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36-798: In terms of both area of the basin and the average discharge, the Onega is the third river basin of the White Sea (behind the Northern Dvina and the Mezen ). The river basin of the Onega is spread over the west of Arkhangelsk Oblast, north-west of Vologda Oblast , and also includes minor areas in the east of Republic of Karelia . The Onega basin includes some of the biggest lakes of Arkhangelsk and Vologda Oblasts, such as Lake Vozhe , Lake Lacha, Lake Lyokshmozero , Lake Kenozero , Lake Undozero , and Lake Kozhozero , as well as Kenozersky National Park . The whole valley of

72-608: A subject–object–verb order. Most modern texts, however, possess a subject-verb-object word order, due to heavy Russian language influence and the resulting calques . The following sample text displays the Anbur , Cyrillic (modern) and Latin lyrical text from the Komi-Zyryan folk song "Kačaśinjas" ( Daisies ). The first verse of the song and the refrain, as written in the Anbur Script: The second verse and refrain, as written in

108-527: A big flat island. It freezes up in late October - early December and stays under the ice until mid-April - May. It was used for timber rafting . The Onega flows among the coniferous forests ( taiga of spruce, pine, and larch), mostly among the swamps . There are only four bridges across the Onega: one in Kargopol on the road connecting Kargopol to Nyandoma , one in the village of Sorokinskaya, on Onezhsky Trakt ,

144-694: A number of smaller rivers such as the Uftyuga and the Nizhnyaya Toyma , both from the northeast. Near the urban settlement of Bereznik, the Vaga comes in from the south. At this point, the M8 highway which runs from Moscow through Vologda to Arkhangelsk, also enters the region. The Yomtsa or Yemtsa joins from the southeast, with the P1 highway (from Kargopol ) running parallel. The Pinega , formerly an important river route, joins from

180-792: Is a river in northern Russia flowing through Vologda Oblast and Arkhangelsk Oblast into the Dvina Bay of the White Sea . Along with the Pechora River to the east, it drains most of Northwest Russia into the Arctic Ocean . It should not be confused with the Western Dvina , with which it is not connected. The principal tributaries of the Northern Dvina are the Vychegda (right), the Vaga (left), and

216-472: Is absent in the modern Komi language. U u A a Letters particular to the Molodtsov alphabet include ԁ , ԃ , ԅ , ԇ , ԉ , ԋ , ԍ , ԏ , most of which represent palatalized consonants. There are no diphthongs, although vowel sequences can occur at morpheme boundaries. The phoneme /ɨ/ is phonetically [ɯ̈] , and /a/ is phonetically [ä] . There is noticeable positional allophony, depending on

252-494: Is located. It gradually replaced Kholmogory as the chief city of the region. On the southwest side of the delta is the naval base of Severodvinsk , the second-largest city in the region. The delta ends in the Dvina Bay of the White Sea. The river flows through Velikoustyugsky District of the Vologda Oblast and through Kotlassky , Krasnsoborky , Verkhnetoyemsky , Vinogradovsky , Kholmogorsky , and Primorsky districts of

288-548: Is one of the oldest cities in Russian North (the traditional foundation date in the 12th century, first mentioned in the 14th century), and it still contains a big number of architectural and historical monuments. Oshevensk on the left bank of the Onega is the location of the former Alexandro-Oshevensky Monastery . Another historically important monastery in the Onega basin is the Kozheozersky Monastery on an island in

324-464: Is roughly T-shaped. The 558 kilometres (347 mi)-long Sukhona River flows east and joins the basin of the west-flowing Vychegda (1,130 kilometres (700 mi) long). The combined river flows northwest into the White Sea , which it joins near the city of Arkhangelsk . Looking more closely, the Sukhona flows east and meets the north-flowing Yug River at Veliky Ustyug. The combined stream, now called

360-416: Is spoken in the region of Syktyvkar and forms the model for the generic standard dialect of the language. Dialects are divided based primarily on their use of /v/ and /l/ : The start of the change date to the 17th century. It is not seen in the oldest Komi texts from the 14th century, nor in loanwords from Komi to Khanty , dated to the 16th; though it fully occurred before Russian loanwords that entered

396-618: Is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permian languages ; the other regional variety is Komi-Permyak . Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia . There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010. It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in

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432-1053: The Kuloy and to the Mezen, or using the Pukshenga and the Pokshenga to get to the Pinega, and then from the Yozhuga taking boats by land to the Zyryanskaya Yezhuga and the Vashka. From the Vychegda, the merchants also could get directly to the river basin of the Pechora via either the Cherya and the Izhma , or the Mylva . From the 14th century, Kholmogory was the main trading harbor on

468-561: The Pinega (right). According to the Max Vasmer 's Etymological Dictionary , the name of the river has been taken from the Western Dvina . The toponym Dvina does not stem from a Uralic language ; however, its origin is unclear. Possibly it is an Indo-European word which used to mean river or stream . In the Komi language , the river is called Вы́нва / Výnva from vyn "power" and va "water, river" hence "powerful river". The length of

504-477: The 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century. Komi has ten dialects: Syktyvkardin ( Sysola ), Lower Ežva (Vychegda), Central Ežva (Vychegda), Upper Ežva (Vychegda), Luz-let, Upper Sysola , Pećöra , Iźva , Vym , and Udora dialects. Syktyvkardin

540-585: The Arkhangelsk Oblast. All administrative centers of these districts are located at the banks of the Northern Dvina, as they developed when the river was the major transportation route of the region. In summer, the entire length of the river is navigable and is heavily used for timber rafting . The Northern Dvina Canal connects it with the Volga–Baltic Waterway. In the 19th century, a short-lived Northern Ekaterininsky Canal , now abandoned, connected

576-616: The Lake Kozheozero. Some of the finest monuments of the northern wooden architecture are located in the basin of the Onega, including ensembles of Lyadiny , Saunino Pogost , Krasnaya Lyaga , and Bolzhaya Shalga . These monuments also suffer from the lack of protection and their number steadily diminishes. In fact, the majority of them have been lost. The river splits into the Big Onega and Little Onega 75 kilometres (47 mi) from its estuary , but then these branches join again, forming

612-541: The Northern Dvina basin with the Kama basin as well. In 1926–28 a canal connecting the Pinega, one of the major tributaries of the Northern Dvina, with the Kuloy, was constructed, however, currently the canal is pretty much neglected. Heavy commercial passenger navigation has largely disappeared and only local passenger lines remain. The passenger line connecting Kotlas and Arkhangelsk has been out of operation since 2005. The area

648-622: The Northern Dvina is 744 kilometres (462 mi). Together with its major tributary, the Sukhona , it is 1,302 kilometres (809 mi) long – about as long as the Rhine in central and western Europe. The area of its basin is 357,052 square kilometres (137,859 sq mi). The river basin of the Northern Dvina includes the major parts of the Vologda and the Arkhangelsk Oblasts , as well as areas in

684-508: The Northern Dvina was the main trading route connecting the central Russia with Arkhangelsk. Peter the Great drastically changed the situation, by founding Saint Petersburg in 1703, thus opening the way for the Baltic Sea trade, and by constructing the highway between Saint Petersburg and Arkhangelsk via Kargopol. The river quickly lost its role as the leading trading route, which was accelerated by

720-602: The Northern Dvina, but in the 17th century it lost this distinction to Arkhangelsk even though the seat of the Kholmogory and Vaga Eparchy , from 1732 known as Kholmogory and Archangelogorod Eparchy, which had jurisdiction over all Northern Russia including the Solovetsky Monastery , was located in Kholmogory until 1762. Until the 1700s, Arkhangelsk was the main trading harbour for the sea trade of Russia and western Europe, and

756-649: The Northern Dvina, flows north about 60 km and receives the west-flowing Vychegda at Kotlas and then turns northwest to flow into the White Sea. The Sukhona-Vychegda was an important east–west transportation route while the Northern Dvina-Yug was a north–south route. The upper Sukhona is now connected by the Northern Dvina Canal to the Volga–Baltic Waterway , which links Petersburg to Moscow. The Sukhona flows east, eventually north-east, joins

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792-747: The Northern Dvina, there were a number of ways into the basin of the Mezen (from where the merchants could get to the basin of the Pechora and the Ob ). One was upstream the Vychegda and the Yarenga , and by land into the Vashka . Another one was upstream the Vychegda, the Vym , the Yelva, then by land to the Irva and to the Mezen. Two further options included going upstream the Pinega and then by land to

828-480: The Onega is populated, with the exception of the stretch between Severoonezhsk and Yarnema , in Plesetsky District. There are two towns located on the river Onega, Kargopol close to its source and Onega in its mouth. There are also two urban-type settlements, located opposite to each other in the middle course of the river, Oksovsky (right bank) and Severoonezhsk (left bank). 155 kilometres (96 mi) of

864-640: The White Sea. The area was initially attractive because of fur trading. The main waterway from Novgorod into the Northern Dvina was along the Volga and its tributary, the Sheksna , along the Slavyanka River into Lake Nikolskoye, then the boats were taken by land to Lake Blagoveshchenskoye, from there downstream along the Porozovitsa River into Lake Kubenskoye and further to the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina. From

900-752: The construction of the railway between Vologda and Arkhangelsk between 1894 and 1897. The Northern Dvina was scene of several battles during the Russian Civil War , many involving the Entente interventionist army as part of their North Russia Campaign . A special Northern Dvina Flotilla existed during the Civil War. 64°32′00″N 40°29′00″E  /  64.53333°N 40.48333°E  / 64.53333; 40.48333 Komi language Komi ( коми кыв , komi kyv ), also known as Zyran , Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan ( зыран коми кыв , zyran komi kyv ),

936-409: The east. Near the mouth of the Pinega, the river splits into several channels, among which is the ancient selo of Kholmogory 75 kilometres (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk. The branches rejoin and pass the modern logging town of Novodvinsk . Downstream from Novodvinsk, the 900 square kilometres (350 sq mi) delta begins. In the upstream part of the delta, the great port of Arkhangelsk

972-434: The language in the 18th century as /l/ remains unchanged in these. Some dialects are further distinguished based on the palatalized alveolars /dʲ tʲ/ , which have unpacked in syllable-final position as clusters /jd jt/ . The Old Permic script is the first writing system for Komi. It was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stephen of Perm . The alphabet resembled medieval Greek and Cyrillic . The script

1008-444: The north-flowing Yug at Veliky Ustyug and acquires the name 'Northern Dvina'. The P157 highway connects Kostroma with Kotlas via Nikolsk and Veliky Ustyug. North of Veliky Ustyg, the highway runs on the left bank of the Northern Dvina. The river flows about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north crossing from the Vologda Oblast into the Arkhangelsk Oblast, where in the city of Kotlas it receives the west-flowing Vychegda River which rises in

1044-517: The northern Ural Mountains . Since, at the confluence, the length of the Vychegda is greater than that of the Northern Dvina, the river between the source and the confluence with the Vychegda is sometimes known as the Lesser Northern Dvina ( Малая Северная Двина ). Shortly downstream from the confluence, the Northern Dvina is crossed by the railway connecting Konosha with Kotlas and Vorkuta . The Northern Dvina turns northwest and receives

1080-568: The river's lower course, between the village of Gorodok and the selo of Porog, is listed in the State Water Register of Russia as navigable. The rest of the Onega is notable for the rapids , spread everywhere between Kargopol and Gorodok, and also located downstream from Porog (the name Porog means a rapid ). The river name is traditionally explained as related to Finnish Enojoki - the main river, stream. The Onega basin area has an important historical and cultural significance. Kargopol

1116-626: The road connecting Kargopol to Plesetsk and Yemetsk , one combined road and railway bridge connecting Oksovsky and Severoonezhsk, and one railway bridge in Porog on the railway from Arkhangelsk to Belomorsk (no road traffic). Elsewhere, including the former district center of Konyovo , the Onega can only be traversed by ferry crossings. [REDACTED] Media related to Onega River at Wikimedia Commons Northern Dvina The Northern Dvina ( Се́верная Двина́ , IPA: [ˈsʲevʲɪrnəjə dvʲɪˈna] ; Komi : Вы́нва , romanized:  Výnva )

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1152-399: The surrounding consonants, however no allophone overlaps with another vowel phoneme. Komi has 17 cases, with a rich inventory of locative cases. Like other Uralic languages, Komi has no gender. Verbs agree with subjects in person and number (sg/pl). Negation is expressed with an auxiliary verb, which is inflected for person, number and tense. Komi is an agglutinative language and adheres to

1188-484: The western part of the Komi Republic and in the northern part of the Kirov Oblast , and minor areas in the north of Yaroslavl and Kostroma Oblasts . The cities of Arkhangelsk and Vologda , as well as many smaller towns, many of those of significant historical importance such as Veliky Ustyug , Totma , Solvychegodsk , and Kholmogory , are located in the river basin of the Northern Dvina. The Northern Dvina basin

1224-522: Was also known as Anbur (Komi: 𐍐𐍝𐍑𐍣𐍠 ‎, Анбур), named for the first 2 letters of the script, " an " & " bur " (𐍐 & 𐍑, respectively). It is no longer in use today, though it has received Unicode Support as "Old Permic" in recent times. The script saw use in Komi-inhabited areas, primarily the Principality of Great Perm and parts of Bjarmaland . In the 16th century, this alphabet

1260-538: Was populated by Finnic peoples and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic . The only exception was Veliky Ustyug, which was part of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality . The rest of the Northern Dvina basin was controlled by Novgorod. Veliky Ustyug has been first mentioned in the chronicles in 1207, Shenkursk — in 1229, Solvychegodsk was founded in the 14th century. In the 13th century the Novgorod merchants already reached

1296-807: Was replaced by the Russian alphabet with certain modifications for affricates. In the 1920s, the language was written in the Molodtsov alphabet , which also derived from Cyrillic. In the 1930s, during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union , Komi was briefly written with a version of the Latin script . Since the 1940s it uses the Russian-based Cyrillic alphabet with the additional letters І , і and Ӧ , ӧ . Ԃ ԃ O o Ԅ ԅ Ԉ ԉ Ԋ ԋ - - /ɔ/ "open o" Ԍ ԍ Ԏ ԏ 𐍔 ‎ - - /ɛ/ "open e" Open "e"

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