to have lived between 2000 and 3000 years ago, i.e. during the Iron Age , with significant population expansion less than 1,500 years ago. R-M334 ([R1a1a1g1], a subclade of [R1a1a1g] (M458) c.q. R1a1a1b1a1 (M458) ) was found by Underhill et al. (2009) only in one Estonian man and may define a very recently founded and small clade. R1a1a1b1a2b3* (M417+, Z645+, Z283+, Z282+, Z280+, CTS1211+, CTS3402, Y33+, CTS3318+, Y2613+) (Gwozdz's Cluster K)

784-521: Is distinguished by several unique markers, including the M420 mutation. It is a subclade of Haplogroup R-M173 (previously called R1). R1a has the sister-subclades Haplogroup R1b -M343, and the paragroup R-M173*. R1a, defined by the mutation M420, has two primary branches: R-M459 (R1a1) and R-YP4141 (R1a2). As of 2024, there are no true, known examples of basal R1a*. When examples that were negative for M-459 were first discovered, they were initially regarded as

840-474: Is distributed in a large region in Eurasia , extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia , southern Siberia and South Asia . While one genetic study indicates that R1a originated 25,000 years ago, its subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified c. 5,800 years ago. The place of origin of the subclade plays a role in the debate about the origins of Proto-Indo-Europeans . The SNP mutation R-M420

896-555: Is found in medieval Russian chronicles. The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the Dvina River , as well as the area bounded by the Pechora , Vychegda and Kama rivers in the north, west and south, and the Urals in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century. The word Permian was then used to designate

952-839: Is higher among Brahmin castes, the oldest TMRCA datings of the R1a haplogroup occur in the Saharia tribe , a scheduled caste of the Bundelkhand region of Central India . From these findings some researchers argued that R1a1a originated in South Asia, excluding a more recent, yet minor, genetic influx from Indo-European migrants in northwestern regions such as Afghanistan, Balochistan, Punjab, and Kashmir. The conclusion that R1a originated in India has been questioned by more recent research, offering proof that R1a arrived in India with multiple waves of migration. Haak et al. (2015) found that part of

1008-402: Is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become /m/ next to back vowels , /n/ next to central vowels, /ɲ/ next to front vowels . In later Russian loanwords, the consonants /f x t͡s/ may occur. The consonant *w was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial *k , generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of

1064-576: Is the vowel table used in Wiktionary: Beserman *wo- > ўа- Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и dialectal Udmurt Noun roots in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with

1120-538: Is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term * maryá- 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< PIE * mer- 'to die'), compare Old Indic márya 'young warrior' and Old Indic marut 'chariot warrior', both connected specifically with horses and chariots. This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi 'meadow people', alongside

1176-599: The Indian subcontinent , consistent with multiple waves of arrival." According to Martin P. Richards, co-author of Silva et al. (2017) , the prevalence of R1a in India was "very powerful evidence for a substantial Bronze Age migration from central Asia that most likely brought Indo-European speakers to India." David Anthony considers the Yamnaya culture to be the Indo-European Urheimat . According to Haak et al. (2015) ,

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1232-542: The Indus Valley civilization . Mascarenhas et al. (2015) proposed that the roots of Z93 lie in West Asia, and proposed that "Z93 and L342.2 expanded in a southeasterly direction from Transcaucasia into South Asia ", noting that such an expansion is compatible with "the archeological records of eastward expansion of West Asian populations in the 4th millennium BCE culminating in the so-called Kura-Araxes migrations in

1288-603: The Pazyryk , Tagar , Tashtyk , and Srubnaya cultures, the inhabitants of ancient Tanais , in the Tarim mummies , and the aristocracy of Xiongnu . The skeletal remains of a father and his two sons, from an archaeological site discovered in 2005 near Eulau (in Saxony-Anhalt , Germany ) and dated to about 2600 BCE, tested positive for the Y-SNP marker SRY10831.2. The Ysearch number for

1344-525: The United Arab Emirates , and 3/612 in Turkey . Testing of 7224 more males in 73 other Eurasian populations showed no sign of this category. The major subclade R-M459 includes an overwhelming majority of individuals within R1a more broadly. However, as of 2024, all known individuals with M459 fall within R1a1a or R1a1b; no examples of R1a1* have yet been identified. R-YP1272, also known as R-M459(xM198),

1400-525: The Veretye culture buried at Peschanitsa near Lake Lacha in Arkhangelsk Oblast , Russia c. 10,700 BCE was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup R1a5-YP1301 and the maternal haplogroup U4a . A male, named PES001, from Peschanitsa in northwestern Russia was found to carry R1a5, and dates to at least 10,600 years ago. More examples include the males Minino II (V) and Minino II (I/1), with

1456-523: The 2nd series. An exceptional word is the numeral "six", *kwatʲ , which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster. Literary Komi and literary Udmurt both possess a seven-vowel system /i ɯ u e ə o a/ . These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from Proto-Uralic has always been

1512-506: The Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and Ugric languages together made up the Finno-Ugric family . However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain. The word Permian can be traced back philologically to the Russian word Perem (Перемь) or Perm (Пермь) which

1568-565: The Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages. Silva et al. (2017) noted that R1a in South Asia most "likely spread from a single Central Asian source pool, there do seem to be at least three and probably more R1a founder clades within

1624-615: The Middle East and Caucasus region as they lie between South Asia and Central- and Eastern Europe. Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan theory of Gimbutas regarding the Indo-European Urheimat . According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the Pontic–Caspian steppes, along with

1680-457: The R1a1a found in Europe. R-M458 is a mainly Slavic SNP, characterized by its own mutation, and was first called cluster N. Underhill et al. (2009) found it to be present in modern European populations roughly between the Rhine catchment and the Ural Mountains and traced it to "a founder effect that ... falls into the early Holocene period, 7.9±2.6 KYA." (Zhivotovsky speeds, 3x overvalued) M458

1736-723: The R1a1a in the Corded Ware culture came from, if it was not from the Yamnaya culture. According to Marc Haber, the absence of haplogroup R1a-M458 in Afghanistan does not support a Pontic-Caspian steppe origin for the R1a lineages in modern Central Asian populations. According to Leo Klejn , the absence of haplogroup R1a in Yamnaya remains (despite its presence in Eneolithic Samara and Eastern Hunter Gatherer populations) makes it unlikely that Europeans inherited haplogroup R1a from Yamnaya. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe has said that

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1792-599: The Yamnaya ancestry derived from the Middle East and that neolithic techniques probably arrived at the Yamnaya culture from the Balkans . The Rössen culture (4,600–4,300 BC), which was situated on Germany and predates the Corded Ware culture, an old subclade of R1a, namely L664, can still be found. Part of the South Asian genetic ancestry derives from west Eurasian populations, and some researchers have implied that Z93 may have come to India via Iran and expanded there during

1848-783: The absence of haplogroup R1a in Yamnaya specimens is a major weakness in Haak's proposal that R1a has a Yamnaya origin. Semenov & Bulat (2016) do argue for a Yamnaya origin of R1a1a in the Corded Ware culture, noting that several publications point to the presence of R1a1 in the Comb Ware culture . Kivisild et al. (2003) have proposed either South or West Asia , while Mirabal et al. (2009) see support for both South and Central Asia. Sengupta et al. (2006) have proposed Indian origins. Thanseem et al. (2006) have proposed either South or Central Asia. Sahoo et al. (2006) have proposed either South or West Asia. Thangaraj et al. (2010) have also proposed

1904-449: The canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ. In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms : Udmurt has similar alternation for

1960-575: The course of the Russian Empire , Udmurts have been referred to mainly as Chud Otyatskaya ( чудь отяцкая ), Otyaks , Wotyaks or Votyaks , all being exonyms. Today such exonyms are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language. The Udmurts are closely related to Komis to their north, both linguistically and culturally. Most Udmurt people live in Udmurtia . Small groups live in

2016-467: The data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), the majority (about 70 %) of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N . The high frequency of this East Eurasian-related haplogroup is a common pattern among Uralic-speaking peoples. Most Udmurt men belong to the subclade N1c and 16.8 percent of them belong the subclade N1b-P43 . The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a (19 %). The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts

2072-483: The downstream R1a-M417 subclade diversified into Z282 and Z93 circa 5,800 years ago "in the vicinity of Iran and Eastern Turkey". Even though R1a occurs as a Y-chromosome haplogroup among speakers of various languages such as Slavic and Indo-Iranian , the question of the origins of R1a1a is relevant to the ongoing debate concerning the urheimat of the Proto-Indo-European people , and may also be relevant to

2128-408: The former carrying R1a1 and the latter R1a respectively, with the former being at 10,600 years old and the latter at least 10,400 years old respectively, both from Minino in northwestern Russia. A Mesolithic male from Karelia c. 8,800 BCE to 7950 BCE has been found to be carrying haplogroup R1a. A Mesolithic male buried at Deriivka c. 7000 BCE to 6700 BCE carried the paternal haplogroup R1a and

2184-582: The genetic adaptation to lactase persistence (13910-T)." R1a has been found in the Corded Ware culture , in which it is predominant. Examined males of the Bronze Age Fatyanovo culture belong entirely to R1a, specifically subclade R1a-Z93. Haplogroup R1a has later been found in ancient fossils associated with the Urnfield culture ; as well as the burial of the remains of the Sintashta , Andronovo ,

2240-461: The larger parent group R-M458, and was first identified as an STR cluster by Pawlowski et al. 2002 . In 2010 it was verified to be a haplogroup identified by its own mutation (SNP). It apparently accounts for about 8% of Polish men, making it the most common subclade in Poland. Outside of Poland it is less common. In addition to Poland, it is mainly found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia , and

2296-462: The latest literature). The topology of R1a is as follows (codes [in brackets] non-isogg codes): Tatiana et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia , with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q ."  R1a   R1b   R1* R2 (M479)     R* M207(xM173, M479) R1a

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2352-630: The maternal U5a2a . Another male from Karelia from c. 5,500 to 5,000 BC, who was considered an EHG, carried haplogroup R1a. A male from the Comb Ceramic culture in Kudruküla c. 5,900 BCE to 3,800 BCE has been determined to be a carrier of R1a and the maternal U2e1 . According to archaeologist David Anthony, the paternal R1a-Z93 was found at the Oskol river near a no longer existing kolkhoz "Alexandria", Ukraine c. 4000 BCE, "the earliest known sample to show

2408-488: The most widely spoken language, Udmurt . Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not have vowel harmony . The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century. The extant Permic languages are: The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as Finno-Permic languages , along with

2464-472: The neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai , Bashkortostan , Tatarstan , and Mari El . The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the 2002 Russian census figure of 637,000, in turn down from 746,562 in 1989. The 2021 census counted fewer Udmurts than had the 1926 census . The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family. The Udmurts have

2520-608: The non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the Zyrians , and the Russians later began using the appellation Zyrian . From the 19th century, the word Permian was used in scholarly writing to designate the Zyrians and the Udmurts . Proto-Uralic word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages. A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of

2576-526: The origins of the Indus Valley civilization . R1a shows a strong correlation with Indo-European languages of Southern and Western Asia , Central and Eastern Europe and to Scandinavia being most prevalent in Eastern Europe , Central Asia , and South Asia . In Europe, Z282 is prevalent particularly while in Asia Z93 dominates. The connection between Y-DNA R-M17 and the spread of Indo-European languages

2632-526: The people in his book The Golden Bough . Many Udmurt people have red hair , and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004. The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture. According to

2688-672: The post- Uruk IV period ." Yet, Lazaridis noted that sample I1635 of Lazaridis et al. (2016) , their Armenian Kura-Araxes sample, carried Y-haplogroup R1 b 1-M415(xM269) (also called R1b1a1b-CTS3187). According to Underhill et al. (2014) the diversification of Z93 and the "early urbanization within the Indus Valley ... occurred at [5,600 years ago] and the geographic distribution of R1a-M780 (Figure 3d ) may reflect this." Poznik et al. (2016) note that "striking expansions" occurred within R1a-Z93 at c. 4,500–4,000 years ago, which "predates by

2744-571: The spread by the Kurgan people in their expansion from the Eurasian steppe . According to Pamjav et al. (2012) , R1a1a diversified in the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region: Inner and Central Asia is an overlap zone for the R1a1-Z280 and R1a1-Z93 lineages [which] implies that an early differentiation zone of R1a1-M198 conceivably occurred somewhere within the Eurasian Steppes or

2800-496: The traditional Russian name otyaki . On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: * anta-marta meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. Antes ) → Proto-Permic * odə-mort → Udmurt udmurt . During

2856-478: The voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants. The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as: This inventory is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages. Komi has merged original *w into /ʋ/ and undergone a word-final a change *l → /ʋ/ ~ /w/ in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially *r → /d͡ʒ/ or /d͡ʑ/ . *ŋ

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2912-647: Was "a compelling case for the Middle East, possibly near present-day Iran, as the geographic origin of hg R1a". The ancient DNA record has shown the first R1a during the Mesolithic in Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (from Eastern Europe, c. 13,000 years ago), and the earliest case of R* among Upper Paleolithic Ancient North Eurasians , from which the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers predominantly derive their ancestry. According to Underhill et al. (2014) ,

2968-578: Was discovered after R-M17 (R1a1a), which resulted in a reorganization of the lineage in particular establishing a new paragroup (designated R-M420*) for the relatively rare lineages which are not in the R-SRY10831.2 (R1a1) branch leading to R-M17. The genetic divergence of R1a (M420) is estimated to have occurred 25,000 years ago, which is the time of the last glacial maximum . A 2014 study by Peter A. Underhill et al., using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there

3024-581: Was first noted by T. Zerjal and colleagues in 1999. Semino et al. (2000) proposed Ukrainian origins, and a postglacial spread of the R1a1 haplogroup during the Late Glacial Maximum , subsequently magnified by the expansion of the Kurgan culture into Europe and eastward. Spencer Wells proposes Central Asian origins, suggesting that the distribution and age of R1a1 points to an ancient migration corresponding to

3080-448: Was found in one skeleton from a 14th-century grave field in Usedom , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The paper by Underhill et al. (2009) also reports a surprisingly high frequency of M458 in some Northern Caucasian populations (18% among Ak Nogai , 7.8% among Qara Nogai and 3.4% among Abazas ). R1a1a1b1a1a (R-L260), commonly referred to as West Slavic or Polish , is a subclade of

3136-800: Was initially regarded as part of a paragroup of R1a*, defined by SRY1532.2 (and understood to always exclude M459 and its synonyms SRY10831.2, M448, L122, and M516). YP4141 later replaced SRY1532.2 – which was found to be unreliable – and the R1a(xR-M459) group was redefined as R1a2. It is relatively unusual, though it has been tested in more than one survey. Sahoo et al. (2006) reported R-SRY1532.2* for 1/15 Himachal Pradesh Rajput samples. Underhill et al. (2009) reported 1/51 in Norway , 3/305 in Sweden , 1/57 Greek Macedonians , 1/150 (or 2/150) Iranians, 2/734 ethnic Armenians , 1/141 Kabardians , 1/121 Omanis , 1/164 in

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