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176-396: Daylight saving time ( DST ), also referred to as daylight saving(s) , daylight savings time , daylight time ( United States and Canada ), or summer time ( United Kingdom , European Union , and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST

352-454: A maximum number of working hours per week. Working time may vary from person to person, often depending on economic conditions, location, culture, lifestyle choice, and the profitability of the individual's livelihood. For example, someone who is supporting children and paying a large mortgage might need to work more hours to meet basic costs of living than someone of the same earning power with lower housing costs. In developed countries like

528-464: A 21-hour standard work week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time. Bill Schaninger writing for McKinsey & Company has put forward a similar proposal of a 20-hour workweek. Others, such as the historian Rutger Bregman , have argued that a 15-hour work week is reachable by 2030 and British sociologist Peter Fleming has proposed

704-523: A DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer. Under Section 110 of the act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year 2007. An October 2008 study conducted by

880-543: A day without 'clocking in' whether physically or metaphorically. The overtime allowance should not be lower than 125% and not more than 150% of the normal hourly rate. Workaholism in Japan is considered a serious social problem leading to early death, a phenomenon dubbed karōshi , meaning death from overwork. China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays. Traditionally, Chinese have worked long hours, and this has led to many deaths from overwork , with

1056-656: A day, for six days a week, a phenomenon unofficially occurring in the IT industry. Women in all workplaces are at risk of overwork despite the existence of work laws. Many women already worked much more than 70 hours a week - at both the office and their homes. Anna Sebastian Perayil , a 26-year old a young Chartered Accountant (CA) from Kerala, had started working in the E&;Y Pune office on 18th March 2024, but her premature death within 4 months on 20th July 2024 due to stress caused by overwork, presenteeism , exhaustion and fatigue has re-ignited

1232-557: A faster pace in Europe: for example, France adopted a 35-hour workweek in 2000. In 1995, China adopted a 40-hour week, eliminating half-day work on Saturdays (though this is not widely practiced). Working hours in industrializing economies like South Korea , though still much higher than the leading industrial countries, are also declining steadily. Technology has also continued to improve worker productivity , permitting standards of living to rise as hours decline. In developed economies, as

1408-744: A hearing in the Senate's Commerce, Science, and Transportation committee for years. In 2019, the Washington State Legislature passed Substitute House Bill 1196, which would establish year-round observation of daylight saving time contingent on the United States Congress amending federal law to authorize states to observe daylight saving time year-round. The bill passed, and was followed by proposed 2021 ballot initiative 1803, "Abolish Daylight Savings Time in Washington state" to petition

1584-499: A higher salary due to financial reasons. If standard working hour legislation is passed, employers will need to pay a higher salary to employees, and hence the employers may choose to segment work tasks to employer more part time employees instead of providing overtime pay to employees." She thinks this will lead to a situation that the employees may need to find two part-time jobs to earn their living, making them wasting more time on transportation from one job to another. The Chairman of

1760-401: A job with stable hours and low career risk, but still a position of subordinate employment. The actual time at work often varies between 35 and 48 hours in practice due to some employers counting breaks as part of the 40 hours and others not. In many traditional white collar positions, employees were required to be in the office during these hours to take orders from the bosses, hence

1936-431: A labor policy and was not related to family-friendly policies. The Vice President of Young DAB, Wai-hung Chan, stated that standard working hours would bring limitations to small and medium enterprises. He thought that the government should discuss the topic with the public more before legislating standard working hours. The Democratic Party suggested a 44-hour standard work week and compulsory overtime pay to help achieve

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2112-455: A large part of a summer day. Willett also was an avid golfer who disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer, and he published the proposal two years later. Liberal Party member of parliament Robert Pearce took up the proposal, introducing the first Daylight Saving Bill to the British House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee

2288-513: A legislative plan which would allow for year-round daylight saving time to be enacted. However, it still requires the vote of two-thirds of the state's legislature and the approval of Congress. The Sunshine Protection Act of 2019 was introduced in the US Senate by Senator Marco Rubio of Florida to make the times used for DST standard time and abolish DST. It has bipartisan support from senators from Washington and Tennessee, but it had not received

2464-625: A man healthy, wealthy, and wise", and published a letter in the Journal de Paris when he was an American envoy to France (1776–1785) suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks required

2640-485: A marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime. Later sunsets from DST are thought to affect behavior; for example, increasing participation in after-school sports programs or outdoor afternoon sports such as golf, and attendance at professional sporting events. Advocates of daylight saving time argue that having more hours of daylight between the end of a typical workday and evening induces people to consume other goods and services. In 2022,

2816-502: A maximum 48-hour work week. If the employee works no more than five days a week, the employee's normal working day is 9 hours and the working week is 44 hours. Also, if the number of hours worked by the worker is less than 44 hours every alternate week, the 44-hour weekly limit may be exceeded in the other week. However, this is subject to the pre-specification in the service contract, and the maximum should not exceed 48 hours per week or 88 hours in any consecutive two week period. In addition,

2992-451: A more in-depth evaluation examining the disruption of the human body's circadian rhythms which provided evidence suggesting the existence of an association between DST clock-shifts and a modest increase of occurrence of acute myocardial infarction, especially in the first week after the spring shift. However a Netherlands study found, against the majority of investigations, contrary or minimal effect. Year-round standard time (not year-round DST)

3168-509: A notable impact on Halloween and candy sales. Wyoming senator Michael Enzi and Michigan representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick-or-treating in more daylight. In some areas, the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8:30 a.m. Several state and federal representatives have advanced legislation in support of

3344-601: A number of state bills have been introduced, and a bill in the US Senate has been reintroduced. None have passed in Congress. Until a DST bill is passed in both the US Senate and the US House of Representatives, and then signed into law by the President, nowhere in the US will have permanent daylight time (and standard time is mandatory in all parts of the country, for either the "winter months" or

3520-478: A one-hour clock shift would provide little benefit because of the wide variations in sunrise and sunset times. Consequently, only 34 percent of the world's countries use DST. Some countries observe it only in some regions: in Canada, Yukon, most of Saskatchewan, as well as parts of Nunavut, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec do not observe DST; in addition, it is observed by four Australian states and one territory; and in

3696-539: A paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch ; he followed up with an 1898 paper. Many publications credit the DST proposal to prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett , who independently conceived DST in 1907 during a pre-breakfast ride when he observed how many Londoners slept through

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3872-531: A per-hour basis. The structure of the work week varies considerably for different professions and cultures. Among salaried workers in the western world, the work week often consists of Monday to Friday or Saturday with the weekend set aside as a time of personal work and leisure. Sunday is set aside in the western world because it is the Christian sabbath . The traditional American business hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday to Friday, representing

4048-449: A point of contention between the religious and secular, resulting in fluctuations over the years, and a shorter DST period than in the EU and US. Religious Jews prefer a shorter DST due to DST delaying scheduled morning prayers , thus conflicting with standard working and business hours . Additionally, DST is ended before Yom Kippur (a 25-hour fast day starting and ending at sunset, much of which

4224-685: A position supported by the American College of Chest Physicians and the World Sleep Society , among others. On January 3, 2023, the 117th Congress ended without the House voting on the Sunshine Protection Act. The American public is split on the subject: only 21% of Americans prefer changing clocks twice per year, yet 50% favor permanent daylight saving time and 31% support permanent standard time; 17% are undecided. As of November 2023 ,

4400-434: A publication of three replicating studies of individuals, between individuals, and transecting societies, demonstrated that sleep loss affects the human motivation to help others, which in its fMRI findings is "associated with deactivation of key nodes within the social cognition brain network that facilitates prosociality." Furthermore, they detected, through analysis of over three million real-world charitable donations, that

4576-463: A result of having a heart disease event or a stroke attributable to having worked these long hours, making exposure to long working hours the occupational risk factor with the largest disease burden. Since the 1960s, the consensus among anthropologists, historians, and sociologists has been that early hunter-gatherer societies enjoyed more leisure time than is permitted by capitalist and agrarian societies ; for instance, one camp of !Kung Bushmen

4752-675: A shift worker can work up to 12 hours a day, provided that the average working hours per week do not exceed 44 over a consecutive three-week period. The overtime allowance per overtime hour must not be less than 1.5 times the employee's hourly basic rates. In most European Union countries, working time is gradually decreasing. The European Union 's working time directive imposes a 48-hour maximum working week that applies to every member state except Malta (which have an opt-out, meaning that employees in Malta may work longer than 48 hours if they wish, but they cannot be forced to do so). A major reason for

4928-466: A similar declaration. (The Soviet Union had operated under permanent "summer time" from 1930 to at least 1982.) Russia's plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of winter-time mornings, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to standard time ( UTC+3:00 ) on 26 October 2014, intending to stay there permanently. In the United States, Arizona (with the exception of

5104-517: A small variation in daylight over the course of the year. After synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time in spring in anticipation of longer daylight hours, individuals following a clock-based schedule will be awakened an hour earlier in the solar day than they would have otherwise. They will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier; in most cases, they will have an extra hour of daylight available to them after their workday activities. The clock shift

5280-628: A social cost of $ 275 million annually", primarily by increasing sleep deprivation. A correlation between clock shifts and increase in traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. Four reports have found that this effect is smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. In 2018, the European Parliament , reviewing a possible abolition of DST, approved

5456-475: A sort of "reverse" daylight saving time, essentially setting their clocks back an hour rather than moving them forward. By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387), signed by President Lyndon Johnson on April 14. Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within

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5632-764: A standardization of clocks unknown in Franklin's day. In 1810, the Spanish National Assembly Cortes of Cádiz issued a regulation that moved certain meeting times forward by one hour from 1 May to 30 September in recognition of seasonal changes, but it did not change the clocks. It also acknowledged that private businesses were in the practice of changing their opening hours to suit daylight conditions, but they did so of their volition. New Zealand entomologist George Hudson first proposed modern DST. His shift-work job gave him spare time to collect insects and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895, he presented

5808-400: A study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate. A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.3% during the days when DST applies. Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption, but a 2008 United States Department of Energy report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to

5984-490: A supporting role from trade unions , collective bargaining , and progressive legislation. The workweek, in most of the industrialized world, dropped steadily, to about 40 hours after World War II . The limitation of working hours is also proclaimed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , and European Social Charter . The decline continued at

6160-423: A three-day work-week. Actual work week lengths have been falling in the developed world. Factors that have contributed to lowering average work hours and increasing standard of living have been: Recent articles supporting a four-day week have argued that reduced work hours would increase consumption and invigorate the economy. However, other articles state that consumption would decrease, which could reduce

6336-647: A total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year. As of 2024 , federal law supports states that opt to switch between standard time and daylight saving time (from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, then back to standard time in the fall), despite some unsuccessful efforts to do away with this practice. In 2022, the United States Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act which would have permanently activated daylight saving time , but it did not become law, because it

6512-581: A uniform set of rules for states opting to observe daylight saving time. In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks "spring forward, fall back"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for

6688-433: A weekend, in order to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour change is usual, but twenty-minute and two-hour changes have been used in the past. Notable exceptions today include Lord Howe Island with a thirty-minute change, and Troll (research station) that shifts two hours directly between CEST and GMT since 2016. In all countries that observe daylight saving time seasonally (i.e., during summer and not winter),

6864-403: A workweek of five eight-hour days comprising 40 hours in total. These are the origin of the phrase 9-to-5 , used to describe a conventional and possibly tedious job . Negatively used, it connotes a tedious or unremarkable occupation. The phrase also indicates that a person is an employee , usually in a large company, rather than an entrepreneur or self-employed . More neutrally, it connotes

7040-652: Is 49 hours. According to the Price and Earnings Report 2012 conducted by UBS , while the global and regional average were 1,915 and 2,154 hours per year respectively, the average working hours in Hong Kong is 2,296 hours per year, which ranked the fifth longest yearly working hours among 72 countries under study. In addition, from the survey conducted by the Public Opinion Study Group of the University of Hong Kong, 79% of

7216-524: Is also referred to as the Aubry Law, according to the name of the Labor Minister at that time. Employees may (and do) work more than 35 hours a week, yet in this case firms must pay them overtime bonuses. If the bonus is determined through collective negotiations, it cannot be lower than 10%. If no agreement on working time is signed, the legal bonus must be of 25% for the first 8 hours, then goes up to 50% for

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7392-626: Is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST. California voters passed Proposition 12 in 1949, approving DST in the state. California voters passed Proposition 7 on November 6, 2018 by a 60% vote. It gives the legislative power to: a) change DST measure by a two-thirds vote, thus repealing the 1949 Prop. 12; b) establish permanent year-round DST, pending federal authorization; and c) take action to change time policy concerning both DST and standard time. However,

7568-421: Is important to achieve work–life balance , but does not support a legislation to regulate working hours limit. They believe "standard working hours" is not the best way to achieve work–life balance and the root cause of the long working hours in Hong Kong is due to insufficient labor supply. The managing director of Century Environmental Services Group, Catherine Yan, said "Employees may want to work more to obtain

7744-536: Is in large part intended to conserve energy . Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy. The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and observes daylight saving time to coordinate tribal affairs. The Hopi Reservation

7920-532: Is known, is where employees work from 09:00 to 21:00, six days a week, excluding two hours of lunch & nap during the noon and one hour of supper in the evening. Alibaba founder Jack (Yun) Ma, and JD.Com founder Richard (Qiangdong) Liu both praise the 996 schedule, saying such a schedule has helped Chinese tech giants like Alibaba and Tencent grow to become what they are today. Hong Kong has no legislation regarding maximum and normal working hours. The average weekly working hours of full-time employees in Hong Kong

8096-459: Is legal to demand up to 12 hours of overtime during the week, plus another 16 hours on weekends. The 40-hour workweek expanded to companies with 300 employees or more in 2005, 100 employees or more in 2006, 50 or more in 2007, 20 or more in 2008 and a full inclusion to all workers nationwide in July 2011. The government has continuously increased public holidays to 16 days in 2013, more than the 10 days of

8272-642: Is longer daylight during the day, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. Exceptions include Arizona (except for the Navajo , who do observe daylight saving time in the Navajo Nation ), Hawaii , and the territories of American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established

8448-477: Is opposition to DST in Florida. State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year-round standard time . However, in 2018, over 90% of the legislature voted for, and the governor approved, the Sunshine Protection Act to observe daylight saving time year-round if the U.S. Congress authorized states to do so. Because Florida straddles two time zones,

8624-617: Is partly motivated by practicality. At the summer solstice, in American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 4:30 standard time and sets around 19:30. Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as practical to treat 04:30 as if it were 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake closer to the sunrise and be active in the evening light, as the sun under DST sets an hour later (20:30). The longer evening daylight hours are attractive to golfers, for example, while farmers traditionally expressed dislike for having to be out working while dew

8800-473: Is perhaps inappropriate to adopt working-time regulation as exemplified in other countries to Hong Kong. Lee Shu-Kam, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance of HKSYU , believes that standard working hours cannot deliver "work–life balance". He referenced the research to the US by the University of California, Los Angeles in 1999 and pointed out that in the industries and regions in which

8976-408: Is proposed by some to be the preferred option for public health and safety. Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. DST hurts prime-time television broadcast ratings, drive-ins and other theaters. Artificial outdoor lighting has

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9152-552: Is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance. Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland's single time zone , which approximates solar time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state, with solar noon occurring as late as 2:10 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks , and as late as 3:23 p.m. in places such as Nome . In Fairbanks, for example, sunset occurs well after civil midnight in

9328-526: Is spent praying in synagogue until the fast ends at sunset) since DST would result in the day ending later, which many feel makes it more difficult. In the US, Orthodox Jewish groups have opposed extensions to DST, as well as a 2022 bipartisan bill that would make DST permanent, saying it will "interfere with the ability of members of our community to engage in congregational prayers and get to their places of work on time." Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in

9504-432: Is still heavy. Proponents of daylight saving time argue that most people prefer more daylight hours after the typical " nine to five " workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed. For evaluation, it is required to go beyond considering only energy demand for lighting and also consider

9680-527: Is to set clocks forward by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour to standard time in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic : "spring forward and fall back"). DST is not usually observed near the Equator , where sunrise and sunset times do not vary enough to justify it; conversely, it is often not observed in places at high latitudes where

9856-659: The Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into the Queensland parliament on 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, calling for a referendum at the next state election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time-zone arrangement. The Queensland parliament rejected Wellington's bill on 15 June 2011. Russia declared in 2011 that it would stay in DST all year long ( UTC+4:00 ) and Belarus followed with

10032-638: The German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, both starting on 30 April 1916. Since then, many countries have adopted DST at various times, particularly since the 1970s energy crisis . Industrialized societies usually follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit , for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society 's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by

10208-488: The German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary commencing on 30 April 1916, as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies , and many European neutrals soon followed. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year, and the United States adopted daylight saving in 1918. Most jurisdictions abandoned DST in the years after the war ended in 1918, with exceptions including Canada,

10384-511: The Gregorian calendar ), the country's civil clocks observe Western European Time (UTC+00:00, which geographically overlaps most of the nation). At the close of that month, its clocks are turned forward to Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00). The time at which to change clocks differs across jurisdictions. Members of the European Union conduct a coordinated change, changing all zones at

10560-481: The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce , Chow Chung-kong believes that it is so difficult to implement standard working hours that apply "across-the-board", specifically, to accountants and barristers. In addition, he believes that standard working hours may decrease individual employees' working hours and would not increase their actual income. It may also lead to an increase of number of part-timers in

10736-607: The National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, "Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities. It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with

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10912-471: The Standard Time Act of 1918, a wartime measure for seven months during World War I in the interest of adding more daylight hours to conserve energy resources. Year-round DST, or " War Time ", was implemented again during World War II. After the war, local jurisdictions were free to choose if and when to observe DST until the Uniform Time Act which standardized DST in 1966. Permanent daylight saving time

11088-609: The United States and double that of the United Kingdom 's 8 days. Despite those efforts, South Korea's work hours are still relatively long, with an average 1,874 hours per year in 2023 Work hours in Japan are decreasing, but many Japanese still work long hours. Recently, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) issued a draft report recommending major changes to the regulations that govern working hours. The centerpiece of

11264-557: The University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting dropped by 4.5% as a result of the DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2% to 10%. The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption

11440-528: The Wellington Philosophical Society , but this was not implemented until 1928 and in another form. In 1907, William Willett proposed the adoption of British Summer Time as a way to save energy; although seriously considered by Parliament, it was not implemented until 1916. The first implementation of DST was by Port Arthur (today merged into Thunder Bay ), in Ontario, Canada, in 1908, but only locally, not nationally. The first nation-wide implementations were by

11616-437: The 2007 United States extension of DST. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting , once a primary use of electricity. It has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency and that in 2000, the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $ 31 billion on US stock exchanges. Others have asserted that the observed results depend on methodology and disputed

11792-588: The Cost of Light", written to the editor of The Journal of Paris , observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead. By his calculations, the total savings by the citizens of Paris would be the approximate equivalent of $ 200 million today. Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it. During World War I , in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916, and

11968-568: The Department of Economics of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , believed that standard working hours may not lower work time but increase unemployment. He used Japan as an example to illustrate that the implementation of standard working hours lowered productivity per head and demotivated the economy. He also said that even if the standard working hours can shorten employees' weekly working hours, they may need to work for more years to earn sufficient amount of money for retirement , i.e. delay their retirement age. The total working time over

12144-455: The Department of Management of HKBU , has said that introducing standard working hours could avoid excessively long working hours of employees. He also said that nowadays Hong Kong attains almost full employment, has a high rental price and severe inflation, recently implemented minimum wage, and is affected by a gloomy global economy; he also mentioned that comprehensive considerations on macroeconomic situations are needed, and emphasized that it

12320-595: The Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time-zone boundaries. Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act , having opted out of the act's provisions in 1967. Because of Hawaii 's tropical latitude, there is little variation in daylight length between winter and summer. Advancing the clock to UTC−09:00 (DST) in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June, because most of

12496-558: The Labour Advisory Board, Stanley Lau, said that standard working hours will completely alter the business environment of Hong Kong, affect small and medium enterprise and weaken competitiveness of businesses. He believes that the government can encourage employers to pay overtime salary, and there is no need to regulate standard working hours. On 17–18 October 2012, the Legislative Council members in Hong Kong debated on

12672-518: The LegCo's Manpower Panel will receive the report in late November and December respectively. On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department released the report, and the report covered the regimes and experience of practicing standard working hours in selected regions, current work hour situations in different industries, and the impact assessment of standard working hours. Also, Matthew Cheung mentioned that

12848-548: The Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis . In the 1964 Official Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere. By 1965, there were eighteen states that observed daylight saving for six months each year, eighteen states that did not have formal policies but held cities or towns with their own daylight saving standards and another twelve states that did not implement daylight saving at all. Meanwhile, portions of North Dakota and Texas observed

13024-641: The Navajo Nation), Hawaii , and the five populated territories ( American Samoa , Guam , Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the US Virgin Islands ) do not participate in daylight saving time. Indiana only began participating in daylight saving time as recently as 2006. Since 2018, Florida Republican Senator Marco Rubio has repeatedly filed bills to extend daylight saving time permanently into winter, without success. Mexico observed summertime daylight saving time starting in 1996. In late 2022,

13200-667: The Southern Hemisphere, cannot sensibly follow because of the March-to-November DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act , which is inapplicable to the Southern Hemisphere as this period corresponds to wintertime. Thus, if American Samoa were to institute daylight saving time in accordance with the Uniform Time Act, it would "fall forward and spring back," so instead of the beginning of daylight saving time helping to capitalize on increasing daylight hours in

13376-570: The Special Administrative Region pledged that the government will standardize working hours in Hong Kong. On 26 November 2012, the Labour Department of the HKSAR released the "Report of the policy study on standard working hours". The report covers three major areas, including: (1) the regimes and experience of other places in regulating working hours, (2) latest working time situations of employees in different sectors, and (3) estimation of

13552-636: The Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933. During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called Hawaiian War Time, effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time. In both cases where DST

13728-642: The U.S. Congress to authorize the change. Tennessee and Oregon also passed bills in 2019 for year-round DST, and legislative houses in Alabama and Arkansas also approved resolutions in favor. Oregon never adopted the measure, and a subsequent effort in 2024 also failed. Georgia Governor Brian P. Kemp signed Senate Bill 100 providing for year-round Daylight Saving time when the United States Congress amends 15 U.S.C. Section 260a to authorize states to observe Daylight Saving time year round. On March 15, 2022,

13904-506: The U.S. is around 33, with the average man employed full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time for 7.9 hours per work day. The front runners for lowest average weekly work hours are the Netherlands with 27 hours, and France with 30 hours. In a 2011 report of 26 OECD countries, Germany had the lowest average working hours per week at 25.6 hours. The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to

14080-439: The US Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act by unanimous consent . This change would have meant that Daylight Saving Time zones would no longer return to standard time and remain on DST year round. It would have started November 5, 2023. However it was not passed by the House of Representatives. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has opposed the Sunshine Protection Act and called instead for permanent standard time,

14256-625: The United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests—led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland—soon began lobbying for DST, but railroads opposed the idea. The US' 1917 entry into the war overcame objections, and DST started in 1918. The end of World War I brought a change in DST use. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it—like Germany itself, which dropped DST from 1919 to 1939 and from 1950 to 1979. Britain proved an exception; it retained DST nationwide but adjusted transition dates over

14432-459: The United Kingdom, France, Ireland, and the United States. It became common during World War II (some countries adopted double summer time), and was standardized in the US by federal law in 1966, and widely adopted in Europe from the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis . Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. It is a common myth in the United States that DST

14608-431: The United Kingdom, some workers are part-time because they are unable to find full-time work, but many choose reduced work hours to care for children or other family; some choose it simply to increase leisure time. Standard working hours (or normal working hours) refers to the legislation to limit the working hours per day, per week, per month or per year. The employer pays higher rates for overtime hours as required in

14784-824: The United States' period of daylight saving time observation as lasting six months (it was previously declared locally); this period was extended to seven months in 1986, and then to eight months in 2005. The 2005 extension was motivated in part by lobbyists from the candy industry, seeking to increase profits by including Halloween (31 October) within the daylight saving time period. In recent history, Australian state jurisdictions not only changed at different local times but sometimes on different dates. For example, in 2008 most states there that observed daylight saving time changed clocks forward on 5 October, but Western Australia changed on 26 October. The concept of daylight saving has caused controversy since its early proposals. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for

14960-423: The United States, it is observed by all states except Hawaii and Arizona (within the latter, however, the Navajo Nation does observe it). Historically, several ancient societies adopted seasonal changes to their timekeeping to make better use of daylight; Roman timekeeping even included changes to water clocks to accommodate this. However, these were changes to the time divisions of the day rather than setting

15136-456: The balance between work, rest and entertainment of people in Hong Kong. The Labour Party believed regulating working hours could help achieve a work–life balance. It suggests an 8-hour work day, a 44-hour standard work week, a 60-hour maximum work week and an overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay. Poon Siu-ping of Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions thought that it is possible to set work hour limit for all industries; and

15312-548: The capital city decided to switch to daylight saving time, while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST. Both senators from Idaho , Larry Craig and Mike Crapo , voted for it based on the premise that fast-food restaurants sell more French fries (made from Idaho potatoes) during DST. A referendum on

15488-645: The clock is advanced from standard time to daylight saving time in the spring, and it is turned back from daylight saving time to standard time in the autumn. For a midnight change in spring, a digital display of local time would appear to jump from 23:59:59.9 to 01:00:00.0. For the same clock in autumn, the local time would appear to repeat the hour preceding midnight, i.e. it would jump from 23:59:59.9 to 23:00:00.0. In most countries that observe seasonal daylight saving time, clocks revert in winter to " standard time ". An exception exists in Ireland, where its winter clock has

15664-444: The close of the comment period, the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken. If the secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met, the change is instituted, usually at the next changeover to or from DST. Under the Uniform Time Act , moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level. Congress gives states two options: to either opt out of DST entirely or to switch to DST

15840-491: The course of a lifetime may not change. In 2012, Lok-sang Ho, Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for Public Policy Studies of Lingnan University , pointed out that "as different employees perform various jobs and under different degrees of pressures, it may not be appropriate to establish standard working hours in Hong Kong"; and he proposed a 50-hour maximum work week to protect workers' health. In 2018, Taiwan had

16016-597: The debate about toxic work culture in India. Since the pandemic began, various Indian CEOs have repeatedly advocated for this work culture. South Korea has the fastest shortening working time in the OECD , which is the result of the government's proactive move to lower working hours at all levels and to increase leisure and relaxation time, which introduced the mandatory forty-hour, five-day working week in 2004 for companies with over 1,000 employees. Beyond regular working hours, it

16192-516: The employer-employee relationship, and increase the pressure faced by businesses who suffer from inadequate workers. He does not support the regulation on working hours at its current situation. Matthew Cheung Kin-chung , the Secretary for Labour and Welfare Bureau , said the Executive Council has already received the government report on working hours in June, and the Labour Advisory Board and

16368-541: The energy used for heating or cooling buildings. The effect of daylight saving time also varies according to how far east or west the location is within its time zone , with locations farther east inside the time zone benefiting more from DST than locations farther west in the same time zone. In spite of a width spanning thousands of kilometers, all of China is located within a single time zone per government mandate, minimizing any potential benefit of daylight saving time there. Ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to

16544-459: The environmental impact. Other arguments for the four-day week include improvements to workers' level of education (due to having extra time to take classes and courses) and improvements to workers' health (less work-related stress and extra time for exercise). Reduced hours also save money on day care costs and transportation, which in turn helps the environment with less carbon-related emissions. These benefits increase workforce productivity on

16720-498: The established time zones and provided for advanced time: Clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. The act also required states that used daylight saving time in 1966 to start it on

16896-532: The evening (as would be the case in the Northern Hemisphere in the spring) by setting clocks forward an hour, and instead of the end of daylight saving time mitigating the decreasing daylight hours in the morning (as would be the case in the Northern Hemisphere in the fall) by setting clocks back an hour, in American Samoa the beginning of daylight saving time would exacerbate the decreasing daylight hours in

17072-409: The evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business. Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive. Although energy conservation goals still remain, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of

17248-584: The exemption statute, was approved by the voters. Michigan again observed DST in 1973 and has continued to do so since then. The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin ( Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee ) are in the Central Time Zone . In March 2024, a Michigan Senate Bill was introduced to let voters decide if

17424-589: The findings, though the original authors have refuted points raised by disputers. There are measurable adverse effects of clock-shifts on human health. It has been shown to disrupt human circadian rhythms , negatively affecting human health in the process, and that the yearly DST clock-shifts can increase health risks such as heart attacks and traffic accidents. A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics estimated that "the transition into DST caused over 30 deaths at

17600-554: The first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October. These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time. By the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007. As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in

17776-463: The full year, depending on state law). Most of the United States will continue to change clocks twice a year. Under the Standard Time Act of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT. The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state;

17952-469: The government to legislate the standard working hours in Hong Kong, and suggests a 44 hours standard, 54 hours maximum working hours in a week. The organization thinks that long working time adversely affects the family and social life and health of employees; it also indicates that the current Employment Ordinance does not regulate overtime pays, working time limits nor rest day pays, which can protect employees rights. Generally, business sector agrees that it

18128-753: The government will form a select committee by first quarter of 2013, which will include government officials, representative of labor unions and employers' associations, academics and community leaders, to investigate the related issues. He also said that it would "perhaps be unrealistic" to put forward a bill for standard working hours in the next one to two years. Yip Siu-fai, Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration of HKU , has noted that professions such as nursing and accountancy have long working hours and that this may affect people's social life. He believes that standard working hours could help to give Hong Kong more family-friendly workplaces and to increase fertility rates. Randy Chiu, Professor of

18304-674: The habit of taking not-so-desirable habits from the West. My request is that our youngsters must say – ‘This is my country. I want to work 70 hours a week’. This is exactly what the Germans and Japanese did after the Second World War”. This sparked a national debate with many male CEO's strongly supporting 70-hour workweeks to boost productivity and cover losses due to the Corona Pandemic. A 70-hour workweek translates to working approximately 12 hours

18480-485: The highest In EU with 1886 average hours per year, while Germany ranked the lowest with 1340 average hours worked respectively. Japan and Canada ranked lowest amongst non-European countries. Indian labour law has, in theory, offered protection to labour rights. However, the average office worker, women and the IT sector are unofficially forced to work overtime without overtime pay. The software billionaire CEO Narayana Murthy recently stated, “Somehow our youth have

18656-428: The highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county. The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area. The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; the areas where most residents work, attend school, worship, or receive health care;

18832-579: The hunter-gatherer societies he studied was still below 4.86 hours, while the maximum was below 8 hours. Popular perception is still aligned with the old academic consensus that hunter-gatherers worked far in excess of modern humans' forty-hour week. The Industrial Revolution made it possible for a larger segment of the population to work year-round, because this labor was not tied to the season and artificial lighting made it possible to work longer each day. Peasants and farm laborers moved from rural areas to work in urban factories , and working time during

19008-547: The inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone and Oahu , Kauai , and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.) On April 26, 1933,

19184-633: The introduction of daylight saving took place in Queensland, Australia , in 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving. It was defeated with a 54.5% "no" vote, with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, and those in the metropolitan southeast in favor. In 2003, the United Kingdom's Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supported a proposal to observe year-round daylight saving time, but it has been opposed by some industries, by some postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in

19360-476: The labor market. According to a study conducted jointly by the Business, Economic and Public Affairs Research Centre and Enterprise and Social Development Research Centre of Hong Kong Shue Yan University, 16% surveyed companies believe that a standard working hours policy can be considered, and 55% surveyed think that it would be difficult to implement standard working hours in businesses. Employer representative in

19536-623: The last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST. From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time, so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely. A complicated patchwork of daylight saving policies that varied in length and by city, state, and municipality emerged. As of 1954, only California and Nevada had state-wide DST west of

19712-428: The last Sunday in April and end it on the last Sunday in October. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan began observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of

19888-519: The last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observed DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. Moreover, the beginning and ending dates are roughly reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres because spring and autumn are displaced six months. For example, mainland Chile observes DST from

20064-511: The law. Standard working hours of countries worldwide are around 40 to 44 hours per week (but not everywhere: from 35 hours per week in France to up to 105 hours per week in North Korean labor camps) and the additional overtime payments are around 25% to 50% above the normal hourly payments. Maximum working hours refers to the maximum working hours of an employee. The employee cannot work more than

20240-469: The legalization of using daylight saving time as the year-round clock option. Bills have been introduced in more than 30 states to end DST or make it permanent. The main argument for introducing year-round DST is that the lifestyles and work patterns of modern-day citizens are no longer compatible with the concept of shifting the clock every spring and fall. Supporters also argue that switching to ''Forward Time'' would also result in saving energy by reducing

20416-504: The length of daylight hours and by solar time , which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt . North and south of the tropics , daylight lasts longer in that hemisphere's summer and is shorter in that hemisphere's winter , with the effect becoming greater the farther one moves away from the equator . DST is of little use for locations near the Equator, because these regions see only

20592-544: The level specified in the maximum working hours law. In advanced economies, working time has declined substantially over time while labor productivity and real wages have increased. In 1900, American workers worked 50% more than their counterparts today. The World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization estimated that globally in 2016 one in ten workers were exposed to working 55 or more hours per week and 745,000 persons died as

20768-460: The location of airports, railway, and bus stations; and the major elements of the community's economy. After receiving a request for altering a time zone, DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking, soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing. Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented. After

20944-467: The loss of sleep inflicted by the transition to daylight saving time reduces altruistic giving compared to controls (being states not implementing DST). They conclude that the effects on civil society are "non-trivial". Daylight saving time in the United States Most of the United States observes daylight saving time (DST), the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour when there

21120-448: The lower annual hours worked in Europe is a relatively high amount of paid annual leave. Fixed employment comes with four to six weeks of holiday as standard. France experimented in 2000 with a sharp cut of legal or statutory working time of the employees in the private and public sector from 39 hours a week to 35 hours a week, with the stated goal to fight against rampant unemployment at that time. The Law 2000–37 on working time reduction

21296-582: The managing director of Harrods , and the manager of the National Bank Ltd. However, the opposition proved stronger, including Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , William Christie (the Astronomer Royal ), George Darwin , Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre-owners. After many hearings, a parliamentary committee vote narrowly rejected

21472-406: The mid-2000s, the Netherlands was the first country in the industrialized world where the overall average working week dropped to less than 30 hours. Most countries in the developed world have seen average hours worked decrease significantly. For example, in the U.S in the late 19th century it was estimated that the average work week was over 60 hours per week. Today the average hours worked in

21648-401: The morning from March to June by setting clocks ahead an hour, while the end of daylight saving time would further forfeit the benefit of increasing daylight hours in the evening from November to December by setting clocks back an hour. Working time#Workweek structure Many countries regulate the work week by law, such as stipulating minimum daily rest periods , annual holidays , and

21824-526: The motion "legislation for the regulation of working hours". Cheung Kwok-che proposed the motion "That is the Council urges the Government to introduce a bill on the regulation of working hours within this legislative session, the contents of which must include the number of standard weekly hours and overtime pay". As the motion was not passed by both functional constituencies and geographical constituencies , it

22000-406: The nation's clocks "fell back" for the last time, in restoration of permanent standard time. Some religious groups and individuals have opposed DST on religious grounds. For religious Muslims and Jews it makes religious practices such as prayer and fasting more difficult or inconvenient. Some Muslim countries, such as Morocco, have temporarily abandoned DST during Ramadan. In Israel, DST has been

22176-507: The need for artificial light. In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4, which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada (except West Wendover ) would officially be one hour ahead of most of Arizona all year, and would be an hour ahead of California in

22352-473: The next time zone (until it adjusts its clock, one hour later, at 2 am there). For example, Mountain Time is for one hour in the spring two hours ahead of Pacific Time instead of the usual one hour ahead, and instead of one hour in the autumn, briefly zero hours ahead of Pacific Time. The dates on which clocks change vary with location and year; consequently, the time differences between regions also vary throughout

22528-653: The northern regions of the UK. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time-zone arrangement for daylight saving in South East Queensland , while

22704-502: The observance of DST. Following, the assembly placed northwest and southwest Indiana in the Central Time Zone and the rest of the state on Eastern Time. From 1970 until 2006, most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time, but the entire state started to do so in April 2006, after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone. One goal for observing DST

22880-552: The other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state. In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute, Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967, exempting the state from the observance of DST. The exemption statute was suspended on June 14, 1967, however, when the referendum was invoked. From June 14, 1967, until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The exemption statute

23056-504: The possible impact of introducing standard working hour in Hong Kong. Under the selected parameters, from most loosen to most stringent, the estimated increase in labour cost vary from 1.1 billion to 55 billion HKD, and affect 957,100 (36.7% of total employees) to 2,378,900 (91.1% of total) employees. Various sectors of the community show concerns about the standard working hours in Hong Kong. The points are summarized as below: Hong Kong Catholic Commission For Labour Affairs urges

23232-597: The practice of changing clocks twice a year would remain law in Michigan. It has been referred to the Senate Committee on Government Operations for approval. U.S. territories American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands lie in the tropics and do not observe DST. While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa , likewise located in

23408-555: The proposal in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. People in the US demonstrated even more skepticism; Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee. Germany and its allies led the way in introducing DST during World War I on 30 April 1916, aiming to alleviate hardships due to wartime coal shortages and air-raid blackouts. The political equation changed in other countries;

23584-414: The proposal is an exemption from overtime pay for white-collar workers. Japan has enacted an 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week (44 hours in specified workplaces). The overtime limits are: 15 hours a week, 27 hours over two weeks, 43 hours over four weeks, 45 hours a month, 81 hours over two months and 120 hours over three months; however, some workers get around these restrictions by working several hours

23760-639: The pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Retailing, sports, and tourism interests have historically favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening-entertainment interests (and some religious groups) have opposed it; energy crises and war prompted its initial adoption. Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues. It attracted many supporters, including Arthur Balfour , Churchill, David Lloyd George , Ramsay MacDonald , King Edward VII (who used half-hour DST or " Sandringham time " at Sandringham),

23936-466: The regulation on working hours can ensure the overtime payment by employers to employees, and protect employees' health. The Civic party suggests "to actively study setting weekly standard working hours at 44 hours to align with family-friendly policies" in LegCo Election 2012. Member of Economic Synergy , Jeffery Lam, believes that standard working hours would adversely affect productivity, tense

24112-482: The relationship between this phrase and subordination. Workplace hours have become more flexible, but the phrase is still commonly used even in situations where the term does not apply literally. The following list is the average annual hours worked by participants in the labor force of the OECD member states. As of 2022, Colombia , Mexico , and Costa Rica ranked the highest number of hours worked per year. Greece ranked

24288-463: The respondents agree that the problem of overtime work in Hong Kong is "severe", and 65% of the respondents support the legislation on the maximum working hours. In Hong Kong, 70% of surveyed do not receive any overtime remuneration. These show that people in Hong Kong concerns the working time issues. As Hong Kong implemented the minimum wage law in May 2011, the Chief Executive, Donald Tsang , of

24464-437: The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918 , which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27). The idea was unpopular, especially with farmers because DST meant they had less time in the morning to get their milk and harvested crops to market. Congress abolished DST after

24640-428: The rest of the state maintained standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland state election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote , equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington introduced

24816-435: The rest. Including overtime, the maximum working time cannot exceed 48 hours per week, and should not exceed 44 hours per week over 12 weeks in a row. In France the labor law also regulates the minimum working hours: part-time jobs should not allow for less than 24 hours per week without a branch collective agreement. These agreements can allow for less, under tight conditions. According to the official statistics (DARES), after

24992-422: The same instant, at 01:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which means that it changes at 02:00 Central European Time (CET), equivalent to 03:00 Eastern European Time (EET). As a result, the time differences across European time zones remain constant. North America coordination of the clock change differs, in that each jurisdiction changes at each local clock's 02:00, which temporarily creates an imbalance with

25168-491: The same offset ( UTC+00:00 ) and legal name as that in Britain ( Greenwich Mean Time )—but while its summer clock also has the same offset as Britain's ( UTC+01:00 ), its legal name is Irish Standard Time as opposed to British Summer Time . Since 2019, Morocco observes daylight saving time every month but Ramadan . During the holy month (the date of which is determined by the lunar calendar and thus moves annually with regard to

25344-442: The same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings. In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST from last Sunday in April to

25520-518: The second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at the local clock's 24:00 . In some countries, clocks are governed by regional jurisdictions within the country such that some jurisdictions change and others do not; this is currently the case in Australia, Canada, and the United States. From year to year, the dates on which to change clock may also move for political or social reasons. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 formalized

25696-505: The second Sunday in March. Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor's executive order. Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state's legislature or governor's office. Although it may exempt itself, if a state decides to observe DST, the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation. Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has nearly round-the-clock daylight during summer, and DST

25872-454: The state legislature never took action on Proposition 7. Daylight saving time is less useful in Florida than in other states because its southern location leads to less variation in day length between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for instance, would experience sunrise and sunset times throughout the year similar to cities such as Honolulu or Hong Kong, neither of which observe DST. There

26048-564: The state lying within a different time zone. As of March 2023 , the following states and territories did not observe DST: Arizona, Hawaii , American Samoa , Guam , The Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands . During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975. The trial

26224-465: The state media reporting in 2014 that 600,000 people were dying suddenly annually, some of them were dying from overwork. Despite this, work hours have reportedly been falling for about three decades due to rising productivity, better labor laws, and the spread of the two-day weekend. The trend has affected both factories and white-collar companies that have been responding to growing demands for easier work schedules. The 996 working hour system , as it

26400-481: The summer of 1922. Some businesses followed suit, though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated. Since Germany's adoption of DST in 1916, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals of DST, with similar politics involved. The history of time in the United States features DST during both world wars , but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota , kept different clocks for two weeks in May 1965:

26576-454: The summer. Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult. Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This

26752-478: The sun more flexibly than DST does, often dividing daylight into 12 hours regardless of daytime, so that each daylight hour became progressively longer during spring and shorter during autumn. For example, the Romans kept time with water clocks that had different scales for different months of the year; at Rome's latitude, the third hour from sunrise ( hora tertia ) started at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at

26928-415: The time needed to manufacture goods has declined, more working hours have become available to provide services , resulting in a shift of much of the workforce between sectors. Economic growth in monetary terms tends to be concentrated in health care, education, government, criminal justice, corrections, and other activities rather than those that contribute directly to the production of material goods. In

27104-562: The trial ended in October 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions). The DOT, evaluating the plan of extending DST into March, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six-month DST (May through October) in areas of energy conservation, overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime." However, DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices. Congress then asked

27280-419: The wage elasticity is low, the effects of standard working hours on lowering actual working time and increasing wages is limited: for regions where the labor supply is inadequate, standard working hours can protect employees' benefits yet cause unemployment; but for regions (such as Japan) where the problem does not exist, standard working hours would only lead to unemployment. Francis Lui, Head and Professor of

27456-492: The war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson 's veto. DST became a local option. New York City continued to observe a metropolitan DST, while rural areas outside the city did not. Because of NYC's position as a financial capital, other places followed. A nationwide DST would not be established again until World War II . On February 9, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called "War Time". It lasted until

27632-421: The whole clock forward. In a satirical letter to the editor of the Journal de Paris in 1784, Benjamin Franklin suggested that if Parisians could only wake up earlier in the summer they would economize on candle and oil usage, but he did not propose changing the clocks. In 1895, New Zealand entomologist and astronomer George Hudson made the first realistic proposal to change clocks by two hours every spring to

27808-470: The winter solstice , but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. From the 14th century onward, equal-length civil hours supplanted unequal ones, so civil time no longer varied by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as monasteries of Mount Athos and in Jewish ceremonies. Benjamin Franklin published the proverb "early to bed and early to rise makes

27984-533: The winter. The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard. On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved the Sunshine Protection Act which would put Florida on permanent daylight saving time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change. In November 2018, voters in California ratified

28160-583: The world's 4th longest work hour and 2nd in Asia, with the average number of work hours hit 2,033 hours. There had been reduction in the work hours by 122 from 2008 to 2018. Since 1 September 2022, the weekly work hour in Malaysia was reduced from 48 hours to 45 hours after it was promulgated in the Dewan Negara . Singapore has an 8-hour normal work day (9 hours including lunchtime), a 45-hour normal working week, and

28336-531: The year increased significantly. Before collective bargaining and worker protection laws , there was a financial incentive for a company to maximize the return on expensive machinery by having long hours. Records indicate that work schedules as long as twelve to sixteen hours per day, six to seven days per week were practiced in some industrial sites. Over the 20th century, work hours shortened by almost half, partly due to rising wages brought about by renewed economic growth and competition for skilled workers, with

28512-477: The year-round law to be repealed. Over three months from December to March, public support dropped from 79% to 42%. Some schools moved their start times later. Shortly after the end of the Watergate scandal caused a change of administration, the act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for four months, beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When

28688-424: The year. For example, Central European Time is usually six hours ahead of North American Eastern Time , except for a few weeks in March and October/November, while the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could be five hours apart during the northern summer, three hours during the southern summer, and four hours for a few weeks per year. Since 1996, European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to

28864-416: The years for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. As of 2009, summer time began annually on the last Sunday in March under a European Community directive, which may be Easter Sunday (as in 2016). In the US, Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson —an avid golfer like Willett—vetoed the repeal twice, but his second veto

29040-481: Was determined to be $ 3.29 per year, for an aggregate cost of $ 1.7 million to $ 5.5 million per year. The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight saving under the 2005 law, which increased the amount of shopping and commerce after work in the evenings. In the golf industry, the group has noted an exceptional increase in revenue of "$ 200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees". The extension of daylight saving has also had

29216-501: Was enacted for the winter of 1974, but there were complaints of children going to school in the dark and working people commuting and starting their work day in pitch darkness during the winter, and it was repealed a year later. Year-round daylight time has been adopted by the Canadian province of Saskatchewan , except Lloydminster and area. The relevant authorities usually schedule clock changes to occur at (or soon after) midnight and on

29392-559: Was estimated to work two-and-a-half days per week, at around 6 hours a day. Aggregated comparisons show that on average the working day was less than five hours. Subsequent studies in the 1970s examined the Machiguenga of the Upper Amazon and the Kayapo of northern Brazil. These studies expanded the definition of work beyond purely hunting-gathering activities, but the overall average across

29568-409: Was first implemented for the benefit of farmers. In reality, farmers have been one of the strongest lobbying groups against DST since it was first implemented. The factors that influence farming schedules, such as morning dew and dairy cattle 's readiness to be milked, are ultimately dictated by the sun, so the clock change introduces unnecessary challenges. DST was first implemented in the US with

29744-555: Was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark and the construction industry was concerned about morning accidents. After several morning traffic accidents involving schoolchildren in Florida , including eight children who were killed, Governor Reubin Askew asked for

29920-531: Was negatived. The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions suggested a standard 44-hour work week with overtime pay of 1.5 times the usual pay. It believes the regulation of standard working hour can prevent the employers to force employees to work (overtime) without pay. Elizabeth Quat of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), believed that standard working hours were

30096-402: Was not approved by the U.S. House of Representatives . The following table lists recent-past and near-future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States (in states that observe daylight saving time): Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. Writing as an anonymous "subscriber", his tongue-in-cheek essay, "An Economical Project for Diminishing

30272-488: Was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally, including New York (so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London), and Chicago and Cleveland (to keep pace with New York). Wilson's successor as president, Warren G. Harding , opposed DST as a "deception", reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer. He ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 8 am rather than 9 am during

30448-476: Was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915. Port Arthur, Ontario , Canada, was the first city in the world to enact DST, on 1 July 1908. This was followed by Orillia , Ontario, introduced by William Sword Frost while mayor from 1911 to 1912. The first states to adopt DST ( German : Sommerzeit ) nationally were those of

30624-681: Was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968, and, in a close vote, the exemption statute was sustained. As a result, Michigan did not observe DST between 1969 and 1972. Radio station CKLW in Windsor, Ontario , across the river from Detroit , was popular on both sides of the border and as a result would often give both times on the air (e.g., "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor"). In November 1972, an initiative measure, repealing

30800-521: Was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone; formerly, 77 counties observed year-round EST, five observed EST/EDT (the EDT usage being unofficial only), and 10 observed CST/CDT. As of 2016 , Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time. Those counties observing CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and

30976-484: Was used, Hawaii used UTC−09:30 during DST as standard time was 30 minutes behind. In 1918, following the approval of the Standard Time Act , Indiana was placed in the Central Time Zone. In 1949, the Indiana General Assembly outlawed daylight saving time and a new law was passed making Central Time the state's official time zone. In 1968, however, Time Life Broadcasting led and won a federal lawsuit for

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