Nurdağı ( pronounced [nuɾˈdaˈɯ] ) is a municipality and district of Gaziantep Province , Turkey . Its area is 697 km, and its population is 41,322 (2022). Nurdağı is 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of the city of Gaziantep .
102-611: A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Nurdağı on 6 February 2023, causing widespread devastation in the district and around 2,500 deaths. Mass graves were created to bury the overwhelming number of dead in the area. There are 48 neighbourhoods in Nurdağı District: This article about a Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey location is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2023 Turkey%E2%80%93Syria earthquake On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC ),
204-472: A M w 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria . The epicenter was 37 km (23 mi) west–northwest of Gaziantep . The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII ( Extreme ) around the epicenter and in Antakya . It was followed by a M w 7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from
306-630: A gas pipeline exploded. The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed, as was St. Paul's Church and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque , while damage occurred at the Antakya Synagogue and the Hatay Archaeology Museum . Several dozen buildings in Güzelburç district and nearly every house in the central and Cebrail districts collapsed. Most of the squad and coaching staff of
408-453: A 60,000-strong search-and-rescue force, 5,000 health workers and 30,000 volunteers. Following Turkey's call for international help, more than 141,000 people from 94 countries joined the rescue effort. Central southern Turkey and northwestern Syria are affected by the interaction between three tectonic plates ; the African plate , Arabian plate and Anatolian sub-plate . The boundary between
510-552: A M s 7.2 earthquake ruptured a segment of the fault that meets the Karlıova triple junction . Since 1998, there has been a series of earthquakes on or near the East Anatolian Fault. These started with the 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake and include the 2003 Bingöl earthquake , the 2010 Elâzığ earthquake , the 2020 Elâzığ earthquake and the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes . The 2003 earthquake did not rupture along
612-521: A Modified Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ). A peak ground acceleration of 1.62 g was recorded by a station at Fevzipaşa . The peak ground acceleration generally exceeded 0.5 g in a large area around the epicenter, near Adiyaman and a large part of Hatay. High pga values of 2 g were recorded in Hatay. The maximum recorded pga was 2.212 g at a station in Pazarcık Belediyesi Parkı, Pazarcık;
714-411: A block 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi). This landslide occurred in a region comprising marl and clay-rich limestone. It produced a 20 m (66 ft) vertical displacement along its scarp. ITV News reported the landslide scarp was up to 1,000 ft (300 m) long and "wider than a football pitch" in some areas. Despite an epicenter 90 km (56 mi) inland, a tsunami was recorded in
816-650: A fault extending over 70 km (43 mi) southwest from Karlıova to Bingöl . The fault to its southwest was not described. Geologist Clarence Allen explained in his 1969 journal, regarding the abrupt termination of the North Anatolian Fault east of Karlıova, that a southwest-striking fault also terminated within the same area . He identified fault-related features such as linear valleys, sag ponds and scarps from Palu to Lake Hazar ; fault scarps of Quaternary age were discovered along Lake Hazar's shores. He calculated that this fault structure would intersect
918-402: A government health facility nearby had limited damage but the surrounding town was devastated. The maximum recorded pga during the M w 7.7 earthquake was 0.59 g at Göksun . According to Kandilli Observatory , the maximum Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI XI–XII ( Extreme ) in Antakya and near the epicenter. MMI XI ( Extreme ) or higher
1020-400: A large fire at the port was reported on 6 February at 17:00, believed to have originated from a container carrying flammable industrial oil, forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. It was extinguished on 6 and 8 February, only for it to reignite the next day each time. It was finally extinguished on 10 February. A total of 3,670 containers were destroyed by the fire and
1122-864: A maximum slip of 11.2 m (37 ft) along Segment 2, beneath Sakarya in Kahramanmaraş Province, northeast of the junction where it meets Segment 1. Another zone of large slip estimated at 4.96 m (16.3 ft) occurred further northeast along Segment 2, northwest of Adıyaman. The USGS source model for the M w 7.7 earthquake which struck nine hours later has three large fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >70 km (43 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 276°/80° (Segment 1), >40 km (25 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 250°/80° (Segment 2) and ~80 km (50 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 060°/80° (Segment 3). Maximum displacement occurred on Segment 1 at 11.4 m (37 ft). Three segments of
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#17328528531401224-495: A restraining bend at Göksun. It can be traced southwest to Sumbas . At Çiğşar , the fault is divided into two via a right stepover. The 20 km (12 mi) northern half is characterized by scarps ranging in height of 0.5–5 m (1 ft 8 in – 16 ft 5 in). Gullies were observed to be displaced by 5 m (16 ft). The southern half measures 41 km (25 mi) long and exhibits Holocene fault scarps along some portions. A left stepover separates
1326-735: A series of normal faults trending northwest and east of the Toprakkale segment. This segment represents the western border of the Amanos Mountains . The total vertical offset at Erzin is 80–90 m (260–300 ft). The Yakapınar segment runs from the mountainous area in the north to south in the Ceyhan plain. This northeast-striking left-lateral fault was the source of the 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake (M w 6.2). Two other earthquakes in 1945 (M w 6.0) and 1266 (M w 6.3) occurred on this fault. This segment runs parallel to
1428-1065: A six-story apartment building collapsed. In Nurdağı , nearly 2,500 people died and about 50 percent of the houses were badly damaged or destroyed. An additional 30 percent of its building stock received moderate damage. Mass graves were created to bury the overwhelming number of dead. Gaziantep Oğuzeli Airport was forced to restrict its service to rescue flights. Ninety percent of houses were heavily damaged or destroyed in Sakçagözü , and 256 people died. In İslahiye , there were 1,368 deaths, over 1,500 injuries and more than 200 destroyed apartments. There were over 130 deaths in Sulumağara ; 200 in Altınüzüm ; and 300–400 in Keküklü . In Hatay Province , 13,517 buildings collapsed, 8,162 required demolition and 67,346 were heavily damaged, along with 215,255 houses. The districts of Antakya , Kırıkhan and İskenderun were
1530-566: A total length of 380 km (240 mi). It joins the Kyrenia–Misis Fault Zone under the Gulf of Alexandretta. This segment comprises a 17 km (11 mi)-long by 1 km (0.62 mi)-wide shutter ridge at its eastern portion before continuing west for 20 km (12 mi). The westernmost length consists two parallel fault strands which eventually integrate at Nurhak . A Holocene surface rupture through Holocene alluvial fan
1632-569: Is a potential source of magnitude 7.0 or greater earthquakes. The accumulated slip along this segment is estimated at 3–9 m (9.8–29.5 ft). An earthquake "domino effect" remains plausible along the Dead Sea Transform beginning with the Hacıpaşa Fault, as observed along the North Anatolian Fault, where successive earthquakes have migrated westwards along the fault since 1939. There were 53,537 deaths and 107,213 injured across 11 of
1734-417: Is evidence of a recent large earthquake. No surface rupturing occurred when the segment produced a M s 5.8 earthquake in 1986 . The Çardak segment between Nurhak and Göksun is 85 km (53 mi) in length and separated into two sections by a right stepover . Prior to 2023, the only known historical earthquake on this fault occurred in 1544, estimated at M uk 6.8. Nine hours after
1836-658: Is extruded in that direction by the northward movement of the Arabian plate. The DST and EAF meet at the Marash triple junction . The EAF continues west of the triple junction , forming the boundary between the African and Anatolian plates, linking into the Cyprus arc to the west via the Latakia Ridge . The 700 km-long (430 mi) EAF is subdivided into seven segments, from the northeast;
1938-467: Is near the border with Syria. The earthquake hypocenter was at a depth of 10.0 km (6 mi) according to USGS and 5 km (3 mi) according to KOERI. The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip faulting . It is one of the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equivalent in magnitude to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake (M w 7.8). These earthquakes are surpassed only by
2040-552: Is some disagreement between scientists as to which faults should be assigned to the DST and which to the EAF, at the northernmost end of the structure. Following the 2013 "Active Fault Map of Turkey", seven DST segments are recognized in Turkey and neighbouring parts of Syria; the Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hacıpaşa, Yesemek, Sakçagöz and Narlı segments. The EAF has produced large or damaging earthquakes in
2142-538: The 1822 Aleppo earthquake ; the deadliest worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake ; and the fifth-deadliest of the 21st century . Damages were estimated at US$ 148.8 billion in Turkey, or nine-percent of the country's GDP, and US$ 14.8 billion in Syria. Damaged roads, winter storms, and disruption to communications hampered the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 's rescue and relief effort, which included
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#17328528531402244-505: The 1866 Bingöl earthquake (M w 7.1) surface rupture . This segment has not experienced a major earthquake since 1866. The segment terminates at the Göynük restraining bend connecting the Ilıca segment. This segment runs through mountainous terrain from the Göynük restraining bend to Ilıca along a single branch. It traverses through Palaeozoic strata and volcanic-sedimentary strata from
2346-549: The Amik Valley , where some 10.5 km (6.5 mi) to its east is the Hacıpaşa Fault, a Dead Sea Transform segment. The rupture was arrested by a stepover that connects the East Anatolian Fault with the Hacıpaşa Fault. Though it did not rupture, the Coulomb stress increased on the Hacıpaşa Fault. With a combination of the increases stress, 600–900 years without major earthquakes, and an annual slip rate of 5 mm (0.20 in), it
2448-545: The Black Sea coast of Turkey. There were more than 30,000 aftershocks in the three months that followed. The seismic sequence was the result of shallow strike-slip faulting along segments of the Dead Sea Transform, East Anatolian and Sürgü–Çardak faults. There was widespread damage in an area of about 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi), about the size of Germany. An estimated 14 million people, or 16 percent of Turkey's population, were affected. Development experts from
2550-604: The Delihalil volcano . The fault segment in the south around Toprakkale is characterized by small volcanic cones. The fault displays 2–5 m (6 ft 7 in – 16 ft 5 in) of normal scarps cutting through the Quaternary basalt. It runs 12 km (7.5 mi) along a river valley carved by the Ceyhan River ; some Holocene streams have been offset by 20–30 m (66–98 ft). The Düziçi–İskenderun segment are
2652-474: The Karlıova , Ilıca, Palu , Pütürge , Erkenek, Pazarcık and Amanos segments. The Amanos segment is also considered part of the DST by some geologists, or a transitional structure between the EAF and DST by others. A northern strand to the EAF has also been recognized, including the Sürgü, Çardak, Savrun, Çokak, Toprakkale, Yumurtalık, Karataş, Yakapınar and Düziçi–İskenderun segments. The estimated slip rate on
2754-469: The United Nations estimated that about 1.5 million people were left homeless. The confirmed death toll in Turkey was 53,537; estimates of the number of dead in Syria were between 5,951 and 8,476. It is the deadliest earthquake in what is now present-day Turkey since the 526 Antioch earthquake and the deadliest natural disaster in its modern history. It is also the deadliest in present-day Syria since
2856-505: The 17 affected provinces of Turkey . About 140 people remain missing; 118 in Hatay Province. At least 15.73 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. More than 2 million residents in the affected provinces were evacuated to nearby provinces including Mersin, Antalya, Mardin, Niğde and Konya. At least 518,009 houses and over 345,000 apartments were destroyed. More than 20 percent of Turkey's agriculture production
2958-509: The 6 February earthquakes. Preliminary analysis based on seismology and observations of surface rupture suggest rupture along a branch of the DST before transitioning onto the EAF where most of the faulting was observed. The initial rupture at the site of the epicenter of the M7.8 shock on the Narlı Fault, the northernmost section of the DST. The fault ruptured unilaterally northwards until it reached
3060-586: The African and Arabian plates is represented by the Dead Sea Transform (DST)—a major zone of left-lateral strike-slip fault—it accommodates the relative northward movement of Arabia with respect to Africa. The northern end of the DST truncates at the East Anatolian Fault (EAF), another major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone that accommodates the overall westward movement of the Anatolian plate as it
3162-667: The Amik Valley. The westernmost part of Hatay Airport was damaged by surface ruptures but cracks in the runway were attributed to ground deformation. A major canal was damaged and lead to flooding in parts of the Amik Valley which was formerly Lake Amik . Field observations indicate a maximum displacement of 7.3 m (24 ft) on the surface. Geologists traced a 15 km (9.3 mi) surface rupture trending south from Pazarcık with an offset of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). From Golbasi to Nurdağı ground displacements were up to 5 m (16 ft). The surface rupture observed during
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3264-436: The EAF rupture. Supershear rupture occurred along the northernmost section of the Narlı Fault where it meets the EAF. The rupture transitioned onto the EAF and propagated northeast at supershear velocity until its termination near Malatya. Rupture towards the southwest was mostly subshear, but at the southern termination in Hatay, where the fault has multiple branches and kinks, supershear was likely observed. Supershear rupture at
3366-500: The EAF were involved in the M w 7.8 rupture; the Amanos, Pazarcık and Erkenek segments. The earthquake ruptured ~370 km (230 mi) of the EAF, producing a maximum slip of up to ~12 m (39 ft) along the Pazarcık segment. The northern end of the rupture was about 20–30 km (12–19 mi) south of the M w 6.8 earthquake that struck in 2020. This section of
3468-450: The EAF, the Pütürge segment, between both earthquakes, may represent a seismic gap . The southern segment of the EAF rupture was at its termination, near Antakya. Slip peaked at 12 m (39 ft) from the surface to 7 km (4.3 mi) depth during the M w 7.7 earthquake; slip was 11 m (36 ft) at the surface. Slip along the fault was compact—mostly confined to within
3570-400: The EAF. The M w 7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence, including two mb 6.0 aftershocks. Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 February. Thousands of aftershocks associated with this earthquake were distributed along an east–west trend corresponding to the Çardak Fault for about 170 km (110 mi). A source model for
3672-491: The EAF. It branches away from the EAF west of Çelikhan and extends westwards to Göksun. Comprising two segments; the Sürgü Fault runs 70 km (43 mi) between Çelikhan and Nurhak; the Çardak Fault runs 90 km (56 mi) between Nurhak and Göksun. Seismicity on the fault is low—the only associated earthquake was a M 6.8 event in 1544. The northern part of the DST is subdivided into several segments, although there
3774-642: The East Anatolian Fault. However, some geologists also consider this segment a continuation of the Dead Sea Fault, or a transition fault between the East Anatolian and Dead Sea Transform faults. Its southernmost trace ends at the Amik Basin where it meets the Hacıpaşa Fault (part of the Dead Sea Transform) and Cyprus Arc Fault at a triple junction. The M w 7.2 earthquake of 1872 likely ruptured
3876-498: The East Anatolian Fault. The study concluded two sections of the fault with a considerably high potential for future earthquakes. One of these sections was in Elazığ and Bingöl, located between the rupture zones of the 1874 and 1971 earthquakes. The seismic gap ruptured during a M w 6.1 earthquake in 2010. The 2020 M w 6.8 earthquake ruptured to the southwest between the 1893/1905 and 1874 earthquakes. Another seismic gap
3978-513: The Hatay Fault. The focal mechanism indicated normal faulting along a northeast–southwest striking fault. The extent of surface ruptures associated with the M7.8 and M7.7 earthquakes have been mapped using a mixture of satellite imagery and ground observations. Pixel matching on images captured by Sentinel-1 before and after the earthquakes showed sharp discontinuities in displacement, revealing two separate zones of surface rupture . The longer of
4080-417: The M w 7.8 earthquake on 6 February 2023, a M w 7.6 earthquake ruptured the Sürgü and Çardak segments. It produced 98 km (61 mi) of surface rupture and displayed a maximum surface offset of 10.0–12.6 m (32.8–41.3 ft); one of the largest surface offset ever observed from an earthquake. The northeast–southwest striking Savrun segment connects the western Çardak segment via
4182-539: The M ww 7.8 earthquake produced by the USGS from observed seismic waves, taking into account preliminary rupture mapping from satellite data, uses three fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >40 km (25 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 028°/85° (Segment 1), >175 km (109 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 060°/85° (Segment 2) and >160 km (99 mi) × 20 km (12 mi), 025°/75° (Segment 3). The mainshock produced
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4284-536: The M7.8 earthquake was unusually large, comparable to that during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake along the San Andreas Fault . Large surface offsets of 6–8 m (20–26 ft) were observed along the Sürgü-Çardak Fault. Along a road west of Gözpınar [ ce ; tr ; tt ; vi ] , the rupture displaced the road left-laterally for 8.6 m (28 ft). The largest maximum surface offset
4386-461: The M7.8 event. It had a depth of 7.4 km (5 mi) according to the USGS, 5 km (3 mi) by KOERI, and 13 km (8 mi) by Geoscope. The shock was also the result of strike-slip faulting; it had an epicenter north of the previous large earthquake. A reevaluation of the earthquakes using long-period coda moment magnitude obtained M w 7.95 ± 0.013 and M w 7.86 ± 0.012, respectively. These earthquakes were some of
4488-617: The Mediterranean Sea. It was the first recorded tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean Sea region since the one produced by the 1953 M L 6.2 earthquake in Cyprus . The largest wave measured 40 cm (16 in) along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Although no underwater surveys results have been made available to identify the sources of these tsunamis, they were likely produced by landsliding at Iskenderun Port and liquefaction on
4590-530: The Mio-Pliocene and Quaternary. Previous studies of the East Anatolian Fault consider it part of the Karlıova segment rather than an independent segment. The 1971 Bingöl earthquake (M s 6.8) produced 35 km (22 mi) of surface faulting on this segment, but did not extend beyond northeast of Göynük. This segment extends between Lake Hazar and Palu for 77 km (48 mi). The northern part of
4692-453: The Palu segment was associated with a M w 6.1 earthquake on 8 March 2010. Young scarps and offsets measuring 2.5–4 m (8 ft 2 in – 13 ft 1 in) were observed. The last major earthquake occurred on 3 May 1874, estimated at M w 7.1. East of Lake Hazar, a 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) offset was reported; the average offset associated with the event along
4794-552: The Pazarcık segment is reminiscent of a smooth sine curve; its northern half is concave while the southern half is also concave. This segment extends from Gölbaşı to Türkoğlu . Its cumulative geologic offset has been estimated at 19–25 km (12–16 mi); based on paleoseismological studies, the slip rate in the Holocene was estimated at 9 mm (0.35 in) per year. About 4 km (2.5 mi) southeast of Elmalar, 5 ± 0.2 m (16.40 ± 0.66 ft) of offset
4896-438: The Pazarcık segment of the East Anatolian Fault. Ruptures then continued bilaterally to the northeast and southwest along this segment. This subevent on the Narlı Fault corresponded to a M w 7.0 earthquake which ruptured for 20 seconds. It had a focal mechanism corresponding to oblique-normal faulting. A preliminary analysis of near-field (within 1 km (0.62 mi) of the fault rupture) seismic records indicates that
4998-435: The Pazarcık segment. The Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively, for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes. A research paper published by Earth and Planetary Science Letters in 2002 studied stress accumulation and increased seismic hazard along
5100-626: The Turkish government revealed at least 61,722 buildings had to be demolished including 11,900 in Gaziantep Province, 10,900 in Hatay Province, 10,800 in Kahramanmaraş Province and 36,046 in Malatya Province. Broad fissures appeared on roads. During recovery efforts, body parts were often found in the rubble. In Adana , 12 buildings collapsed in the city center, 23 were badly damaged and 120 were moderately damaged. Three apartments were among
5202-488: The USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 total aftershocks. A M ww 6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunbağ in Hatay Province on 20 February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting. The M w 7.8 earthquake had aftershocks distributed along ~350 km (220 mi) of
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#17328528531405304-420: The building said they adhered to building regulations but those were not enough against the earthquake. The 13-storey apartment block consists of three closely spaced buildings linked externally, but not structurally; when the collapse occurred, all three buildings separated. The basement, two-storey parking space was considered the "strongest part" of the complex as it had more concrete walls than other parts of
5406-457: The buildings that collapsed in the city. Across Adana Province , damage assessments revealed 59 buildings, 1,274 apartments and 2,952 houses were destroyed, severely damaged or required demolition. At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya . Sixty percent of the city's buildings received damage. Nearly every neighborhood of the city was affected by collapsed buildings. Out of the 968 mosques in
5508-451: The cental part was 3.5 + 0.5 m (11.5 + 1.6 ft). The area where the Pütürge segment runs through is mountainous and characterized by Paleozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic ophiolite mélange and clastic rocks. Measurements of basement rocks and offsets along the Euphrates revealed geologic offsets of 9–22 km (5.6–13.7 mi). Although there are Holocene scarps,
5610-1480: The city and over 12,000 were injured. In Erzin District , 31 buildings collapsed and 897 were heavily damaged or had to be demolished. However, there were no collapses or major damage in Erzin , the largest town in the district. Multiple factors including strict building codes prevented destruction. An estimated 20,000 people fled to Erzin, increasing its population by about 50 percent. In Samandağ , 670 buildings collapsed, 9,212 were badly damaged or required demolition and 7,850 people died. At least 1,046 buildings collapsed and 3,452 others were severely damaged or had to be demolished in Hassa District . In Altınözü , 838 buildings were destroyed, 3,892 others were badly damaged and 650 others required demolition. There were 213 collapsed buildings and 1,453 others had been severely damaged or had to be demolished in Yayladağı . At least 139 buildings collapsed, 755 others were badly damaged and 87 others had to be demolished in Belen . In Dörtyol , 115 buildings were destroyed and 2,030 others had to be demolished or were severely damaged. Mass burials occurred in Kahramanmaraş for more than 5,000 bodies. A city official said
5712-499: The city of Adıyaman , four neighborhoods were razed. Many buildings along Atatürk Boulevard collapsed. The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and Gölbaşı District 's state hospital were also destroyed. Isias Hotel , the largest hotel in the city, also collapsed, killing 65 people. Up to 10 percent of Adıyaman's population perished. The mayor of Kömür said the Karapınar and Bahçelievler neighborhoods were nearly destroyed. Destruction
5814-414: The city was observed after the earthquakes. Earlier flooding may be attributed to liquefaction while subsequent occurrences may be due to damage to the coast and water infrastructure. The sea inundated parts of the city by as much as 200 m (660 ft). Large areas of the coast and sections of piers were flooded due to lateral spreading. Large waves from bad weather and a tsunami may have contributed to
5916-604: The city, 25 were destroyed and 420 others were damaged. Two hotels collapsed in Malatya, causing many casualties. The ceiling of Malatya Erhaç Airport experienced a partial collapse, as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque . Damage was also reported at the Arslantepe Mound . In Akçadağ , 11 people died, including four attributed to the second earthquake. At least 263 deaths were reported in Doğanşehir . In Gaziantep , many of
6018-514: The coastal flatlands of Antakya. Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta , Cyprus, without damage. The tsunami measured 0.17 m (6.7 in), and tsunami waves were recorded at 0.12 m (4.7 in) at İskenderun and 0.13 m (5.1 in) at Erdemli . Tsunami warnings were issued for the southern Turkish coast, southern and eastern Italian coasts and the whole eastern Mediterranean Sea area, but later withdrawn. The earthquake rupture terminated near Suvatlı in
6120-423: The core concrete columns which housed the elevator systems were situated along the north side which left the south side vulnerable without adequate support. Another reason was that beams emerging from either side of the building were misaligned and did not connect to each other. These features may have contributed to the building overturning onto its south side. In İskenderun , an industrial city in Hatay Province,
6222-403: The effects observed at İskenderun. Both earthquakes caused shaking levels (≥0.12 g ) sufficient for landslide-triggering across a 90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) area. About 3,673 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified using satellite imagery, aerial photos, and one field survey of the area. Landslides mainly occurred in the northern region of the affected area. Rockslides were
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#17328528531406324-401: The effects of stress changes caused by the M7.8 earthquake on the Çardak–Sürgü Fault, based on the USGS fault model, indicated up to 3 bars of added stress near the epicenter of the M7.7 shock, sufficient to trigger rupture on that zone, assuming that it was already close to failure. Stress on the Hatay Fault, source of the 20 February M w 6.4 aftershock, increased by 1 bar following
6426-643: The fault represented a boundary between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The northeast–southwest trending main strand runs for 580 km (360 mi) from Karlıova in the north to Antakya in the south. The Karlıova segment represents the northeasternmost trace of the East Anatolian Fault and extends 25 km (16 mi) from the triple junction to Göynük. Its morphology is charactierized by young scarps; streams offset from several to hundreds of meters; pressure ridges ; linear valleys and hot springs . A 3.5 m (11 ft) offset located 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Boncukgöze could be associated with
6528-476: The fault were observed to have been offset by several meters to 0.5 km (0.31 mi). Recent seismic activity was inferred by the precense of young fault scarps. In 1893, a M s 7.2 earthquake produced a 4.5 m (15 ft) offset near Çelikhan . The northern part of the Erkenek segment produced 10 km (6.2 mi) of surface rupture during the M w 7.8 earthquake of 2023. The trace of
6630-462: The first. There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of fatalities. The M w 7.8 earthquake is the largest in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake of the same magnitude, and jointly the second-largest in the country, after larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake . It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in the Levant . It was felt as far as Egypt and
6732-406: The historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle , Şirvani Mosque and Liberation Mosque . The city recorded 16,211 collapses and buildings which were severely damaged or required demolition. In the city center, at least 154 people died after a four-story building collapsed; four other collapsed buildings left another 102 dead. In Nizip , at least 51 people were killed when
6834-487: The initial rupture speed transitioned to supershear after propagating about 19.5 km (12.1 mi) away from the epicenter along the Narlı Fault before it reached the EAF. Back projection suggests the total rupture length was ~560 km (350 mi). The rupture continued northeast onto the Ekernek segment and to the southwest onto the Amanos segment. The northeastern rupture ceased 55 seconds after initiation while
6936-509: The larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake . Globally it was the strongest recorded since August 2021 . Both earthquakes are the largest and only observed to occur on land within a short span of time. At 10:24 UTC, an earthquake measuring M ww 7.5 according to USGS, M w 7.6 according to KOERI, or M w 7.7 according to Geoscope and the GCMT, struck with an epicenter near Ekinözü , 95 km northeast of
7038-423: The largest Turkish earthquakes in over 2,000 years. Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the M w 7.8 earthquake and over 30,000 recorded by May 2023. An aftershock measuring M ww 6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock . There were 25 aftershocks M w 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later,
7140-463: The left-lateral Dead Sea Transform if it continued along its southwest trend, and suspected it also had a left-lateral slip sense. Significant attention to this structure arose following an earthquake in Bingöl on 22 May 1971. Ground cracks associated with the earthquake exhibited a dominant left-lateral component that aligned with the trend of valleys associated with the fault. This discovery supported
7242-1071: The local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with player Christian Atsu and sporting director Taner Savut dying. In Kırıkhan District , 1,886 buildings collapsed and 7,190 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 982 buildings were destroyed, 8,894 others were badly damaged and 943 had to be demolished in Defne . In Reyhanlı , 318 buildings collapsed and 1,661 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 187 buildings collapsed, 2,176 others were badly damaged and 194 others had to be demolished in Arsuz . In Kumlu , 131 buildings were destroyed, 738 others were severely damaged and 84 others required demolition. At least 58 buildings collapsed and 669 others were badly damaged or had to be demolished in Payas . The collapse of
7344-422: The luxury Rönesans Rezidans apartment trapped an estimated 800 people, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing as presumed dead. In May 2023, an investigation by The New York Times found that inadequate design and safety lapses may have contributed to its collapse. An engineer revealed to the newspaper; "the building violated the basic tenets of engineering," after inspecting its blueprints. Contractors of
7446-407: The main strand of the EAF system decreases south-westwards from 10 mm (0.39 in) per year on the Karlıova segment down to 2.9 mm (0.11 in) per year on the Amanos segment. On the northern strand, a slip rate of 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per year was estimated on the Çardak segment. The Sürgü-Çardak Fault is an east–west striking 160 km (99 mi) long fault that runs north of
7548-491: The mass grave would eventually be the burial ground for 10,000 bodies. Around 75 percent of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed. In Elbistan , 924 people died and 1,825 were injured. An estimated 2,000 buildings were destroyed. At Ordekdede, a village in Pazarcik District, almost all single-story buildings were decimated. None of the 140 houses in the village were structurally stable. Thirty-four people died in
7650-407: The most affected. In Antakya, 70 percent of homes and 6,369 buildings collapsed, 3,734 had to be demolished and 21,830 were badly damaged. The runway at Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations. The Ankara Metropolitan Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February, allowing its reopening. Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed, and
7752-428: The most commonly observed; there were also many bedrock rotational landslides, translational slides and lateral spreads. Surface ruptures propagating through hillsides also triggered landslides. These landslides blocked roads and river channels, destroyed or seriously damaged buildings and caused many deaths. One of the largest landslides occurred near Tepehan village, Hatay Province; a translational slide which detached
7854-581: The northern end of the Dead Sea Transform , and ending at the Karlıova triple junction where it meets the North Anatolian Fault . Another 350 km (220 mi) strand of the fault exists north of the main strand known as the Sürgü–Misis Fault System . In 1963, geologists published descriptions about a fault structure near Karlıova where the North Anatolian Fault terminates. In their findings, based on geomorphology , they described
7956-615: The northern shores of the Gulf of Alexandretta. This segment consists of two eastern and western sections measuring 16.5 km (10.3 mi) and 24.5 km (15.2 mi), respectively. The Karataş segment runs for 64 km (40 mi) and is subparallel to the Yumurtalık segment but located north of that segment. The fault produced large earthquakes in 1789 (M 7.2), 1795 (M 7.0), 1872 (M 7.2) , 1874 (M 7.1), 1875 (M 6.7), 1893 (M 7.1) and 1905 (M w 6.8). The M s 7.1 earthquake in 1893 killed over 800 people. In 1866,
8058-778: The pair, produced by the first earthquake, measured 320 km (200 mi) while the second earthquake produced 150 km (93 mi) of surface rupture. These observations were backed up with direct imaging of the ruptures using other satellite data, such as from the DigitalGlobe 's WorldView-1 , 2 & 3 and GeoEye-1 , and by field work. Remote sensing using satellite imagery indicated 30 km (19 mi) of surface rupture with large normal faulting component. The zone of surface rupture extended from north of Antakya, Hatay Province towards Pazarcık , Kahramanmaraş Province and Gölbaşı , Adıyaman Province. Surface ruptures continued north of these cities. Surface rupture occurred in
8160-455: The past few hundred years along various segments, including the 1789 (M 7.2, Palu), 1795 (M 7.0, Pazarcık), 1866 (M 7.2 Karlıova) , 1872 (M 7.2, Amanos) , 1874 (M 7.1, Palu), 1875 (M 6.7, Palu), 1893 (M 7.1, Erkenek) , 1971 (M6.6, Karlıova) and 2020 (M 6.8, Pütürge) events. Other large historical earthquakes have been tentatively assigned to segments of the EAF, such as the 1114 and 1513 Marash earthquakes , both thought to have ruptured
8262-582: The port managing authority said it would take three months for operations to resume. The city saw 534 buildings collapse, 337 requiring demolition and 4,622 receiving severe damage. Flooding occurred along the city shoreline, inundating streets up to 200 m (660 ft) inland. The Cathedral of the Annunciation , seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia , was almost completely destroyed. At least 3,109 people died in
8364-453: The precise date when they formed is unknown. Earthquakes in 1875 and 1905 may have occurred on the Pütürge segment. This segment was associated with a ~45 km (28 mi) rupture during the January 2020 M w 6.7 earthquake . This segment runs from Yarpuzlu to Gölbaşı . The cumulative offset along the Erkenek segment is 26–22.5 km (16.2–14.0 mi). Stream channels crossing
8466-553: The relative motions of the two plates is manifest in the left lateral motion along the fault. The East and North Anatolian faults together accommodate the westward motion of the Anatolian sub-plate as it is squeezed out by the ongoing collision between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate . The East Anatolian Fault runs in a northeasterly direction, starting from the Maraş triple junction at
8568-408: The sequence struck at 01:17 UTC. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at M ww 7.8 and M w 7.8, respectively. GEOSCOPE reported M w 8.0 and Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) reported M w 7.7 and M L 7.4. It had an epicenter 34 km (21 mi) west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which
8670-503: The southern portion of the Amanos segment. The Amanos segment also ruptured during the M w 7.8 earthquake in 2023. It was followed two weeks later by a M w 6.4 aftershock at its southernmost tip. The East Anatolian Fault branches away from the main strand to form a northern strand near Çelikhan . This strand, also known as the Sürgü–Misis Fault System, also consists multiple left-lateral fault segments with
8772-478: The southern termination contributed to the intense ground motion in Antakya. The second M>7 earthquake initiated on a separate fault known as the Çardak– Sürgü Fault Zone, part of the northern strand of the East Anatolian Fault. The rupture propagated bilaterally along the Çardak segment, continuing eastwards onto the Sürgü segment before continuing eastwards to Malatya along the northeast–southwest trending Doğanşehir Fault Zone. Rupture also propagated towards
8874-441: The southwest along the Çardak segment. The total rupture length was estimated at 160 km (99 mi). The westward-propagating rupture occurred at supershear velocity (maximum 4.8 km (3.0 mi) per second) while the eastward-propagating rupture occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 2.8 km (1.7 mi) per second). The rupture lasted about 35 seconds. The M w 6.4 aftershock on 20 February occurred along
8976-524: The southwestern rupture ceased near Antakya about 80 seconds later. A M w 6.8 aftershock occurring 11 minutes later and west of the first M>7 epicenter may have ruptured along the Sakçagöz Fault, the next segment of the DST to the south. Rupture along the EAF during the event occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 3.2 km (2.0 mi) per second). An analysis of near-field seismic data revealed transient supershear rupture episodes throughout
9078-429: The structure. The building's exterior walls and those that separated units and rooms consisted of heavy masonry which may have prevented the structure from swaying and possibly held the building mostly intact despite toppling. The building was considered a soft story structure as the ground floor had fewer masonry walls which meant it was at greater risk of damage from seismic ground motion . Among other factors were that
9180-547: The theory of a mainly left-lateral mechanism for the East Anatolian Fault. This mechanism and trend is also consistent with north–south convergence acting as the predominant tectonic regime. In 1976, Dan McKenzie described the fault in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters ; a 550 km (340 mi) strike-slip fault extending from the Gulf of Alexandretta to the North Anatolian Fault. The description of its southern end contradicts that of Allen. McKenzie also stated that
9282-452: The town itself. In Kâhta , at least 55 people died. East Anatolian Fault The East Anatolian Fault ( Turkish : Doğu Anadolu Fay Hattı ) is a ~700 km long major strike-slip fault zone running from eastern to south-central Turkey . It forms the transform type tectonic boundary between the Anatolian sub-plate and the northward-moving Arabian plate . The difference in
9384-759: The village. At least 11 people died, 107 houses were destroyed and 70 percent of the building stock were damaged in Ekinözü . In Afşin , at least 180 people died. At least 335 buildings including 90 in the city center were destroyed. The Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant was also damaged. In Ericek [ ce ; tr ; vi ] , a village in Göksun , 95 percent of homes were affected and 152 died. In Nurhak , there were around 200 deaths and all houses were severely damaged. In Türkoğlu , 1,171 buildings collapsed and 4,500 others required demolition. In Adıyaman Province , over 20,000 buildings and 56,256 houses were destroyed. In
9486-491: The Çardak Fault; it was also shallower—attenuating from 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi). Slip during the M w 7.8 event extended to 18 km (11 mi) and 12 km (7.5 mi) for the M w 7.7 event. The M w 6.4 aftershock that struck Antakya on 20 February had a rupture area of 25 km (16 mi) × 25 km (16 mi) and produced a peak slip of 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in) at 8.3 km (5.2 mi) depth. Preliminary analysis of
9588-559: The Çokak segment from the Savrun segment. The main strand strikes approximately northeast–southwest; its northern end consisting of a normal fault while the remaining, a left-lateral fault. Another left-lateral fault runs subparallel to the west along its southern half. It accumulated a total offset of 2.5 km (1.6 mi) during the Late Pliocene to Quaternary. The 50 km (31 mi)-long Toprakkale segment extends from Boynuyoğunlu to
9690-497: Was 10.0–12.6 m (32.8–41.3 ft); one of the largest surface offset ever observed from an earthquake. Ground acceleration values recorded in some areas near the fault rupture were in excess of 1 g . Three USGS seismic installations, two at Antakya and one at Hassa , recorded large ground accelerations and velocities. The town of Hassa recorded 0.9082 g in ground acceleration (pga) and 215.34 cm/s (84.78 in/s) in ground velocity. The station data corresponded to
9792-837: Was affected. The United Nations said crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and rural infrastructure were heavily damaged. At least 516 university buildings were affected, of which 106 were heavily damaged. By 23 February 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change conducted damage inspections for 1.25 million buildings; revealing 164,000 buildings were either destroyed or severely damaged. Another inspection carried out in March revealed that 1,411,304 housing units sustained light to moderate damage. Over 150,000 commercial infrastructure were at least moderately damaged. The International Organization for Migration estimated over 2.7 million people were made homeless. A damage assessment by
9894-481: Was also observed in Samandağ . At Lake Gölbaşı, Adıyaman Province, lateral spreading occurred along the northern, eastern and southern coast. Parts of the lakeshore were also submerged. Gölbaşı was also damaged by liquefaction and lateral spreading. Subsidence due to lateral spreading caused extensive damage in İskenderun. Liquefaction produced sand ejecta that buried Atatürk Boulevard in Çay District. Regular flooding in
9996-640: Was also observed in Barbaros, Çelikhan , Sümerevler and Karapınar districts. In Harmanlı, a village in Gölbaşı District , 80–90 percent of it was destroyed. The second earthquake destroyed three buildings in the province. In Gölbaşı , 71 percent of the town's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed and 695 people were killed with over 400 injured, including 286 deaths in the town center. There were also 410 deaths in Besni District , about 90 percent of them in
10098-557: Was identified via satellite and remote sensing along the southern portion of the M w 7.8 rupture on the East Anatolian Fault from Antakya to Golbasi. Liquefaction and lateral spreading were observed at and near coastal areas, fluvial valleys and drained lake or swamp areas, covered by Holocene sediments . These effects were widespread in the Amik Valley and Orontes River plain, north of Antakya, Hatay Province. Limited observations were made in high-elevation areas due to snow cover and lack of satellite observations. Liquefaction
10200-490: Was located in Kahramanmaraş—this 103 km (64 mi) long section—according to the study, believed to last rupture in 1513 has the potential to produce magnitude 7.3 earthquakes. Large earthquakes on the northern part of the DST include events in 115 , 526, 587, 1138 , 1170 and 1822, which resulted in several tens of thousands to several hundreds of thousands of fatalities. The first and largest earthquake in
10302-532: Was observed along the fault rupture from the epicenter to Antakya. The MMI also reached IX–X ( Violent – Extreme ) in Kahramanmaraş and İskenderun , VIII–IX ( Severe – Violent ) in Malatya and Adıyaman , VII–VIII ( Very strong – Severe ) in Gaziantep , Kilis , Idlib and Aleppo , and VI–VII ( Strong – Very strong ) in Adana and Şanlıurfa . The maximum MMI of the second earthquake was X ( Extreme ). Liquefaction
10404-448: Was reported along a stream, possibly associated with an earthquake in 1513. The Pazarcık segment may have also produced surface ruptures during the 1114 earthquake . This was one of the segments that ruptured during the M w 7.8 earthquake of 2023. The Amanos segment, also known as the Karasu segment, measures 120 km (75 mi) in length and represents the southern part of
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