The Palo Alto Unified School District is a public school district located near Stanford University in Palo Alto, California . It consists of twelve primary schools , three middle schools , two high schools , with a third opening Fall of 2024, and an adult school .
97-472: The district itself was founded on March 20, 1893, with the first school opening in September of that year. Enrollment grew until it reached a peak of 15,576 students in 1967. Afterwards, enrollment declined sharply, forcing the district to close many schools. Enrollment was at its lowest in 1989 with only 7,452 students. Jordan Middle School was reopened when enrollment increased again. Barron Park Elementary School
194-702: A $ 13 million deficit. Napa projected a $ 10 million deficit in 2020 and a deficit from $ 15 million to $ 20 million in 2021. Santa Rosa tapped its reserves to close a $ 12 million budget gap in 2020 but expects a $ 20 million deficit in 2021. Sausalito expects a $ 1.6 million deficit for fiscal year 2019–20 and a $ 4.9 million deficit for 2020–21. Some major Bay Area manufacturers, such as Lockheed Martin in Sunnyvale and Chevron Corporation in San Ramon , have been exempted from shelter-in-place orders as essential businesses. However,
291-408: A $ 80 million deficit over 14 months and has laid off part-time employees. Berkeley projected a $ 2.6 million deficit in 2020 and a $ 25.2 million deficit in 2021. Richmond projected a $ 7 million deficit in 2020 and a $ 27 million deficit in 2021. Walnut Creek closed a $ 13 million budget gap in 2020 but expects a $ 12 million deficit in 2021. Vallejo projected
388-439: A Eugenic Philosophy" framed eugenics as a social philosophy —a philosophy with implications for social order . That definition is not universally accepted. Osborn advocated for higher rates of sexual reproduction among people with desired traits ("positive eugenics") or reduced rates of sexual reproduction or sterilization of people with less-desired or undesired traits ("negative eugenics"). In addition to being practiced in
485-662: A Palo Alto city councilwoman because the elder Terman—like Jordan—espoused eugenics. The Palo Alto Adult School (PAAS) is a California Adult School established by the Palo Alto Unified School District in 1921. It offers several classes across a number of schools. Its main office is located in the Tower Building at Palo Alto High School. There are no restrictions on enrollment in regards to a student's place of residence or citizenship. English-language-learning and citizenship classes are free, and other classes charge
582-503: A balanced budget in 2020 but a $ 10 million deficit in 2021. As of May 2020 , San Jose projects a $ 45 million deficit for fiscal year 2019–20 and a $ 71.6 million deficit for 2020–21, revised downward from a $ 500,000 surplus projected in 2019. The impact will be significantly worse than either the dot-com bust or the Great Recession . Palo Alto projected a $ 40 million loss in revenue. Oakland projected
679-583: A booster shot. The Bay Area public health response to the pandemic is being coordinated through the Association of Bay Area Health Officers (ABAHO), an organization consisting of the public health officers of 11 counties and two cities that was established in the 1980s to fight the AIDS epidemic in San Francisco. The health officers act in unison to avoid political pushback. ABAHO is informally divided between
776-465: A cause of physical and social pathology as much as a defense against it. "When under any kind of noxious influence an organism becomes debilitated, its successors will not resemble the healthy, normal type of the species, with capacities for development, but will form a new sub-species, which, like all others, possesses the capacity of transmitting to its offspring, in a continuously increasing degree, its peculiarities, these being morbid deviations from
873-737: A combined total of 1,000 planned layoffs in the Bay Area. Technology conferences that are normally held in Bay Area cities have been canceled, postponed, or replaced by Internet streaming events, including: The RSA Conference was held in February as scheduled, but Verizon , AT&T , and IBM pulled out of the conference on February 21, as concerns began to grow about the pandemic. Eugenics Eugenics ( / j uː ˈ dʒ ɛ n ɪ k s / yoo- JEN -iks ; from Ancient Greek εύ̃ (eû) 'good, well' and -γενής (genḗs) 'born, come into being, growing/grown')
970-650: A distinguished athletic tradition, marked in recent years by a rivalry with crosstown foe Gunn , a somewhat less athletically-minded school. Titles won by teams from Paly include California State Championships in Boys Varsity Basketball in 1993 (during which the team went undefeated) and 2006, and a California State Championship in Football in 2010 (as well as CCS Championships in 2006 and 2007). The Paly Girls Varsity Volleyball team won back-to-back state championships in 2010 and 2011. Palo Alto High School also received
1067-462: A dramatic increase in unemployment as a result of voluntary and mandatory social distancing measures. In April 2020, unemployment in the Bay Area increased by 555,100 residents or 13.7% month over month, including a 15.1% increase in private-sector job losses. Unemployment has affected the Bay Area unevenly from one area or industry to another. Despite layoffs by startups in March and April, job losses in
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#17328455467301164-626: A focus on intelligence. Early critics of the philosophy of eugenics included the American sociologist Lester Frank Ward , the English writer G. K. Chesterton , and Scottish tuberculosis pioneer and author Halliday Sutherland . Ward's 1913 article "Eugenics, Euthenics, and Eudemics", Chesterton's 1917 book Eugenics and Other Evils , and Franz Boas ' 1916 article " Eugenics " (published in The Scientific Monthly ) were all harshly critical of
1261-598: A group known as The Famous Five , also pushed for various eugenic policies. Following the Mexican Revolution , the eugenics movement gained prominence in Mexico. Seeking to change the genetic make-up of the country's population, proponents of eugenics in Mexico focused primarily on rebuilding the population, creating healthy citizens, and ameliorating the effects of perceived social ills such as alcoholism, prostitution, and venereal diseases. Mexican eugenics, at its height in
1358-626: A loss by the San Francisco 49ers at Super Bowl LIV , discouraging celebrations. As of May 26, 2020 , the nine counties of the Bay Area plus Santa Cruz County have reported a cumulative total of 13,060 confirmed cases and 434 confirmed deaths due to COVID-19. Alameda County has more confirmed cases and deaths than any other county in Northern California , followed by Contra Costa County. Some counties have released breakdowns of cases by jurisdiction. In Alameda County, Hayward has
1455-750: A low fee. Herb Wong , jazz expert and educator, was a teacher at the adult school. The Palo Alto Adult School is part of the North Santa Clara County Student Transition Consortium (STC), with nearby De Anza College , Foothill College , Mountain View Los Altos Adult Education, and Sunnyvale–Cupertino Adult Education. It has classes at seven locations within the borders of the Palo Alto Unified School District. At its peak in 1967, Palo Alto had 22 K-6 elementary schools. Of those, these schools are closed: The Palo Alto Unified Board of Education (often known as
1552-469: A lower mortality rate. Despite academic controversy over the study's methodology, which prompted the revision, the preprint fueled opposition to stay-at-home orders in the United States . The university has begun an investigation into the study. In addition to its study in San Francisco's Mission District, UCSF is conducting a similar study of all 1,680 residents in the rural community of Bolinas , and
1649-591: A multimillion-dollar performing arts center, officially opening on October 1, 2016. Frank S. Greene Jr. Middle School, formerly David S. Jordan Middle School, is located at 750 N. California Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94303. The school mascot is the jaguar . The 2018–19 school year had 1,050 students in attendance. The student population was 54% male and 46% female. Its racial makeup was 40% Caucasian , 30% Asian , 14% Hispanic , 2% African American , and 13% Other (including multiple races). Named after Stanford University president David Starr Jordan , Jordan Middle School
1746-679: A number of countries, eugenics was internationally organized through the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations . Its scientific aspects were carried on through research bodies such as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics , the Cold Spring Harbor Carnegie Institution for Experimental Evolution , and the Eugenics Record Office . Politically,
1843-481: A popular eugenics movement emerged in the United Kingdom, and then spread to many countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and most European countries (e.g. Sweden and Germany ). In this period, people from across the political spectrum espoused eugenic ideas. Consequently, many countries adopted eugenic policies, intended to improve the quality of their populations' genetic stock. Historically,
1940-442: A span of nine months, mainly by walking in front of trains at a local crossing. As a result, steps have been taken to limit access to the tracks. Attempts have since been made to try to improve the emotional health of students attending the schools. As of 2015, cluster suicide has remained a problem in the district's high schools. In February 2016, a team of suicide prevention specialists from Epidemiologic Assistance (Epi-Aids) of
2037-690: Is Timmy the Titan. The student newspaper is The Oracle , part of the High School National Ad Network . Palo Alto Senior High School , known locally as Paly , is among the oldest high schools in the region. Founded in 1898, its enrollment today is over 1700 students. It is also academically competitive, though is generally regarded as less so than Gunn. Paly ranked #239 in the 2023-24 US News national high school ranking and #7 in Niche's ranking of California Public schools. Palo Alto High also carries on
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#17328455467302134-399: Is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population . Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter the frequency of various human phenotypes by inhibiting the fertility of people and groups they considered inferior, or promoting that of those considered superior. The contemporary history of eugenics began in the late 19th century, when
2231-655: Is aimed at encouraging reproduction among the genetically advantaged, for example, the eminently intelligent, the healthy, and the successful. Possible approaches include financial and political stimuli, targeted demographic analyses, in vitro fertilization, egg transplants, and cloning. Negative eugenics aimed to eliminate, through sterilization or segregation, those deemed physically, mentally, or morally "undesirable". This includes abortions, sterilization, and other methods of family planning. Both positive and negative eugenics can be coercive; in Nazi Germany, for example, abortion
2328-423: Is artificially pieced together of bits of mental hygiene, child guidance, nutrition, speech development and correction, family problems, wealth consumption, food preparation, household technology, and horticulture. A nursery school and a school for little children are also included. The institute is actually justified in an official publication by the profound question of a girl student who is reported as asking, “What
2425-602: Is believed to fall significantly short of actual infection rates due to limited testing capacity throughout the pandemic. As of May 20, 2020 , San Francisco has collected 5,000 tests for every 100,000 residents, while Santa Clara County has collected about 2,600 tests for every 100,000 residents. Santa Clara County set up three testing sites in San Jose, but the sites are operating well below capacity, in part because of Spanish- and Vietnamese-language barriers. Several local studies have attempted to determine seroprevalence in
2522-513: Is located at 655 Arastradero Road in Palo Alto. The school mascot is the tiger . The 2018–19 school year had 668 students in attendance. The student population was 54% male and 46% female. Its racial makeup was 38% Asian, 30% White, 16% Hispanic, 12% Two or More Races, 1% Black and 1% Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander. The original name of the school located on the site was Terman Junior High School (named after Lewis Madison Terman ), unrelated to
2619-541: Is named after Henry Martin Gunn (1898–1988), Palo Alto's superintendent from 1950–1961, who saw the district expand from 5,500 students to 14,000, adding 17 new schools and is credited with the establishment of community colleges De Anza College and Foothill College . In 1964, the Palo Alto Unified School District announced it would name its third high school after him (the second, Cubberley High School , closed in 1979), with its first class graduating in 1966. The school's mascot
2716-544: Is the Panther . The 2018–19 school year had 1,137 students in attendance. The student population was 54% male and 46% female. Its racial makeup was 44% Asian , 32% Caucasian , 12% Hispanic , 1% African American , and 11% Other (including multiple races). The land that Jane Lathrop Stanford Middle School and the adjoining Fairmeadow Elementary School now sit on were once owned by three farmers. The farmers sold their land to real estate developer Joseph Eichler , who later donated
2813-480: Is the connection of Shakespeare with having a baby?” The Vassar Institute of Euthenics bridges this gap! Eugenicist Charles Benedict Davenport noted in his article "Euthenics and Eugenics," reprinted in Popular Science Monthly : Thus the two schools of euthenics and eugenics stand opposed, each viewing the other unkindly. Against eugenics it is urged that it is a fatalistic doctrine and deprives life of
2910-557: The Aktion T4 campaign, is understood by historians to have paved the way for the Holocaust . "All practices aimed at eugenics, any use of the human body or any of its parts for financial gain, and human cloning shall be prohibited." Hungarian Constitution "Human dignity shall be inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authority." The first and most fundamental article of German basic law By
3007-673: The Catholic Church was an opponent of state-enforced sterilizations, but accepted isolating people with hereditary diseases so as not to let them reproduce. Attempts by the Eugenics Education Society to persuade the British government to legalize voluntary sterilization were opposed by Catholics and by the Labour Party . The American Eugenics Society initially gained some Catholic supporters, but Catholic support declined following
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3104-769: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the Bay Area and the seventh in the United States, a man in Santa Clara County who had recently traveled to Wuhan . The man recovered at home and was released from in-home isolation on February 20. On February 2, the CDC confirmed a second area case in a Santa Clara County woman who had also recently traveled to Wuhan. The two cases were unrelated. On February 6, 2020, 57-year-old Patricia Dowd of San Jose died of COVID-19 without any known recent foreign travel. She had been unusually sick from
3201-541: The Consumer Price Index for the San Francisco area (Alameda, Contra Costa, and Marin counties and San Francisco) fell by 0.5% compared to February, a 1.1% rise year over year. By category, retail prices rose by 14.5% year over year for meat, 9.6% for dairy, 6.7% for food at home (bought in stores), and 0.6% for alcohol. Retail prices fell by 28.4% for regular unleaded gas, 27.6% year over year for motor fuel in general, 12% for clothing, and 7.8% for transportation. Of
3298-582: The Industrial Revolution have resulted in an increased propagation of deleterious traits and genetic disorders . Compulsory sterilization , also known as forced or coerced sterilization, refers to any government-mandated program to involuntarily sterilize a specific group of people. Sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, and is usually done by surgical or chemical means. Purported justifications for compulsory sterilization have included population control , eugenics, limiting
3395-685: The Strategic National Stockpile Division of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , can receive noncritical patients from local hospitals for convalescent care. The Santa Clara location was converted on March 21 and admitted its first two patients on April 5. The Air National Guard converted the San Mateo location on April 1 and the Richmond location the following day. The Innovative Genomics Institute at
3492-510: The Tesla Factory in Fremont was not exempted and was forced to halt production, resulting in the furlough of nearly 11,100 employees. On May 11, Tesla resumed manufacturing operations at the factory despite an Alameda County order allowing only minimum basic operations. The March 13 announcement of a shelter-in-place order triggered a wave of panic buying throughout the region. By April,
3589-463: The University of California, Berkeley , headed by Dr. Jennifer Doudna converted the genomic-editing research laboratory to run COVID-19 tests . Despite a widespread need for COVID testing, doctors and hospitals were hesitant to use the newly set up labs in favor of major commercial laboratories like LabCorp and Quest. As in other parts of California and the United States, the Bay Area has experienced
3686-614: The University of California, Berkeley , is testing a representative sample of 5,000 East Bay residents. In October 2020, Santa Clara County began wastewater surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus's RNA at the San José–Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility and three other regional wastewater treatment plants in Palo Alto , Sunnyvale , and Gilroy , which together serve the vast majority of residents in
3783-510: The founding father of Singapore , actively promoted eugenics as late as 1983. In 1984, Singapore began providing financial incentives to highly educated women to encourage them to have more children. For this purpose was introduced the "Graduate Mother Scheme" that incentivized graduate women to get married as much as the rest of their populace. The incentives were extremely unpopular and regarded as eugenic, and were seen as discriminatory towards Singapore's non-Chinese ethnic population. In 1985,
3880-429: The "Big Seven", consisting of Alameda , Contra Costa , Marin , San Mateo , and Santa Clara counties and the cities of Berkeley and San Francisco ; and Santa Cruz , Monterey , Napa , San Benito , Sonoma , and Solano counties on the periphery of the Bay Area. Unlike the shelter-in-place order, orders to wear face coverings such as cloth face masks while in public took effect at different times depending on
3977-453: The 1930 papal encyclical Casti connubii . In this, Pope Pius XI explicitly condemned sterilization laws: "Public magistrates have no direct power over the bodies of their subjects; therefore, where no crime has taken place and there is no cause present for grave punishment, they can never directly harm, or tamper with the integrity of the body, either for the reasons of eugenics or for any other reason." In fact, more generally, "[m]uch of
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4074-484: The 1930s, influenced the state's health, education, and welfare policies. The scientific reputation of eugenics started to decline in the 1930s, a time when Ernst Rüdin used eugenics as a justification for the racial policies of Nazi Germany . Adolf Hitler had praised and incorporated eugenic ideas in Mein Kampf in 1925 and emulated eugenic legislation for the sterilization of "defectives" that had been pioneered in
4171-677: The Anglican clergymen William Inge and James Peile both wrote for the Eugenics Education Society. Inge was an invited speaker at the 1921 International Eugenics Conference , which was also endorsed by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York Patrick Joseph Hayes . Three International Eugenics Conferences presented a global venue for eugenicists, with meetings in 1912 in London, and in 1921 and 1932 in New York City. Eugenic policies in
4268-443: The Bay Area's hospitalization rate and death toll have stayed below initial projections and have compared favorably to East Coast cities. Researchers have hypothesized that the pandemic's initial impact was blunted by relatively early social distancing measures along with a variety of other factors, including lower population density, a strong car culture and low public transportation ridership, favorable weather in February, and even
4365-533: The CDC revised its criteria for testing patients for SARS-CoV-2 and, on February 28, began sending out the new guidelines for healthcare workers. The first case of the Omicron variant detected in the United States was also located in the Bay Area. A resident of San Francisco returned from South Africa on November 22, 2021, began showing mild symptoms on November 25, and was confirmed to have COVID-19 on November 29. The individual had been vaccinated but had not received
4462-633: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) paid a two-week visit to the area to determine risk factors. In July 2016, the Epi-Aids team released preliminary findings. Henry M. Gunn High School is one of two public high schools in Palo Alto. Gunn is a very academically focused school, ranking as #180 in US News' 2023-24 national high school ranking and #3 in Niche 's ranking of California public schools. The school
4559-513: The Palo Alto Unified School Board) consists of five members elected at-large. The current members of the school board are Shounak Dharap, Shana Segal, Todd Collins, Jennifer DiBrienza, and Jesse Ladomirak. On November 3, 2020, DiBrienza and Collins were re-elected, while Ladomirak was elected to replace the outgoing Melissa Baten Caswell. Dharap was re-elected in 2022 and Shana Segal joined the board that same election cycle. Terms for
4656-580: The San Jose Downtown Association's more than 1,600 member businesses, 83% are temporarily or permanently closed, 9% are operating with reduced service, and 8% are fully operational as of mid-May. Due to the pandemic, the Pleasanton -based Specialty's bakery-café chain, which specialized in corporate catering, permanently closed its more than 50 locations on May 19, 2020, after 33 years in business. San Jose –based Fry's Electronics also blamed
4753-805: The Tesla factory in Fremont where over 130 people tested positive, the Lusamerica Foods fish packing plant in Morgan Hill where 38 people tested positive, the Central Gardens skilled nursing home in San Francisco's Western Addition where four residents died, and the Windsor Vallejo Care Center in Vallejo where more than 130 people became infected and eleven residents died. The number of confirmed cases
4850-458: The United States were first implemented by state-level legislators in the early 1900s. Eugenic policies also took root in France, Germany, and Great Britain. Later, in the 1920s and 1930s, the eugenic policy of sterilizing certain mental patients was implemented in other countries including Belgium, Brazil, Canada , Japan and Sweden . Frederick Osborn 's 1937 journal article "Development of
4947-652: The United States once he took power. Some common early 20th century eugenics methods involved identifying and classifying individuals and their families, including the poor, mentally ill, blind, deaf, developmentally disabled, promiscuous women , homosexuals, and racial groups (such as the Roma and Jews in Nazi Germany ) as "degenerate" or "unfit", and therefore led to segregation, institutionalization, sterilization, and even mass murder . The Nazi policy of identifying German citizens deemed mentally or physically unfit and then systematically killing them with poison gas, referred to as
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#17328455467305044-480: The United States. The first mandatory stay-at-home order in the mainland U.S. took effect throughout the Bay Area on March 16 and 17 and continued until mid-May, affecting nearly 6.7 million people. The early government response is credited with mitigating the spread of infection compared to cities on the East Coast. Closures due to the pandemic have resulted in mass unemployment and significant disruptions to
5141-410: The absence of widespread clinical testing. Based on serology tests in early April, a revised preprint study from Stanford University estimated that Santa Clara County up to 54,000 residents, or 2.8% of the population, had been infected, compared to the 1,000 confirmed cases at the time. In an earlier preprint, the study's authors had estimated an even higher rate of infection but therefore calculated
5238-497: The adult population. Almost 70% of the neighborhoods' working-age population is unable to remote work . Filipino Americans in the Bay Area have also been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 infections, and make up the majority of cases in San Mateo County, California . In San Francisco , about 40% of Hispanics have been confirmed infected, compared to 15% of the general population. The largely Latino Mission District has
5335-845: The child was deemed incapable of living a Spartan life, the child was usually killed in a chasm near the Taygetus mountain known as the Apothetae . Further trials intended to discern a child's fitness included bathing them in wine and exposing them to the elements to fend for themselves, with the intention of ensuring that only those considered strongest survived and procreated. And so selective infanticide seems to have been as widespread in Ancient Rome as it had already long been in Athens . The term eugenics and its modern field of study were first formulated by Francis Galton in 1883, directly drawing on
5432-668: The city's population, filed for unemployment benefits during the pandemic. As of May 13, 2020 , large Bay Area employers have collectively sent the state Employment Development Department about 24,700 WARN notices about proposed mass layoffs, furloughs, or facility closures. Bay Area counties' strict interpretations of shelter-in-place orders halted most residential and commercial construction projects. Some construction projects resumed in mid-May. San Francisco has tentatively projected that its deficit will double to between $ 1.1 billion and $ 1.7 billion over fiscal years 2020 and 2021. Redwood City expects to have
5529-527: The county. There has been speculation that COVID-19 may have been circulating in the Bay Area by December 2019. Ongoing "lookback studies" are attempting to identify the index case . An initial preprint of a study at Stanford University Medical Center has found no infected samples from November and December 2019. As of February 14, 2021 , the earliest known cases in Santa Clara County have been dated to January 27, 2020. On January 31, 2020,
5626-602: The disabled at home. Similar concerns had been raised by early eugenicists and social Darwinists during the 19th century, and continued to play a role in scientific and public policy debates throughout the 20th century. More recent concerns about supposed dysgenic effects in human populations were advanced by the controversial psychologist Richard Lynn , notably in his 1996 book Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations , which argued that changes in selection pressures and decreased infant mortality since
5723-484: The district sought to potentially overtake the land by eminent domain from the residing Jewish Community Center . As a result, land from the Cubberley Community Center was instead traded for the land the district needed at Terman. The JCC continued to lease district land at Cubberley until it made other plans. Beginning in the 2018–2019 school year the school was renamed Ellen T. Fletcher Middle School after
5820-426: The doctrines; it comprehends them both. [...] [I]n the generations to come, the teachings and practice of euthenics [...] [may] yield greater result because of the previous practice of the principles of eugenics. The more rational the race becomes, the better roads, ships, tools, machines, foods, medicines and the like it will produce to aid itself, though it will need them less. The more sagacious and just and humane
5917-404: The dolphin returned to its status as co-mascot with the jaguar. Due to Jordan's involvement in eugenics , the school was renamed beginning in the 2018–2019 school year after venture capitalist Frank S. Greene Jr . Jane Lathrop Stanford Middle School, formerly Ray Lyman Wilbur Junior High School and known locally as JLS , is located at 480 East Meadow Dr., Palo Alto, CA 94306. The school mascot
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#17328455467306014-649: The early geneticists were not themselves Darwinians. Eugenics became an academic discipline at many colleges and universities and received funding from various sources. Organizations were formed to win public support for and to sway opinion towards responsible eugenic values in parenthood, including the British Eugenics Education Society of 1907 and the American Eugenics Society of 1921. Both sought support from leading clergymen and modified their message to meet religious ideals. In 1909,
6111-418: The economy, replacing local governments' budget surpluses with historic deficits. The pandemic accelerated the adoption of distance education among schools and remote work among businesses, especially in the technology industry. Air quality around San Francisco Bay improved as a result of a temporary decline in traffic volume. Despite strong economic, cultural, and travel ties between California and China,
6208-451: The end of World War II , many eugenics laws were abandoned, having become associated with Nazi Germany . H. G. Wells , who had called for "the sterilization of failures" in 1904, stated in his 1940 book The Rights of Man: Or What Are We Fighting For? that among the human rights, which he believed should be available to all people, was "a prohibition on mutilation , sterilization, torture , and any bodily punishment". After World War II,
6305-453: The first COVID-19-related death in the U.S. It indicated that community transmission was happening undetected in the U.S., most likely since December 2019. On February 26, 2020, a case of unknown origin was confirmed in a resident of Solano County . The UC Davis Medical Center in Sacramento said that, when the person was transferred there on February 19, the medical team suspected it
6402-473: The flu in late January, then recovered, remote worked , and suddenly died at home on February 6. A February 7 autopsy was completed in April (after virus tests on tissue samples) and attributed the death to transmural myocardial ischemia ( infarction ) with a minor component of myocarditis due to COVID-19 infection. Her case was discovered in April 2020; from then until August 2021, she was considered to have been
6499-518: The highest number of cases of any neighborhood, with more than 40 cases per 10,000 residents. UCSF systematically tested 2,959 residents in a 16-block census tract in the Mission District in April, finding that 2% tested positive. Infection rates differed significantly between essential workers and residents who were able to stay at home during the pandemic. Localized outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred at factories and care facilities, including
6596-540: The highest per capita rate of infection at 270.2 people per every 100,000, while Oakland has the highest number of cases. San Mateo and San Jose have the highest number of cases in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, respectively. As of May 17, 2020 , the North Bay counties of Marin , Napa , and Sonoma have reported a cumulative total of 345 recoveries from COVID-19. The other Bay Area counties do not report
6693-464: The idea of eugenics has been used to argue for a broad array of practices ranging from prenatal care for mothers deemed genetically desirable to the forced sterilization and murder of those deemed unfit. To population geneticists , the term has included the avoidance of inbreeding without altering allele frequencies ; for example, British-Indian scientist J. B. S. Haldane wrote in 1940 that "the motor bus, by breaking up inbred village communities,
6790-498: The initial impact of the pandemic. On May 15, the Bay Area Council released a survey finding that 17.9% of companies planned to keep their employees remote working on a permanent basis, while 89.3% planned to remain a partially remote workforce. Facebook , Square, Inc. , Google and Twitter announced permanent or extended remote work policies. As of June 2020 , Lyft , Yelp , IBM , and LendingClub disclosed
6887-905: The jurisdiction. The California National Guard and California State Guard activated medical units in the Bay Area to assist local and state government agencies in their COVID-19 response. In the Bay Area, the California Air National Guard has set up Federal Medical Stations at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara (known as the Field Respite Center), the San Mateo County Event Center in San Mateo , and Craneway Pavilion in Richmond . The temporary field hospitals, which are managed by
6984-537: The land to the district. Founded in 1953, the school was originally named after Ray Lyman Wilbur , one of the early presidents of Stanford University . After Jordan Middle School closed due to lack of enrollment in 1985, the two schools were merged at the Wilbur school location and it was renamed Jane Lathrop Stanford after Jane Stanford , co-founder with her husband, Leland Stanford , of Stanford University . Ellen T. Fletcher Middle School, formerly Terman Middle School,
7081-454: The mentally ill), compulsory sterilization , forced abortions or forced pregnancies , ultimately culminating in genocide . By 2014, gene selection (rather than "people selection") was made possible through advances in genome editing , leading to what is sometimes called new eugenics , also known as "neo-eugenics", "consumer eugenics", or "liberal eugenics"; which focuses on individual freedom and allegedly pulls away from racism, sexism or
7178-448: The midst of a severe mental epidemic; of a sort of black death of degeneration and hysteria, and it is natural that we should ask anxiously on all sides: 'What is to come next?" Max Simon Nordau (1892) The idea of progress was at once a social, political and scientific theory. The theory of evolution, as described in Darwin's The Origin of Species , provided for many social theorists
7275-402: The movement advocated measures such as sterilization laws. In its moral dimension, eugenics rejected the doctrine that all human beings are born equal and redefined moral worth purely in terms of genetic fitness. Its racist elements included pursuit of a pure " Nordic race " or " Aryan " genetic pool and the eventual elimination of "unfit" races. Many leading British politicians subscribed to
7372-579: The necessary scientific foundation for the idea of social and political progress. The terms evolution and progress were in fact often used interchangeably in the 19th century. The rapid industrial, political and economic progress in 19th-century Europe and North America was, however, paralleled by a sustained discussion about increasing rates of crime, insanity, vagrancy, prostitution, and so forth. Confronted with this apparent paradox, evolutionary scientists, criminal anthropologists and psychiatrists postulated that civilization and scientific progress could be
7469-498: The normal form – gaps in development, malformations and infirmities" Dysgenics refers to any decrease in the prevalence of traits deemed to be either socially desirable or generally adaptive to their environment due to selective pressure disfavouring their reproduction. In 1915 the term was used by David Starr Jordan to describe the supposed deleterious effects of modern warfare on group-level genetic fitness because of its tendency to kill physically healthy men while preserving
7566-594: The number of recoveries, because tracking this number requires more resources per case and federal guidelines are not specific enough to draw conclusions. A study at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), is tracking outcomes several months after infection. The Hispanic population in the Bay Area has been disproportionately affected by infections. The poor, largely Latino neighborhoods in East San Jose account for 34% of Santa Clara County's first deaths due to COVID-19 despite being Latinos making up only 23% of
7663-662: The opposition to eugenics during that era, at least in Europe, came from the right." The eugenicists' political successes in Germany and Scandinavia were not at all matched in such countries as Poland and Czechoslovakia , even though measures had been proposed there, largely because of the Catholic church's moderating influence. "Any new set of conditions which renders a species' food and safety very easily obtained, seems to lead to degeneration" Ray Lankester (1880) "We stand now in
7760-512: The original nature that is bred into man, the better schools, laws, churches, traditions and customs it will fortify itself by. There is no so certain and economical a way to improve man's environment as to improve his nature. According to Plutarch , in Sparta every proper citizen's child was inspected by the council of elders, the Gerousia , which determined whether or not the child was fit to live. If
7857-761: The pandemic for its closure on February 24, 2021. The technology industry was not as heavily impacted by stay-at-home orders as the leisure and hospitality industries. Demand for Bay Area–based teleconferencing and e-commerce services increased significantly during the pandemic. According to San Jose –based Zoom Video Communications , usage of its Zoom software rose to 300 million active users , compared to about 10 million per day in December 2019. By early March, many large technology companies began encouraging or requiring employees to remote work . These social distancing measures, which predated mandatory shelter-in-place orders, are credited with helping to lessen
7954-672: The practice of "imposing measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group" fell within the definition of the new international crime of genocide, set out in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also proclaims "the prohibition of eugenic practices, in particular those aiming at selection of persons". Lee Kuan Yew ,
8051-464: The prevention and removal of contagious disease and parasites . In a New York Times article of May 23, 1926, Rose Field notes of the description, "the simplest [is] efficient living". It is also described as "a right to environment", commonly as dual to a "right of birth" that correspondingly falls under the purview of eugenics. The influential historian of education Abraham Flexner questions its scientific value in stating: [T]he “science”
8148-430: The rapidly growing movement. Several biologists were also antagonistic to the eugenics movement, including Lancelot Hogben . Other biologists who were themselves eugenicists, such as J. B. S. Haldane and R. A. Fisher , however, also expressed skepticism in the belief that sterilization of "defectives" (i.e. a purely negative eugenics) would lead to the disappearance of undesirable genetic traits. Among institutions,
8245-693: The recent work delineating natural selection by his half-cousin Charles Darwin . He published his observations and conclusions chiefly in his influential book Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development . Galton himself defined it as "the study of all agencies under human control which can improve or impair the racial quality of future generations". The first to systematically apply Darwinism theory to human relations, Galton believed that various desirable human qualities were also hereditary ones, although Darwin strongly disagreed with this elaboration of his theory. And it should also be noted that many of
8342-677: The remainder of the board--Collins, DiBrienza, and Ladomirak-- expire in 2024. COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area The San Francisco Bay Area , which includes the major cities of San Jose , San Francisco , and Oakland , was an early center of the COVID-19 pandemic in California . The first case of COVID-19 in the area was confirmed in Santa Clara County on January 31, 2020. A Santa Clara County resident (with no foreign travel history)
8439-427: The school currently at the site. It was closed in 1978 due to declining enrollment in the district. The district placed a new middle school named Terman Middle School at the site in 1999 to deal with rising enrollment. The first school year was 2001–2002. The new school was named after both Terman and his son Frederick Terman , a Silicon Valley pioneer. The relocation was met with great controversy by local residents as
8536-512: The spread of HIV , and ethnic genocide . Eugenic feminism was a current of the women's suffrage movement which overlapped with eugenics. Originally coined by the Lebanese-British physician and vocal eugenicist Caleb Saleeby , the term has since been applied to summarize views held by prominent feminists of Great Britain and the United States. Some early suffragettes in Canada, especially
8633-400: The stimulus toward effort. Against euthenics the other side urges that it demands an endless amount of money to patch up conditions in the vain effort to get greater efficiency. Which of the two doctrines is true? The thoughtful mind must concede that, as is so often the case where doctrines are opposed, each view is partial, incomplete and really false. The truth does not exactly lie between
8730-508: The technology industry increased by only 4.1%, compared to an increase by more than 50% in the hospitality industry. Due to the technology industry's dominance in Santa Clara County known as Silicon Valley , unemployment increased by only 11.2% there in April, compared to 14.6% in the East Bay and 14.4% in San Francisco and San Mateo County . In San Francisco, which is relatively dependent on tourism, over 100,000 residents, or about one-ninth of
8827-743: The theories of eugenics. Winston Churchill supported the British Eugenics Society and was an honorary vice president for the organization. Churchill believed that eugenics could solve "race deterioration" and reduce crime and poverty. As a social movement, eugenics reached its greatest popularity in the early decades of the 20th century, when it was practiced around the world and promoted by governments, institutions, and influential individuals. Many countries enacted various eugenics policies, including: genetic screenings , birth control , promoting differential birth rates, marriage restrictions , segregation (both racial segregation and sequestering
8924-406: Was COVID-19 and asked the CDC to test for SARS-CoV-2. The CDC initially refused since the person, who had no known exposure to the virus through travel or close contact with a known infected individual, did not meet the criteria for testing. The person was ultimately tested on February 23; the test results returned positive on February 26. After this first case of community transmission in the U.S.,
9021-853: Was a powerful eugenic agent." Debate as to what exactly counts as eugenics continues today. Early eugenicists were mostly concerned with factors of measured intelligence that often correlated strongly with social class. Although it originated as a progressive social movement in the 19th century, in contemporary usage in the 21st century, the term is closely associated with scientific racism . New, liberal eugenics seeks to dissociate itself from old, authoritarian eugenics by rejecting coercive state programs and relying on parental choice. Eugenic programs included both positive measures, such as encouraging individuals deemed particularly "fit" to reproduce, and negative measures, such as marriage prohibitions and forced sterilization of people deemed unfit for reproduction. In other words, positive eugenics
9118-514: Was added in 1998, and Terman Middle School was reopened in 2001. In 2013 the district had 12,268 students. All district schools were closed on March 16, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . A plan passed on September 29, 2020 to reopen elementary schools on October 12, and high schools on January 7, 2021, caused widespread debate, including criticism from teachers and staff citing safety concerns. Palo Alto high schools received national attention in 2009 after five of its students committed suicide over
9215-410: Was founded in 1937. It was closed in 1985 due to lack of enrollment in the district, then reopened in 1991 after remodeling. A bond was approved by the city of Palo Alto in 1995 to allow for further technological upgrades to the school. The school mascot from 1937–1985 was a dolphin. When Jordan reopened in 1991, the students voted to have the jaguar become the mascot. In 1999, the students voted to have
9312-447: Was illegal for women deemed by the state to be fit. Euthenics ( / j uː ˈ θ ɛ n ɪ k s / ) is the study of improvement of human functioning and well-being by improvement of living conditions . "Improvement" is conducted by altering external factors such as education and the controllable environments , including environmentalism , education regarding employment , home economics , sanitation , and housing , as well as
9409-402: Was the earliest known death caused by COVID-19 in the United States, on February 6, suggesting that community spread of COVID-19 had been occurring long before any actual documented case. This article covers the 13 members of ABAHO, which includes the nine-county Bay Area plus the counties of Monterey, San Benito, and Santa Cruz. Local officials instituted some of the first mitigation efforts in
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