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107-645: The type of sweet potato that forms an important part of the Kayapó diet is sometimes named "caiapo", after the tribe. It is cultivated under that name in Japan, and has been found to have health benefits. In the 18th century, in the northeastern region of the present state of São Paulo, the Kayapo tribe first encountered the Portuguese Brazilian bandeirantes , who were looking for gold, precious stones and indigenous slaves. As

214-570: A Japanese spirit normally made from the fermentation of rice, can also be made from sweet potato, in which case it is called imo-jōchū . Imo- gohan , sweet potato cooked with rice, is popular in Guangdong, Taiwan and Japan. It is also served in nimono or nitsuke , boiled and typically flavored with soy sauce , mirin and dashi . Mining in Brazil Mining in Brazil is centered on

321-742: A coal of inferior quality, it's used only in the generation of thermoelectric energy and at the site of the deposit. The oil crisis in the 1970s led the Brazilian government to create the Energy Mobilization Plan, with intense research to discover new coal reserves. The Geological Survey of Brazil, through works carried out in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, greatly increased the reserves of coal previously known, between 1970 and 1986 (mainly between 1978 and 1983). Good quality coal, suitable for use in metallurgy and in large volume (seven billion tons),

428-480: A common street food in winter, when street vendors with carts fitted with ovens sell them to people passing time by the Nile or the sea. The cultivars used are an orange-fleshed one as well as a white/cream-fleshed one. They are also baked at home as a snack or dessert, drenched with honey . In Ethiopia , the commonly found cultivars are black-skinned, cream-fleshed and called bitatis or mitatis . They are cultivated in

535-733: A few years, after which the people move to a new area. New farmland is cleared and the old farm is allowed to lie fallow and replenish itself. The particular type of shifting agriculture employed most frequently by the Kayapo is the slash and burn technique. This process allows forested areas to be cut down and burned in order for cultivation of the lands to take place. These “new fields” “peak in production of principal domesticated crops in two or three years but continue to reproduce for many years; e.g., sweet potatoes for four to five years, yams and taro for five to six years, manioc for four to six years, and papaya for five or more years”. Old fields are important for their concentration of medicinal plants. With

642-460: A garlic and soy sauce mixture, or simply salted before serving. They, as well as dishes featuring the sweet potato root, are commonly found at bento ( Pe̍h-ōe-jī : piān-tong ) restaurants. In northeastern Chinese cuisine , sweet potatoes are often cut into chunks and fried, before being drenched into a pan of boiling syrup. In some regions of India, sweet potato is roasted slowly over kitchen coals at night and eaten with some dressing, while

749-470: A headdress made out of bright yellow feathers to represent the rays of the sun. The feathers used in their headdresses are from birds native to their area such as hyacinth macaw and crested oropendola . The birds found in the Amazon are naturally bright-colored; the Kayapo do not dye the feathers. Kayapo children wear cloth or beaded bands with colors representing their tribes. Typically these bands are tied below

856-504: A horticultural context. Sweet potatoes can also be called yams in North America. When soft varieties were first grown commercially there, there was a need to differentiate between the two. Enslaved Africans had already been calling the 'soft' sweet potatoes 'yams' because they resembled the unrelated yams in Africa. Thus, 'soft' sweet potatoes were referred to as 'yams' to distinguish them from

963-461: A large iron drum and sold as street food during winter. In Korea, sweet potatoes, known as goguma , are roasted in a drum can, baked in foil or on an open fire, typically during winter. In Japan, a dish similar to the Korean preparation is called yaki-imo (roasted sweet potato), which typically uses either the yellow-fleshed "Japanese sweet potato" or the purple-fleshed "Okinawan sweet potato", which

1070-473: A minimum of 500 mm (20 in) in the growing season. The crop is sensitive to drought at the tuber initiation stage 50–60 days after planting, and it is not tolerant to waterlogging, which may cause tuber rots and reduce the growth of storage roots if aeration is poor. Depending on the cultivar and conditions, tuberous roots mature in two to nine months. With care, early-maturing cultivars can be grown as an annual summer crop in temperate areas, such as

1177-417: A resource in times of food scarcity. The Kayapo use approximately 250 different food plants and 650 different medicinal plants that they find around their village. They also have trade agreements with The Body Shop . [REDACTED] Media related to Caiapós at Wikimedia Commons Sweet potato The sweet potato or sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas ) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to

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1284-691: A result, the Kayapó migrated west. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brazilian government contacted the warlike Kayapós with the intention of making peace with them. Most Kayapós are currently in permanent contact with Brazilian society. The Kayapo tribe lives alongside the Xingu River in the most east part of the Amazon Rainforest , in the Amazon basin , in several scattered villages ranging in population from one hundred to one thousand people in Brazil. Their land consists of tropical rainforest savannah (grassland) and

1391-553: A resulting level of health were achieved. However, the initial benefits of mining also resulted in high levels of pollution in the area which seeped into water ways and nearby river banks and decimated local fish populations with high quantities of mercury. In addition to striking environmental threats, social habits began to change with the introduction of outside influences in the area. Men began to spend more time in town drinking, and engaging in "conspicuous consumption and womanising." This increased interaction with outside groups elevated

1498-498: A second complete genome duplication event. The oldest radiocarbon dating remains of the sweet potato known today were discovered in caves from the Chilca Canyon, in the south-central zone of Peru , and yield an age of 8080 ± 170 BC. The genome of cultivated sweet potatoes contains sequences of DNA from Agrobacterium ( sensu lato ; specifically, one related to Rhizobium rhizogenes ), with genes actively expressed by

1605-586: A staple food for people in northeastern Uganda. Amukeke is mainly served for breakfast, eaten with peanut sauce. Inginyo is mixed with cassava flour and tamarind to make atapa . People eat atapa with smoked fish cooked in peanut sauce or with dried cowpea leaves cooked in peanut sauce. Emukaru (earth-baked root) is eaten as a snack anytime and is mostly served with tea or with peanut sauce. Similar uses are also found in South Sudan . The young leaves and vine tips of sweet potato leaves are widely consumed as

1712-466: A value of R$ 1 billion) and tin (536 tons at a value of R$ 16 million). Mato Grosso do Sul had production of iron (3.1 million tons at a value of R$ 324 million) and manganese (648 thousand tons at a value of R$ 299 million). In Northeast Region, Bahia stands out, with 1.68% of the national mineral participation (4th place in the country). In 2017, at gold , it produced 6.2 tons, at a value of R$ 730 million. At copper , it produced 56 thousand tons, at

1819-477: A value of R$ 312 million. In aluminum ( bauxite ), it was the 3rd largest producer in the country, with 766 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 51 million. Still in 2017, in the Midwest, Mato Grosso had 1.15% of the national mineral participation (5th place in the country) and Mato Grosso do Sul had 0.71% of the national mineral participation (6th place in the country). Mato Grosso had production of gold (8.3 tons at

1926-572: A value of R$ 32 million) and 5º of tin (206 tons at a value of R$ 4.7 million). Minas Gerais had 47.19% of the value of mineral production traded in Brazil, with R$ 41.7 billion. In 2017, in terms of production traded throughout the Northern Region, in the iron ore sector, Pará was the 2nd largest national producer, with 169 million tons (of the 450 million produced by the country), at a value of R$ 25.5 billion. Amapá produced 91.5 thousand tons. In copper , Pará produced almost 980 thousand tons (of

2033-580: A value of R$ 333 million) and Pará the 3rd largest producer (4.4 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 114 million). There was also production of niobium (in the form of columbita-tantalita) in Amazonas (8.8 thousand tons at R$ 44 million) and Rondônia (3.5 thousand tons at R$ 24 million), and zinc in gross form in Rondônia (26 thousand tons at R$ 27 million). Pará had 42.93% of the value of commercialized mineral production in Brazil, with almost R$ 38 billion, Amapá had 0.62% of

2140-465: A value of R$ 404 million. At chrome , it produced 520 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 254 million. In vanadium , it produced 358 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 91 million. Santa Catarina is the largest coal producer in Brazil, mainly in the city of Criciúma and surroundings. The production of crude mineral coal in Brazil was 13.6 million tons in 2007. Santa Catarina produced 8.7 Mt (million tons); Rio Grande do Sul, 4.5 Mt; and Paraná, 0.4 Mt. Despite

2247-424: A value of R$ 540 million. Rondônia produced 1 ton at a value of R$ 125 million. In nickel , Goiás and Pará are the only two producers in the country, with Pará being the 2nd in production, having obtained 90 thousand tons at a value of R$ 750 million. In tin , the state of Amazonas was the largest producer (14.8 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 347 million), Rondônia was the 2nd largest producer (10,9 thousand tons, at

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2354-459: A variety of soils, but well-drained, light- and medium-textured soils with a pH range of 4.5–7.0 are more favorable for the plant. They can be grown in poor soils with little fertilizer. However, sweet potatoes are very sensitive to aluminium toxicity and will die about six weeks after planting if lime is not applied at planting in this type of soil. As they are sown by vine cuttings rather than seeds, sweet potatoes are relatively easy to plant. As

2461-475: A vegetable in West African countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia , for example), as well as in northeastern Uganda, East Africa. According to FAO leaflet No. 13 – 1990, sweet potato leaves and shoots are a good source of vitamins A, C, and B 2 (riboflavin), and according to research done by A. Khachatryan, are an excellent source of lutein . In Kenya , Rhoda Nungo of the home economics department of

2568-613: Is opal , but there are deposits in Piauí, Bahia, Ceará and in Rio Grande do Sul. Ruby is also rare in Brazil, being found in Bahia and Santa Catarina. Sapphire is also scarce in Brazil, but can be found in Mato Grosso, Goiás, Santa Catarina and Minas Gerais. In the topaz , Brazil has the most valuable variety in the world, the imperial topaz, only produced in Ouro Preto-MG. In addition, the country

2675-509: Is 76% water, 21% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, baked sweet potato provides 90 calories , and rich contents (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of vitamin A (120% DV), vitamin C (24% DV), manganese (24% DV), and vitamin B6 (20% DV). It is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of some B vitamins and potassium . Between 50% and 90% of

2782-452: Is a big producer of tourmaline , emerald , aquamarine , garnet and opal . In 2019, Brazil's figures were as follows: it was the world's largest producer of niobium (88.9 thousand tons); the 2nd largest world producer of tantalum (430 tons); the 2nd largest world producer of iron ore (405 million tons); the 4th largest world producer of manganese (1.74 million tons); the 4th largest world producer of bauxite (34 million tons);

2889-471: Is an increase from 7,096 in 2003. Subgroups of the Kayapo include the Xikrin , Gorotire , Mekranoti and Metyktire . Their villages typically consist of a dozen huts. A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues. The term Kayapo, also spelled Caiapó or Kaiapó, came from neighboring peoples in the early 19th century and means "those who look like monkeys". This name

2996-419: Is arguably the largest tropical protected area in the entire world, covering 11,346,326 hectares of Neotropical forests and scrubland containing many endangered species. They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys. The larger rivers feed into numerous pools and creeks, most of which lack official names. In 2018, there was an estimated 8,638 Kayapo people, which

3103-468: Is known as beni-imo . Sweet potato soup , served during winter, consists of boiling sweet potato in water with rock sugar and ginger. In Fujian cuisine and Taiwanese cuisine , sweet potato is often cooked with rice to make congee. Steamed and dried sweet potato is a delicacy from Liancheng County . Sweet potato greens are a common side dish in Taiwanese cuisine, often boiled or sautéed and served with

3210-645: Is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between yellow, orange, red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh ranges from beige through white, red, pink, violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet potato cultivars with white or pale yellow flesh are less sweet and moist than those with red, pink or orange flesh. The sweet potato originates in South America in what is present-day Ecuador . The domestication of sweet potato occurred in either Central or South America. In Central America, domesticated sweet potatoes were present at least 5,000 years ago, with

3317-409: Is polluting the rivers, while the proposed Belo Monte Dam project would use up vast amounts of resources essential to the survival and livelihood of the Kayapo and would severely impact fishing conditions. Between 18,000-25,000 (indirectly associated) jobs will be created by the construction of the dam. These numbers will have a vast and far reaching implication on population growth in the area which has

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3424-496: Is probably based on a Kayapó men's ritual involving monkey masks. The autonym for one village is Mebêngôkre, which means "the men from the water hole." Other names for them include Gorotire, Kararaô, Kuben-Kran-Krên, Kôkraimôrô, Mekrãgnoti, Metyktire, and Xikrin. The Kayapo use intricate black body paint covering their entire bodies. They believe that their ancestors learned their social skills from insects, so they paint their bodies to mimic them and to better communicate with

3531-581: Is sufficient water to support their growth. Sweet potatoes became common as a food crop in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, South India, Uganda and other African countries. A cultivar of the sweet potato called the boniato is grown in the Caribbean ; its flesh is cream-colored, unlike the more common orange hue seen in other cultivars. Boniatos are not as sweet and moist as other sweet potatoes, but their consistency and delicate flavor are different from

3638-457: Is the largest Brazilian mining state. With mining activity in more than 250 municipalities, and more than 300 mines in operation, the state has 40 of the 100 largest mines in Brazil. In addition, of the 10 largest mining municipalities, seven are in Minas, with Itabira being the largest in the country. It is also responsible for approximately 53% of the Brazilian production of metallic minerals and 29% of

3745-440: Is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally (e.g., I. aquatica "kangkong" as a green vegetable), but many are poisonous. The genus Ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories , but that term is not usually extended to I. batatas . Some cultivars of I. batatas are grown as ornamental plants under the name tuberous morning glory, and used in

3852-459: Is the world's top producer of topaz. It is also among the world's largest producers of tourmaline , in the states of Minas Gerais, Ceará, Goiás and Bahia. Brazil produces the rarest and most expensive variety of tourmaline in the world, Paraíba tourmaline , which, in addition to Paraíba , is only found in three other places in the world: in Brazil (at the state of Rio Grande do Norte) and Africa (at Nigeria and Mozambique ). But none of them offers

3959-470: Is valued highly in the Kayapo culture. A beautiful name is seen as a sign of wealth. The tribe will move and re-construct their camp in order to find the materials required to undertake the naming ceremony eg. Sufficient food sources for celebration must be gathered and presented to the father of the newborn. During certain occasions, Kayapo men may speak as if someone is punching them in the stomach. The Kayapo possess varying knowledge of Portuguese, depending on

4066-794: The Columbian exchange . It is recorded, for example, in Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book , compiled in England in 1604. Sweet potatoes were first introduced to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) via the Manila galleons , along with other New World crops . It was introduced to the Fujian of China in about 1594 from Luzon , in response to a major crop failure. The growing of sweet potatoes

4173-541: The Ministry of Agriculture has written a guide to using sweet potatoes in modern recipes. This includes uses both in the mashed form and as flour from the dried tubers to replace part of the wheat flour and sugar in baked products such as cakes, chapatis, mandazis, bread, buns and cookies. A nutritious juice drink is made from the orange-fleshed cultivars, and deep-fried snacks are also included. In Egypt , sweet potato tubers are known as batata ( بطاطا ‎ ) and are

4280-605: The Māori varieties bore elongated tubers with white skin and a whitish flesh, which points to pre-European cross-Pacific travel. Known as kumara (from the Māori language kūmara ), the most common cultivar now is the red 'Owairaka', but orange ('Beauregard'), gold, purple and other cultivars are also grown. The plant does not tolerate frost . It grows best at an average temperature of 24 °C (75 °F), with abundant sunshine and warm nights. Annual rainfalls of 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) are considered most suitable, with

4387-568: The Tokugawa bakufu sponsored, published, and disseminated a vernacular Japanese translation of his research monograph on sweet potatoes to encourage their growth more broadly. Sweet potatoes were planted in Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune 's private garden. It was first introduced to Korea in 1764. Kang P'il-ri and Yi Kwang-ryŏ embarked on a project to grow sweet potatoes in Seoul in 1766, using

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4494-758: The Zenú , a people inhabiting the Pacific coast of present-day Colombia , indicating that Polynesians could have visited South America and taken sweet potatoes prior to European contact. Dutch linguists and specialists in Amerindian languages Willem Adelaar and Pieter Muysken have suggested that the word for sweet potato is shared by Polynesian languages and languages of South America: Proto-Polynesian * kumala (compare Rapa Nui kumara , Hawaiian ʻuala , Māori kūmara ) may be connected with Quechua and Aymara k'umar ~ k'umara . Adelaar and Muysken assert that

4601-403: The bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae . Its large, starchy , sweet-tasting tuberous roots are used as a root vegetable . The young shoots and leaves are sometimes eaten as greens . Cultivars of the sweet potato have been bred to bear tubers with flesh and skin of various colors. Sweet potato is only distantly related to the common potato ( Solanum tuberosum ), both being in

4708-441: The day is short . The small sepals are elongated and tapering to a point and spiky and (rarely only 7) 10 to 15 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 5 ⁄ 8  in) long, usually finely haired or ciliate . The inner three are a little longer. The 4 to 7 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 2 + 3 ⁄ 4  in) long, overgrown and funnel-shaped, folded crown, with a shorter hem, can be lavender to purple-lavender in color,

4815-464: The monocot family Dioscoreaceae . A different crop plant, the oca ( Oxalis tuberosa , a species of wood sorrel), is called a "yam" in many parts of the world. Although the sweet potato is not closely related botanically to the common potato, they have a shared etymology. The first Europeans to taste sweet potatoes were members of Christopher Columbus 's expedition in 1492. Later explorers found many cultivars under an assortment of local names, but

4922-444: The 'firm' varieties. The plant is a herbaceous perennial vine , bearing alternate triangle-shaped or palmately lobed leaves and medium-sized sympetalous flowers . The stems are usually crawling on the ground and form adventitious roots at the nodes . The leaves are screwed along the stems. The leaf stalk is 13 to 51 centimetres (5 to 20 inches) long. The leaf blades are very variable, 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long,

5029-487: The 1.28 million tons in Brazil), at a value of R$ 6.5 billion. In aluminum ( bauxite ), Pará carried out almost all Brazilian production (34.5 of 36.7 million tons) at a value of R$ 3 billion. In manganese , Pará produced a large part of Brazilian production (2.3 of 3.4 million tons) at a value of R$ 1 billion. In gold , Pará was the 3rd largest Brazilian producer, with 20 tons at a value of R$ 940 million. Amapá produced 4.2 tons at

5136-438: The 14th largest world producer of titanium (25 thousand tons); the 13th largest world producer of gypsum (3 million tons); the 3rd largest world producer of graphite (96 thousand tons); the 21st largest world producer of sulfur (500 thousand tons); the 9th largest world producer of salt (7.4 million tons); besides having had a chromium production of 200 thousand tons. In 2016, metallic ores totaled close to 77% of

5243-421: The 1st in production, having obtained 154 thousand tons at a value of R$ 1.4 billion. In copper , it was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 242 thousand tons, at a value of R$ 1.4 billion. In gold , it was the 4th largest producer in the country, with 10.2 tons, at a value of R$ 823 million. In niobium (in the form of pyrochlorine), it was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 27 thousand tons, at

5350-447: The 4th largest world producer of vanadium (5.94 thousand tons); the 5th largest world producer of lithium (2.4 thousand tons); the 6th largest world producer of tin (14 thousand tons); the 8th largest world producer of nickel (60.6 thousand tons); the 8th largest world producer of phosphate (4.7 million tons); the 12th largest world producer of gold (90 tons); the 14th largest world producer of copper (360 thousand tons);

5457-668: The Americas, sweet potato was grown in Polynesia , generally spread by vine cuttings rather than by seeds. Sweet potato has been radiocarbon-dated in the Cook Islands to 1210–1400 CE. A common hypothesis is that a vine cutting was brought to central Polynesia by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, and spread from there across Polynesia to Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand. Genetic similarities have been found between Polynesian peoples and indigenous Americans including

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5564-530: The Eastern United States and China. Sweet potatoes rarely flower when the daylight is longer than 11 hours, as is normal outside of the tropics. They are mostly propagated by stem or root cuttings or by adventitious shoots called "slips" that grow out from the tuberous roots during storage. True seeds are used for breeding only. They grow well in many farming conditions and have few natural enemies; pesticides are rarely needed. Sweet potatoes are grown on

5671-595: The Polynesian name kumara and its regional Oceanic cognates ( kumala , umala , ʻuala , etc. ), which has led some scholars to suspect an instance of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact . This theory is also supported by genetic evidence. In Australia, about 90% of production is devoted to the orange cultivar 'Beauregard', which was originally developed by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1981. In New Zealand,

5778-459: The Spirit that exists everywhere. The black body paint also allows them to blend into their surroundings when hunting in the forests. To help find their way through the forest, the Kayapo paint their legs with red pigment that rubs off on the surrounding terrain. The colors that a Kayapo wears is representative of their tribe's colors. Older generations of Kayapo men wear disks in their lower lips , but

5885-755: The common orange-colored sweet potato. Sweet potatoes have been a part of the diet in the U.S. for most of its history, especially in the Southeast. The average per capita consumption of sweet potatoes in the United States is only about 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb) per year, down from 13 kg (29 lb) in 1920. "Orange sweet potatoes (the most common type encountered in the US) received higher appearance liking scores compared with yellow or purple cultivars." Purple and yellow sweet potatoes were not as well liked by consumers compared to orange sweet potatoes "possibly because of

5992-582: The country have diamonds. Regarding emerald , the largest producers in the world are: Colombia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Madagascar and Brazil. It is produced in the states of Goiás, Bahia and Minas Gerais. In garnet , Brazil is not one of the largest producers, but there is extraction in Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Bahia, Paraíba, Ceará, Rondônia and Rio Grande do Norte . In Brazil there are also some jasper in Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul. Another rare stone to be found in Brazil

6099-867: The country, and in the Southeast Region, this number reached 3,609, about 40% of the total. In the Southeast region, iron ore, gold, manganese and bauxite stand out in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero ; niobium and phosphate in Araxá ; gems, in Governador Valadares ; and graphite, in Salto da Divisa , all in the state of Minas Gerais ; in addition to aggregates, in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro , and ornamental rocks, in Espírito Santo . The mining sector's revenue in Brazil

6206-520: The country, on the other hand, is supplied with approximately 6% of this coal, leaving 4% for the production of cellulose paper and only 5% in the food, ceramics and grains industries. Brazil has reserves of peat , lignite and hard coal . Coal totals 32 billion tons of reserves and is mainly in Rio Grande do Sul (89.25% of the total), followed by Santa Catarina (10.41%). The Candiota Deposit (in Rio Grande do Sul) alone has 38% of all national coal. As it's

6313-615: The discovery of large deposits in Brazil, causing its value to drop considerably. Brazil was the largest producer of diamond in the world from 1730 to 1870. Mining first occurred in the Serra da Canastra, Diamantina region, and then, in 1850, in Bahia, even dropping the price of stone worldwide due excess production. Today, Brazil produces close to 1 million carats a year, mainly in the State of Minas Gerais, but also in Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Paraná and Roraima. Virtually all states in

6420-508: The easier way in the south is simply boiling or pressure cooking before peeling, cubing and seasoning for a vegetable dish as part of the meal. In the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, it is known as sakkara valli kilangu . It is boiled and consumed as evening snack. In some parts of India, fresh sweet potato is chipped, dried and then ground into flour; this is then mixed with wheat flour and baked into chapatti (bread). Between 15 and 20 percent of

6527-548: The eastern and southern lower highlands and harvested during the rainy season (June/July). In recent years, better yielding orange-fleshed cultivars were released for cultivation by Haramaya University as a less sugary sweet potato with higher vitamin A content. Sweet potatoes are widely eaten boiled as a favored snack. In South Africa, sweet potatoes are often eaten as a side dish such as soetpatats . In East Asia, roasted sweet potatoes are popular street food . In China, sweet potatoes, typically yellow cultivars, are baked in

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6634-434: The extraction of iron (the second largest global iron ore exporter), copper , gold , aluminum ( bauxite -one of the 5 biggest world's productors), manganese (one of the 5 biggest world's productors), tin (one of the biggest world's productors), niobium (concentrates 98% of the known niobium reserves in the world), and nickel . About gemstones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst , topaz , agate and

6741-429: The extraction of mineral coal in Brazil, the country still needs to import about 50% of the coal consumed, as the coal produced in the country is of low quality, as it has a lower concentration of carbon. Among the countries that supply Brazil with mineral coal is South Africa, USA and Australia. Mineral coal in Brazil supplies, in particular, thermoelectric plants that consume about 85% of production. The cement industry in

6848-663: The familiarity of orange color that is associated with sweet potatoes." In the Southeastern U.S., sweet potatoes are traditionally cured to improve storage , flavor, and nutrition, and to allow wounds on the periderm of the harvested root to heal. Proper curing requires drying the freshly dug roots on the ground for two to three hours, then storage at 29–32 °C (85–90 °F) with 90 to 95% relative humidity from five to fourteen days. Cured sweet potatoes can keep for thirteen months when stored at 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) with >90% relative humidity. Colder temperatures injure

6955-489: The first privately funded demarcation of the Brazilian indigenous reserve was made possible by the RFF. In 2008, they were again threatened by secretive government plans to build a series of hydroelectric dams on their land. The Belo Monte Dam resurfaced, and would be built on the Xingu River, the homeland to many Kayapo people. The Construction plans continue to be fought by the Kayapo people. Government corruption continues to weaken

7062-582: The government proposed a series of hydroelectric dams to be built in the Xingu River area, namely the Belo Monte Dam . These dams were an imminent threat to the Kayapo with the potential to displace upwards of 20,000 people from their lands. Under the leadership of Paulinho Paiakan , the Altamira Gathering was orchestrated by the Kayapo, drawing media attention worldwide. This demonstration, staged at

7169-419: The individual groups and their history of contact with outsiders. The Kayapo have incorporated a great deal of traditional myth, ritual and cosmology into their practices honouring the importance of the earth's relationship with the people. Threats to the forest home of the Kayapo have been an area of extreme concern in the last 30 years, beginning with mining and logging enterprises which threatened to destroy

7276-455: The knowledge of Japanese cultivators they learned in Tongnae starting in 1764. The project succeeded for a year but ultimately failed in winter 1767 after Kang's unexpected death. Although the soft, orange sweet potato is often called a " yam " in parts of North America, the sweet potato is very distinct from the botanical yam ( Dioscorea ), which has a cosmopolitan distribution, and belongs to

7383-481: The lack of a /p/ sound in Arabic, while the sweet potato was called batata ḥilwa ( بطاطا حلوة ‎ ); literally ('sweet potato'). The Arabic batata was loaned into Hebrew as designating the sweet potato only, as Hebrew had its own word for the common potato, תפוח אדמה ‎ ( tapuakh adama , literally 'earth apple'; compare French pomme de terre ). Some organizations and researchers advocate for

7490-579: The levels of disease, which posed an imminent threat to the people because of their relative seclusion and limited access to medical care. In addition, the diminishing resource base caused conflicts between the Kayapo and neighbouring villages which often resulted in explosive and long standing disputes. The Kayapo people used forceful tactics to banish loggers and miners in some areas, as well as to establish themselves as an economic force. Developers ranging from gold miners to soy farmers and cattle ranchers were often killed. In 1987, new land issues arose when

7597-416: The mass media that covered the demonstration". The Kayapo attended the meeting to protest the hydroelectric dam development whilst in traditional costume and wielding machetes. Perhaps "the most dramatic single image to emerge from this tumultuous gathering was that of Tuíra , a female indigenous leader, angrily waving a machete in the face of engineer José Antônio Muniz Lópes (later president of Eletronorte,

7704-400: The most common cooking methods. Also, the use in vegetable tempura is common. Daigaku-imo ( ja:大学芋 ) is a baked and caramel-syruped sweet potato dessert. As it is sweet and starchy, it is used in imo-kinton and some other traditional sweets , such as ofukuimo . What is commonly called "sweet potato" ( ja:スイートポテト ) in Japan is a cake made by baking mashed sweet potatoes. Shōchū ,

7811-467: The most valuable stones in the world. This gem is also produced in Espírito Santo, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Alagoas and Paraíba. The largest world producer of amethyst is Brazil, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul mainly, and secondarily, in Bahia. The largest producer of amethyst in Brazil is the city of Ametista do Sul , in Rio Grande do Sul. This stone was very rare and expensive worldwide, until

7918-621: The name which stayed was the indigenous Taíno name of batata . The Spanish combined this with the Quechua word for potato, papa , to create the word patata for the common potato. Though the sweet potato is also called batata ( בטטה ‎ ) in Hebrew , this is not a direct loan of the Taíno word. Rather, the Spanish patata was loaned into Arabic as batata ( بطاطا ‎ ), owing to

8025-418: The order Solanales . Although darker sweet potatoes are often referred to as "yams" in parts of North America, the species is even more distant from the true yams , which are monocots in the order Dioscoreales . The sweet potato is native to the tropical regions of South America in what is present-day Ecuador . Of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of Convolvulaceae, I. batatas

8132-584: The origin of I. batatas possibly between the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela . The cultigen was most likely spread by local people to the Caribbean and South America by 2500 BCE. I. trifida , a diploid , is the closest wild relative of the sweet potato, which originated with an initial cross between a tetraploid and another diploid parent, followed by

8239-511: The planned site for the first dam in Altamira, Pará , lasted several days and brought much pressure upon both the World Bank and the Brazilian government. The Altamira gathering brought the Kayapo, as well as other Indigenous Brazilian Peoples and their supporters into a forum where discussion could be had about how to protect the environment and the native peoples. The Kayapo demanded information that

8346-420: The plants. The T-DNA transgenes were not observed in closely related wild relatives of the sweet potato. Studies indicated that the sweet potato genome evolved over millennia , with eventual domestication of the crop taking advantage of natural genetic modifications. These observations make sweet potatoes the first known example of a naturally transgenic food crop. Before the arrival of Europeans to

8453-474: The practice is less common among younger Kayapo men. The men adorn themselves with radiating feathers, representing the universe, in their hair. Kayapo men also can be seen with rope in their hair, to represent the rope which the first Kayapo used to arrive from the sky. Traditionally, Kayapo men cover their lower bodies with sheaths. Due to increased contact with outside cultures, contemporary Kayapo often wear Western-style clothing such as shorts. Kayapo chiefs wear

8560-440: The rainforest, and thus the Kayapo's way of life. In the village of Gorotire , the Kayapo made a deal with prospectors that mining could take place as long as they received a percentage of the mining proceeds and had their territory demarcated. The gold mining operation was initially seen as a positive development, which brought money into the local economy. With money filtering into the economy, better housing, improved education and

8667-520: The rapidly growing vines shade out weeds, little weeding is needed. A commonly used herbicide to rid the soil of any unwelcome plants that may interfere with growth is DCPA , also known as Dacthal. In the tropics, the crop can be maintained in the ground and harvested as needed for market or home consumption. In temperate regions, sweet potatoes are most often grown on larger farms and are harvested before first frosts. Sweet potatoes are cultivated throughout tropical and warm temperate regions wherever there

8774-958: The relative performance of sweet potato (in column) to other staple foods on a dry weight basis to account for their different water contents. While sweet potato provides less edible energy and protein per unit weight than cereals, it has higher nutrient density than cereals. According to a study by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization , sweet potatoes are the most efficient staple food to grow in terms of farmland, yielding approximately 70,000 kcal per hectare (28,000/acre) / day. raw yellow dent corn raw unenriched long-grain white rice raw hard red winter wheat raw potato with flesh and skin raw cassava raw green soybeans raw sweet potato raw sorghum raw yam raw plantains unofficial The starchy tuberous roots of

8881-474: The resistance efforts of the indigenous and opposition forces within the government. Kayapo leaders protesting the creation of the dam are constantly threatened, and some have been killed by developers and land prospectors. Because of the nature of the circumstances, these crimes are rarely punished. The forest is the home of the Kayapo and they rely on its bounty for their food and medicinal needs. Rivers are essential to their way of life and gold mining in Brazil

8988-583: The roots. In 2020, global production of sweet potatoes was 89 million tonnes , led by China with 55% of the world total (table). Secondary producers were Malawi , Tanzania , and Nigeria . Sweet potato suffers from Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (a Crinivirus ). In synergy with other any of a large number of other viruses, Untiveros et al., 2007 finds SPCSV produces an even more severe symptomology . I. batatas suffers from several Phytophthora s including P. carotovorum , P. odoriferum , and P. wasabiae . Cooked sweet potato (baked in skin)

9095-399: The shape is heart-, kidney- to egg-shaped, rounded or triangular and spear-shaped, the edge can be entire, toothed or often three to seven times lobed, cut or divided. Most of the leaf surfaces are bare, rarely hairy, and the tip is rounded to pointed. The leaves are mostly green in color, but the accumulation of anthocyanins , especially along the leaf veins, can make them purple. Depending on

9202-597: The similarity in the word for sweet potato is proof of either incidental contact or sporadic contact between the Central Andes and Polynesia. Some researchers, citing divergence time estimates, suggest that sweet potatoes might have been present in Polynesia thousands of years before humans arrived there. However, the present scholarly consensus favours the pre-Columbian contact model. The sweet potato arrived in Europe with

9309-464: The spread of indigenous groups, trail-side plantings and “forest fields” were also used for cultivating crops. Trails systems were extensive in the area and were used for transporting and growing crops along their margins. The field system was done by utilizing either naturally occurring or man made clearings in the forest for crop cultivation which required little maintenance afterward. The Kayapo also cultivated “war gardens” which were hidden plots used as

9416-484: The state power company in charge of the dam), which had worldwide repercussions and probably influenced further postponement of the project". An important media element of the presentations was the appearance of the rock star Sting during the demonstration. Sting continued to support the Kayapo in their efforts to protect their land, and in 1989 he founded the Rainforest Foundation Fund . Three years later,

9523-530: The styling of the name as one word— sweetpotato —instead of two, to emphasize the plant's genetic uniqueness from both common potatoes and yams and to avoid confusion of it being classified as a type of common potato. In its current usage in American English , the styling of the name as two words is still preferred. In Argentina , Colombia , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and the Dominican Republic ,

9630-532: The sugar content is sucrose . Maltose content is very low, but baking can increase the maltose content from between 10% and 20%. Sweet potato cultivars with dark orange flesh have more beta-carotene (converted to a higher vitamin A content once digested) than those with light-colored flesh, and their increased cultivation is being encouraged in Africa where vitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem. Sweet potato leaves are edible and can be prepared like spinach or turnip greens. The table below presents

9737-407: The supply of water. hydroelectric power. This happened in 2013, when several thermoelectric plants were then shut down, thus maintaining the necessary supply, albeit at a higher cost. Brazil is the world's largest producer of agate . Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer, with local extraction since 1830. There is also extraction in Minas Gerais and Bahia. In aquamarine , Minas Gerais produces

9844-648: The sweet potato are by far the most important product of the plant. In some tropical areas, the tubers are a staple food crop . The tuber is often cooked before consumption as this increases its nutrition and digestibility, although the American colonists in the Southeast ate raw sweet potatoes as a staple food. The vines' tips and young leaves are edible as a green vegetable with a characteristic flavor. Older growths may be used as animal fodder . Amukeke (sun-dried slices of root) and inginyo (sun-dried crushed root) are

9951-520: The sweet potato harvest is converted by some Indian communities into pickles and snack chips. A part of the tuber harvest is used in India as cattle fodder. In Pakistan , sweet potato is known as shakarqandi and is cooked as a vegetable dish and also with meat dishes ( chicken , mutton or beef). The ash-roasted sweet potatoes are sold as a snack and street food in Pakistani bazaars especially during

10058-700: The sweet potato is called batata . In Brazil, the sweet potato is called batata doce . In Mexico, Bolivia , Peru , Chile, Central America, and the Philippines , the sweet potato is known as camote (alternatively spelled kamote in the Philippines), derived from the Nahuatl word camotli . In Peru and Bolivia , the general word in Quechua for the sweet potato is apichu , but there are variants used such as khumara , kumar ( Ayacucho Quechua ), and kumara (Bolivian Quechua), strikingly similar to

10165-410: The throat is usually darker in color, but white crowns can also appear. The enclosed stamens are of unequal length with glandular filaments. The two-chamber ovary is upper constant with a relatively short stylus. Seeds are only produced from cross-pollination. The flowers open before sunrise and stay open for a few hours. They close again in the morning and begin to wither. The edible tuberous root

10272-421: The total minerals, in addition to extracting over 160 million tons/year of iron ore. Vale S.A . is the main company active in the production of iron ore in the state. The state is the largest employer in the mineral activity (53,791 workers in 2011). São Paulo, the second largest employer, had 19 thousand employees in the sector this year. In 2017, in the Southeast Region, the numbers were as follows: Minas Gerais

10379-535: The total value of Brazilian mineral production that was sold. Eight elements totaled 98.6% of the value: aluminum , copper , tin , iron , manganese , niobium , nickel and gold . The biggest Brazilian highlight is in iron , which has the majority of the participation, whose production is mostly carried out in the states of Minas Gerais and Pará . According to the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM), in 2011 there were 8,870 mining companies in

10486-467: The value, with R$ 551 million, Rondônia had 0.62% of the value, with R$ 544 million, Amazonas had 0.45% of the amount with R$ 396 million, and Tocantins had 0.003% of the amount with R$ 2.4 million. In the Midwest Region, Goiás stands out, with 4.58% of the national mineral participation (3rd place in the country). In 2017, at nickel , Goiás and Pará are the only two producers in the country, Goiás being

10593-423: The variety, the total length of a stem can be between 0.5 and 4 metres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 13 feet). Some cultivars also form shoots up to 16 m (52 ft) in length. However, these do not form underground storage organs. The hermaphrodite , five-fold and short-stalked flowers are single or few in stalked, zymous inflorescences that arise from the leaf axils and stand upright. It produces flowers when

10700-405: The very real potential to put even more pressure on the fragile forest infrastructure and ever decreasing natural resource base, escalating concerns of flooding and deforestation in particular. The resource patterns of the Kayapo are non-destructive to the resource base but require a very large area of land. The Kayapo people use shifting cultivation , a type of farming where land is cultivated for

10807-625: The waist or crisscrossed around the torso. When a child comes of age, they go through a naming ceremony in which they wear large yellow headdresses. Kayapo women can be distinguished by the V shape shaved into their hair. The Kayapo speak the Kayapo language , which belongs to the Jê language family . They are split into many groups, resulting in different dialects of their language. The Kayapo value oratory highly, calling themselves those who speak beautifully (Kaben mei) when compared to other indigenous groups. Beauty

10914-676: The winter months. In Sri Lanka, it is called bathala , and tubers are used mainly for breakfast (boiled sweet potato is commonly served with sambal or grated coconut) or as a supplementary curry dish for rice. The tubers of this plant, known as kattala in Dhivehi , have been used in the traditional diet of the Maldives . The leaves were finely chopped and used in dishes such as mas huni . In Japan , both sweet potatoes (called satsuma-imo ) and true purple yams (called daijo or beni-imo ) are grown. Boiling, roasting and steaming are

11021-403: Was R$ 153.4 billion in 2019. Exports were U$ 32.5 billion. The country's iron ore production was 410 million tons in 2019. Brazil is the second largest global iron ore exporter and has the second position in the reserve ranking: under Brazilian soil there are at least 29 billion tons . The largest reserves are currently in the states of Minas Gerais and Pará. According to data from 2013, Minas Gerais

11128-521: Was being withheld by the government relating to the negative consequences for their people who would be directly affected by the construction of the dam, as well as rural Brazilians in the Xingu River area, who they felt were not receiving adequate and fair information. The Kayapo continued to fight adversity and retaliated using traditional war oratory and dances, proving that they were not only capable of "effectively reintegrating their society, (but) also of adapting their organization and culture to manipulate

11235-627: Was encouraged by the Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng). Sweet potatoes were also introduced to the Ryukyu Kingdom , present-day Okinawa , Japan, in the early 1600s by the Portuguese . Sweet potatoes became a staple in Japan because they were important in preventing famine when rice harvests were poor. Aoki Konyō helped popularize the cultivation of the sweet potato in Japan, and

11342-453: Was the country's largest producer of iron (277 million tons at a value of R$ 37.2 billion), gold (29.3 tons at a value of R$ 3.6 billion), zinc (400 thousand tons at a value of R$ 351 million) and niobium (in the form of pyrochlorine) (131 thousand tons at a value of R$ 254 million). In addition, Minas was the 2nd largest producer of aluminum ( bauxite ) (1.47 million tons at a value of R$ 105 million), 3rd of manganese (296 thousand tons at

11449-407: Was then discovered in several deposits in Rio Grande do Sul (Morungava, Chico Lomã, Santa Teresinha), but at relatively great depths (up to 1,200 m), which has hindered its use until now. In 2011, coal accounted for only 5.6% of the energy consumed in Brazil, but it is an important strategic source, which can be activated when, for example, the water levels in the dams are very low, reducing excessively

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