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26-506: [REDACTED] Look up m8 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. M8 or M-8 or M.08 or variant , may refer to: Computing and electronics [ edit ] M8 (cipher) , an encryption algorithm Leica M8 , a digital rangefinder camera HTC One (M8) , a smartphone Meizu M8 , a smartphone Roads and places [ edit ] Messier 8 , also known as M8 or Lagoon Nebula,

52-766: A 1910s American fighter monoplane Miles M.8 Peregrine , a 1930s twin-engined light transport monoplane primarily used by the Royal Aircraft Establishment Land vehicles [ edit ] M8 armored gun system , a US Army light tank cancelled in 1996 M8 Greyhound , an American armored car used during World War II M8 tractor , an artillery tractor used by the US Army Howitzer motor carriage M8 , an American self-propelled howitzer vehicle developed during World War II Rockets [ edit ] M8 (rocket) , an American World War II air-to-surface and surface-to-surface rocket M-8 rocket,

78-689: A New York City Bus route in Manhattan BMW M8 , a sports car from BMW 8 Series Mercedes-Benz M08 engine , a straight-8 engine Haima M8 , a sedan Rail transport [ edit ] Paris Métro Line 8 , a rapid transit rail line in Paris M8 (Istanbul Metro) , a rapid transit rail line in Istanbul, Turkey M8 (railcar) , a Metro-North Railroad car Military [ edit ] M8 flamethrower M8 Grenade Launcher, see M7 grenade launcher Aircraft [ edit ] Loening M-8 ,

104-460: A giant interstellar cloud William L. Whitehurst Field (FAA airport code M08 ), Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee, USA Rail stations [ edit ] Meijō Kōen Station (station code M08 ), Kita, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Senri-Chūō Station (station code M08 ), Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan Tatsue Station (station code M08 ), Komatsushima, Tokushima, Japan Roads [ edit ] M-8 (Michigan highway) , also known as

130-539: A set of N 96-bit algorithm expansion keys. The round function is used for both key expansion and encryption/decryption. The key expansion process transforms the 64-bit data key and 256-bit key expansion key into a 256-bit execution key, consisting of 4 pairs of 32-bit numbers K R 0 , K L 0 , . . . , K R 3 , K L 3 {\displaystyle K_{R_{0}},K_{L_{0}},...,K_{R_{3}},K_{L_{3}}} . The cipher has

156-434: A structure determined by a round-specific "algorithm decision key ". Making the rounds key-dependent is intended to make cryptanalysis more difficult (see FROG for a similar design philosophy). The round count can be set to any positive integer N, but a round count of at least 10 is recommended. The key consists of four components: a 64-bit data key, 256-bit key expansion key, a set of N 24-bit algorithm decision keys, and

182-1773: A typical Feistel cipher design. First, the 64-bit input block is split into two 32-bit halves. In each round, the left half undergoes a key-dependent transformation, and is then combined with the right half. Finally, the halves are swapped. In total, the round function consists of a sequence of nine customizable operations and three bitwise rotations: R i + 1 = L i x = L i op 1 ⁡ K L i mod 4 y = ( ( x <<< S 1 ) op 2 ⁡ x ) op 3 ⁡ α z = ( ( ( y <<< S 2 ) op 4 ⁡ y ) op 5 ⁡ β ) op 6 ⁡ K R i mod 4 L i + 1 = ( ( ( z <<< S 3 ) op 7 ⁡ z ) op 8 ⁡ γ ) op 9 ⁡ R i {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{i+1}&=L_{i}\\x&=L_{i}\operatorname {op} _{1}K_{L_{i{\bmod {4}}}}\\y&=((x<<<S_{1})\operatorname {op} _{2}x)\operatorname {op} _{3}\alpha \\z&=(((y<<<S_{2})\operatorname {op} _{4}y)\operatorname {op} _{5}\beta )\operatorname {op} _{6}K_{R_{i{\bmod {4}}}}\\L_{i+1}&=(((z<<<S_{3})\operatorname {op} _{7}z)\operatorname {op} _{8}\gamma )\operatorname {op} _{9}R_{i}\end{aligned}}} i {\displaystyle i} denotes

208-1071: A variant of the RS-82 rocket used by the Soviet Union in World War II Other uses [ edit ] M8, a standard bolt and nut size in the ISO metric screw thread system M8 Alliance, World Health Summit M8 (magazine) , a dance music magazine based in Scotland M8, Internet slang for "mate" M8, a difficulty grade in mixed climbing See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "m8"  or "m-8" on Misplaced Pages. Yamaha MO8 music synthesizer All pages with titles beginning with M8 All pages with titles containing M8 8M (disambiguation) Mate (disambiguation) ("m8" in texting spelling) M (disambiguation) 8 (disambiguation) Model 8 (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

234-494: Is an implementation of the cipher in Python . The published version of ISO/IEC 9979-0020 includes the following test data: The key-dependent behaviour of the cipher results in a large class of weak keys which expose the cipher to a range of attacks, including differential cryptanalysis , linear cryptanalysis and mod n cryptanalysis . M7 grenade launcher The M7 grenade launcher , formally rifle grenade launcher, M7 ,

260-412: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages M8 (cipher) Like M6, M8 is a Feistel cipher with a block size of 64 bits. The round function can include 32-bit rotations , XORs , and modular addition , making it an early example of an ARX cipher . The cipher features a variable number of rounds (any positive integer N), each of which has

286-634: The Mk 2 fragmentation hand grenade . Owing to its hand-thrown nature, it had a range of only about 35 yards (32 meters) and could not be used against armored targets. To keep its weight down, it had to have a small charge, with a fatality radius of just 6 yards (5.5 meters). For longer ranges, rifle grenade attachments were available for the M1903 Springfield (M1 grenade launcher) and M1917 Enfield (M2 grenade launcher). These rifles were limited standard, however, and had been all but replaced in frontline service by

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312-864: The Davison Freeway M8 (East London) , a Metropolitan Route in East London, South Africa M8 (Cape Town) , a Metropolitan Route in Cape Town, South Africa M8 (Johannesburg) , a Metropolitan Route in Johannesburg, South Africa M8 (Pretoria) , a Metropolitan Route in Pretoria, South Africa M8 (Durban) , a Metropolitan Route in Durban, South Africa M8 (Port Elizabeth) , a Metropolitan Route in Port Elizabeth, South Africa M8 highway (Russia) , also known as

338-618: The Kholmogory Highway M8 motorway (Hungary) M8 motorway (Ireland) M-8 highway (Montenegro) M8 motorway (Pakistan) M8 motorway (Scotland) M8 Motorway (Sydney) in Sydney, Australia Highway M08 (Ukraine) Western Freeway (Victoria) in Australia, designated M8 M8 road (Zambia) M8 road (Malawi) Civilian transportation [ edit ] Road transport [ edit ] M8 (New York City bus) ,

364-550: The butt of the Garand's stock to reduce recoil when it was fired. The M7 Auxiliary Grenade Cartridge booster charge, or "Vitamin Pill", could be inserted into the M7 grenade launcher's muzzle to increase its range by an additional 100 to 150 yards. These booster charges were made from cut-down .45 Colt revolver cartridges, with a small hole in the base and a red cardboard disc inside the case over

390-461: The cartridges propelled the grenade forward with considerable force. The M7 could fire grenades up to 200 metres (220 yards), compared with the maximum of 30 metres (33 yards) achieved by a hand-thrown grenade. Anti-armor ( M9 ), Fragmentation ( M17 ), and smoke grenades (M22) were available for the M7. When the United States entered World War II at the end of 1941, all infantry were issued with

416-462: The charge. The charge was loaded into the launcher's muzzle like a shotgun shell (with the rim keeping it in place) and the rifle grenade was slid into place over it. When the blank cartridge was fired, its flame would travel up the rifle's barrel, ignite the booster charge, and propel the booster cartridge into the base of the rifle grenade. The booster cartridge would fall out of the rifle grenades tail fin assembly in flight. The M8 grenade launcher

442-484: The execution key. <<< {\displaystyle <<<} denotes a left bitwise rotation. op j {\displaystyle \operatorname {op} _{j}} and S k {\displaystyle S_{k}} are defined by the 24-bit algorithm decision key as follows: where op1 to op9 are each one bit (0 = addition mod 2 , 1 = XOR) and S1 to S3 are five bits each. Key expansion consists of eight cipher rounds, using

468-654: The first eight algorithm decision and expansion keys, the key expansion key as the execution key, and the data key as the input block. The eight intermediate outputs, L 1 , L 2 , . . . , L 7 , L 8 {\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2},...,L_{7},L_{8}} are used as the eight components of the execution key K R 0 , K L 0 , . . . , K R 3 , K L 3 {\displaystyle K_{R_{0}},K_{L_{0}},...,K_{R_{3}},K_{L_{3}}} . The following

494-456: The mounting bracket) of 7.5 inches. One end fitted onto the barrel of the M1 Garand rifle enclosing the muzzle , and was held in place with the rifle's bayonet lug . The other end was cylindrical with a small clip that held the grenade in place by friction. To launch a grenade, a special high-powered blank cartridge made specifically for the purpose (the .30-06 Springfield M3 grenade cartridge)

520-426: The new service rifle, the M1 Garand, by 1943. To rectify this, U.S. Army Ordnance designed a new launcher attachment for the M1 Garand, designated the M7, which could fire much heavier grenades up to 250 yards. M7-compatible fragmentation grenades had a fatality radius of 11 yards (10 meters). It entered production and service in 1943. The M7 grenade launcher was a tube-shaped device with an overall length (including

546-436: The rifle to prevent damage to the gun from firing grenades, the rifle could not be fired normally when the M7 launcher was in place; the gun could be fired in an emergency by cycling the action by hand. Fragmentation, anti-tank, and smoke grenades and pyrotechnic signals were available along with an adapter to enable the use of hand grenades. One to three M7 grenade launchers were issued to each rifle squad depending on period. It

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572-548: The round number, which takes inputs L i {\displaystyle L_{i}} and R i {\displaystyle R_{i}} . α , β , γ {\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma } are the three 32-bit words of the round's algorithm expansion key. K R i mod 4 , K L i mod 4 {\displaystyle K_{R_{i{\bmod {4}}}},K_{L_{i{\bmod {4}}}}} are words from

598-447: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M8&oldid=1239341280 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

624-526: Was a 22 mm rifle grenade launcher attachment for the M1 Garand rifle that saw widespread use throughout World War II and the Korean War . The M7 was a tube-shaped device, with one end slotting over the muzzle of the rifle and attaching to the bayonet mount, and the other end holding the grenade in place. Blank cartridges were loaded into the rifle prior to firing. When fired, the expanding gases generated by

650-417: Was also issued to support and headquarters elements. The M7 series grenade launcher came with accessories. The M15 auxiliary sight was mounted on the left-hand side of the stock accompanied by a template to allow it to be properly positioned on the stock. A spirit level allowed the user to figure out the arc of the weapon to aid in aiming the grenade. A rubber recoil boot (part No. B200968) could be slipped on

676-428: Was chambered in the rifle. Using markings engraved onto the device to determine the desired range, the rifle grenade was slipped over the launcher. When fired, the resulting expanding gases propelled the grenade a considerable distance depending on the grenade type, the vertical angle that the rifle was held, and how far the grenade was positioned onto the launcher. Since the device disabled the semi-automatic function of

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