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71-455: The town center of Arsuz is located 40 kilometres (25 mi) South of İskenderun and 118 kilometres (73 mi) from Antakya (administrative center of Hatay Province). While the town center is relatively small near the end of a coastal road leading south from İskenderun, the entire coastal region between İskenderun and the town center is often simply referred as Arsuz. This area is predominantly small rural farms (generally located inland towards

142-536: A bronze statue of Glycera at Rhosus. Demetrius I of Macedon moved the statue of the goddess Tyche from Antigonia to Rhosus. Arsuz was then an important seaport on the Gulf of Issus . In 64 BC, it was annexed by the Roman Empire . Under the name Rhosus, it was a city and bishopric (see below) in the late Roman province of Cilicia Secunda , with Anazarbus as its capital. It is mentioned by Strabo , Ptolemy , Pliny

213-555: A campus called Tayfur Sökmen located in Serinyol district 15 km (9.3 mi), north of Antakya (centrum). Established in 1992, currently more than 32,000 students enrolled at the university. Besides the campus in Serinyol, MKU has its faculties spread out in all main districts of the province including Altınözü, Antakya, Belen, Dörtyol, Erzin, Hassa, İskenderun, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, Samandağ and Yayladağı. The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There

284-449: A change of the bishop's place of residence. For example, several of the sees added by this change of policy are in the western and central United States, such as Grass Valley, California , whose diocese was dissolved upon the erection of the Diocese of Sacramento . The change of practice is reflected in the inclusion from then on of such sees in the official lists of titular sees in editions of

355-403: A corresponding title, such as Superior of a Mission sui iuris , Apostolic Administrator, Ordinary, Prefect Apostolic, territorial Abbot, Vicar Apostolic, or Prelate. The ecclesiastic may be in priestly or episcopal orders. In recent practice an Apostolic Administrator, Vicar Apostolic, or Prelate (in this precise sense) is often appointed (and consecrated) a bishop. If that happens he is assigned

426-756: A major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta ( İskenderun ). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge . The city was initially the centre of the Sanjak of Antakya, part of the Damascus Eyalet . It was laterly centre of Sanjak of Antakya in Aleppo Eyalet . It was finally kaza centre in Sanjak of Aleppo , part of Aleppo Vilayet . In 1822 (and again in 1872 ), Antakya

497-472: A neighbouring territory or subdivided, according to developing circumstances. An example might be the uniting on November 30, 1987, of two Egyptian vicariates apostolic , Heliopolis of Egypt and Port Said, to become the single Vicariate Apostolic of Alexandria of Egypt–Heliopolis of Egypt–Port Said , governed by Egypt's only Latin Ordinary at present. A different example would be the division, on 6 July 6, 1992, of

568-585: A separate six volume index. Moroni acknowledged the great difficulties in compiling this work, even after he thoroughly examined all the sources available to him. In 1851, the Annuario Pontificio began to have such a list, but it did not purport to be complete. On the contrary, it contained only those that were in general use. Names of dioceses disappeared and were listed again when the titles were actually assigned. Until 1882, these titles were given as in partibus infidelium . According to Corrigan,

639-451: A titular see, in addition to his status as head of the territorial jurisdiction. the appointment as bishop is less likely in the case of a Superior of a Mission sui iuris , or a Prefect Apostolic, but may happen, especially when a man who is already a bishop governing a particular jurisdiction is appointed cumulatively to govern one of these others. A particular territory may have its canonical status changed more than once, or may be united to

710-785: A whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.” In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius , Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge . The city became known in Arabic as أنطاكية ( ʾAnṭākiya ). Since the Umayyad Caliphate was unable to penetrate

781-409: Is twinned with: Titular bishopric A titular see in various churches is an episcopal see of a former diocese that no longer functions, sometimes called a "dead diocese". The ordinary or hierarch of such a see may be styled a "titular metropolitan" (highest rank), "titular archbishop" (intermediary rank) or " titular bishop " (lowest rank), which normally goes by the status conferred on

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852-448: Is considered Levantine rather than Turkish . The cuisine offers plenty of meals, where beef and lamb are mainly used. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab , served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab, oruk, kaytaz böreği and katıklı ekmek. Hot, spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties. Here are some savoury foods: Antakya

923-507: Is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades. With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich -based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian ) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of

994-417: Is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank: Antakya Antakya ( Turkish pronunciation: [ɑnˈtɑkjɑ] ; Local Turkish : Anteke ), modern form of Antioch ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια , romanized :  Antiókheia ; Armenian : Անտիոք , romanized :  Andiok ; Latin : Antiochia ), is a municipality and

1065-592: The Annuario Pontificio . Previously, titular sees were routinely (yet not always) assigned not only to auxiliary bishops, similar pseudo-diocesan offices and pre-diocesan apostolic vicars or (Eastern Catholic) apostolic exarchs (not apostolic prefects ), but also to retired bishops by way of emeritate (sometimes with a 'promotion' from a suffragan see to an archiepiscopal titular see; however sometimes transferred to another during an incumbent emeritus bishop's life) and even to coadjutor bishops . That practice

1136-526: The stratopedarches Peter . It soon became the seat of a dux , who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border, held by such men as Nikephoros Ouranos . In 1078, Philaretos Brachamios , an Armenian hero, seized power. He held the city until the Seljuk Turks captured it from him in 1084. The Sultanate of Rum held it only fourteen years before

1207-598: The Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near

1278-555: The Alevi and Alawite traditions, in 'Harbiye' there is a place to honour the saint Hızır . Numerous tombs of saints, of both Sunni and Alawite , are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St. Peter and St. Paul on Hürriyet Avenue. With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. The Jewish community of Antakya had shrunk to 14 members in 2014. In 2023,

1349-685: The Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. After the demise of Umayyad rule, Antioch became part of the Abbasid empire (except for a brief rule of the Tulunids ), Ikhshidids and Hamdanids . In 969, the city was reconquered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and

1420-660: The Archdiocese of Anazarba , as mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum in the 6th century and one dating from about 840. In another of the 10th century Rhosus is included among the 'exempt' sees, directly subject to the Patriarch. Six residential Suffragan bishops of Rhosus are known: No later than the 15th century the diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric of Rhosus (Latin) / Rosea (until 1925) / Roso (Curiate Italian) / Rhosien(sis) (Latin adjective) It

1491-787: The Byzantine Empire . Captured by Umar ibn al-Khattab in the seventh century, the medieval Antakiyah ( Arabic : أنطاكية , ʾAnṭākiya ) was conquered or re-conquered several times: by the Byzantines in 969, the Seljuks in 1084, the Crusaders in 1098, the Mamluks in 1268, and eventually the Ottomans in 1517, who would integrate it to the Aleppo Eyalet then to the Aleppo Vilayet . The city joined

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1562-571: The Diocese of Évreux , who was controversial for his positions on religious, political and social matters, refused to retire and become Bishop Emeritus of Évreux, he was transferred to the titular see of Partenia . The crusading William IV, Count of Nevers , dying in the Holy Land in 1168, left the building known as the Hospital of Panthenor in the town of Clamecy in Burgundy , together with some land, to

1633-685: The Hatay State in 1938, after Turkish pressure. An Arab nationalist newspaper in the city, run by Zaki al-Arsuzi , was shut down by the Turks. On May 30, 1938, an Arab was killed during a riot by a Turkish crowd. On 7 July 1938, the Turkish army entered Antioch. The annexation of the Hatay State by Turkey in 1939, creating the Hatay Province , caused an exodus of Christians and Alawites from Antioch east to

1704-713: The Hatay State under the French Mandate before joining the Turkish Republic . On 6 February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes with their epicentre in Kahramanmaraş . Some of the historical sites, including the Church of St Paul , have been destroyed. The earthquakes destroyed several neighbourhoods in the city and left thousands homeless. The death toll in Hatay Province, which includes Antakya,

1775-568: The Orontes . The city is served from Hatay Airport . Antakya has one male professional football club, Hatayspor , who play in the Süper Lig . There is also a female professional team called Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi . Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyespor , a woman's basketball team, is also present, and plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball League . The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine

1846-825: The Ottoman Turks . Between 1918 and 1938 the town was under French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon with the rest of Iskenderun district. In 1938, it became part of the independent Hatay Republic , but in June 1939 the Hatay legislature voted to join Turkey. The district Arsuz was created in 2013 from part of the district of İskenderun . There are 38 neighbourhoods in Arsuz District: German traveler Martin Hartmann listed 31 settlements in

1917-486: The 19th century to two separately 'restored' titular successor sees: a Latin titular archbishopric of Nazareth and a Maronite ( Antiochian Rite ) titular (Arch)bishopric of Nazareth, both suppressed only in the early 20th century. The granting of titular sees is occasionally practised in the Eastern and other Orthodox churches. The Roman Catholic Church lists as titular sees, former diocese that no longer function, several in

1988-427: The 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty. The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic. Antakya is a provincial capital of considerable importance as

2059-511: The BBC reported that at least 1,200 buildings in the city center and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed. Officials said "almost all" houses in the Cebrail District had collapsed. Many historical sites, including churches and mosques, were destroyed, St. Paul's Church being one of them. The historic Antakya Synagogue and Hatay State Assembly Building were also destroyed. In

2130-664: The Bishops of Bethlehem, in case Bethlehem should fall under Muslim control. After Saladin took Bethlehem in 1187, the Bishop took up residence in 1223 in his property, which remained the seat of titular Bishops of Bethlehem for almost 600 years, until the French Revolution of 1789. The Roman Catholic Archbishopric of Nazareth first had two centuries of Metropolitan Archbishops of Nazareth in Barletta (southern Italy), and gave rise in

2201-536: The Crusaders arrived. The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch between October 1097 and June 1098 during the First Crusade resulted in its fall. The Crusaders caused significant damage, including a massacre of its population, both Christian and Muslim. Following the defeat of Seljuk forces arriving with the aim to break the siege only four days after its capture by the crusaders, Bohemond I became its overlord. It remained

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2272-554: The Elder and Stephanus of Byzantium ; and later by Hierocles and George of Cyprus . Some Christians in Rhosus accepted as truth the Docetic Gospel of Peter and for them in around AD 200 Serapion of Antioch composed a treatise condemning the book. Theodoret relates the history of the hermit Theodosius of Antioch, founder of a monastery in the mountain near Rhosus, who was forced by

2343-519: The French Mandate. The district Antakya was created in 2013 from part of the former central district of Hatay. A British traveller visiting Antakya in 1798 reported that generally, Turkish was spoken, while, by contrast, the prevalent language in Aleppo at the time was Arabic. Most Alawites and Armenians spoke Turkish as a second language. In 1935, Turkish and Arab Muslims made more than 80% of

2414-568: The Ghanaian diocese of Accra, to separate from its territory the new diocese of Koforidua . At the same date, the diocese of Accra became a Metropolitan Archdiocese. After a name change, an abandoned name may be 'restored' as a titular see, even though a residential successor see exist(ed). Furthermore, the Catholic Church may create more than one titular see named after a single city, by creating one or more lines of apostolic succession assigned to

2485-632: The Latin and/or one or more Eastern Catholic rites, which are not necessarily of the same rank. It was formerly the practice to add the term in partibus infidelium , often shortened to in partibus or i.p.i. , meaning "in the lands of the unbelievers", to the name of the see conferred on titular (non-diocesan) Latin Church bishops. Formerly, when bishops fled from invading Muslims, they were welcomed by other churches, while preserving their titles and their rights to their own dioceses. They were entrusted with

2556-522: The Orontes"), which was founded in the fourth century BC by the Seleucid Empire . Antioch later became one of the Roman Empire 's largest cities, and was made the capital of the provinces of Syria and Coele-Syria . It was also an influential early center of Christianity ; the New Testament asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch. The city gained much ecclesiastical importance in

2627-518: The Ottoman nahiyah of Arsuz, 10 being Alawite (381 houses), 8 being Turkish (205 houses), and 12 without any information. The town of Arsuz (70 houses) was almost wholly Greek Christian with the exception of three Arab and one Turkish families. Rhosus was a diocese in the sway of the Patriarchate of Antioch , originally as a suffragan of its Metropolitan in provincial capital of Cilicia Secunda ,

2698-580: The administration of vacant sees of other dioceses, or with assisting in such government of a see which already had a residential bishop. In later days it was deemed fitting to preserve the memory of ancient Christian churches which no longer existed; this was done by giving their names to auxiliary bishops or bishops in missionary countries. These bishops did not reside in the sees whose titles they bore, nor could they exercise any power over them, and are not entrusted with their care. They are therefore called titular bishops, as opposed to diocesan bishops, and

2769-486: The aftermath, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan promised to an immediate reconstruction of the affected areas. During a visit to the city in September 2023, The New York Times reported that heavily buildings were still being demolished and no large-scale reconstruction works were observed. Many damaged buildings remained standing but abandoned while survivors continue to live in tents. Hatay's mayor, Lutfu Savas, said only half of

2840-746: The army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle . There are 95 neighbourhoods in Antakya District: Antakya's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean ( Köppen : Csa ) or dry-summer humid subtropical ( Trewartha : Cf or wet Cs ). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters; though its higher altitude allows for lower temperatures than the coast. Highest recorded temperature:45.2 °C (113.4 °F) on 13 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 14 January 1950 Mustafa Kemal University , abbreviated as MKU, has several faculties including Engineering and Medicine, while having

2911-399: The bishops of those dioceses, who could give rise, even after long interruption (exile and/or vacancy), to a 'restored' line of apostolic succession on each see. The Ordinary or hierarch of a Catholic titular see may be styled a "Titular Metropolitan" (highest rank), "Titular Archbishop" (intermediary rank) or " titular bishop " (lowest rank), which normally goes by the status conferred on

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2982-586: The capital district of Hatay Province , Turkey . Its area is 703 km , and its population is 399,045 (2022). It is the capital of Hatay Province, the southernmost province of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Levantine Sea . Today's city stands partly on the site of the ancient Antiochia ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια , Antiókheia , also known as "Antioch on

3053-610: The capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries. In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars after another siege . Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population. In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to East Asia moved north following the 13th-century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as

3124-413: The centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land have caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı . The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in

3195-874: The context of improved relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy after the Second Vatican Council , the Holy See, while continuing to appoint bishops to titular sees in North Africa , ceased to make such appointments to sees that were historically part of the Eastern patriarchates of Constantinople , Alexandria , Antioch , and Jerusalem . It began instead to treat as titular sees also those Catholic dioceses in any country no longer used as titles of diocesan bishops because of having been absorbed into other dioceses or having been renamed due to

3266-708: The control of the Latin Empire , which took Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Parthenia , in north Africa, was abandoned and swallowed by desert sand. During the Muslim conquests of the Middle East and North Africa, some bishops fled to Christian-ruled areas. Even if they did not return and the Christian population of their dioceses dispersed, were killed or abandoned the Catholic faith, they continued to be seen as

3337-548: The countries in which they were ambassadors . The foundation of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith , in 1622, gave a great impetus to the missionary work of the Church in China and Japan, and elsewhere a great increase in the number of bishops became necessary and those received their titles from the ancient abandoned sees. Only about 1850, was any attempt made to compile a list of such sees. Gaetano Moroni had already, in 1840, began publication of his 103 volume Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica with

3408-400: The diocesan bishops in their labors. After the 14th century the large increase of population in the great centers rendered such assistance particularly necessary. In the 16th century the Holy See inaugurated the policy of consecrating nuncios and other prelates, delegated to represent the Pope in his relations with the different nations, so that they would be equals with the diocesan bishops of

3479-414: The estimated 38,000 buildings registered to be dismantled had been fulfilled. In Gülderen, there were ongoing works to build 2,300 apartment units in 122 blocks. Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River ( Turkish : Asi Nehri ), approximately 22 km (14 mi) inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to

3550-429: The inroads of barbarians to retire to Antioch, where he died and was succeeded by his disciple Romanus, a native of Rhosus; these two religious are honoured by the Greek Orthodox Church on 5 and 9 February. In 638 the city was incorporated into the Rashidun Caliphate . In 969 it was taken by the Byzantine Empire , in 1084 by the Seljuk Turks , in 1039 by the Crusades , in 1296 by the Egyptian Mamluks and in 1517 by

3621-415: The last Jew in the city announced that he was leaving the city after a devastating earthquake . It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits. Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree . On 6 February 2023, Antakya suffered heavy damage as a result of a major earthquake . Many parts of the city were totally destroyed. As of 7 February,

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3692-486: The later Battle of Antioch (613) where the Persians were successful at capturing the city for the last time. It was a key city during the early history of Christianity , in particular that of the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Maronite Church , as well as during the spread of Islam and the Crusades . From "The Acts of the Apostles", Chapter 11 Verse 26 “And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that

3763-479: The likelihood of having to divide the jurisdiction in the near future, and so on. In these circumstances the Catholic Church establishes sometimes not a diocese but a canonical jurisdiction of another kind. This may be, for example, a Mission sui iuris , an Apostolic Administration (permanently constituted), an Ordinariate, a Prefecture Apostolic, a territorial Abbey, a Vicariate Apostolic, or a Prelature. The ecclesiastic placed in charge of one of these jurisdictions has

3834-426: The mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin . Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. While almost all the inhabitants are Muslim , a substantial proportion adhere to

3905-405: The mountains) and small groups of summer homes (generally located near the coastline). Arsuz had many names throughout history, including: Rhosus, Rhossos, Rhossus, Rhopolis, Port Panel/Bonnel, Kabev and Arsous. The earliest documents about it date from the Seleucid Empire , of whose Antioch became the capital. Malalas writes that the city was founded by Cilix, son of Agenor. Harpalus set up

3976-464: The neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late at the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks. Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract

4047-399: The northwest and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra) to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib-i Neccar (the ancient Mount Silpius ) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble . Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes. The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and

4118-399: The number of abandoned sees. The final development of the list of sees, called in partibus infidelium , took shape, at first, from the attempt of the Holy See to keep up the succession of bishops in these dioceses, in the hope of reconquering their territory from the infidel. When all hope of such redemption was given up, these titles were still conferred on those who were chosen to assist

4189-426: The places to which they had been appointed. The spread of Islam through Muslim conquests in Asia and Africa was responsible for hundreds of abandoned sees. During the Crusades , the Latins, who established new Christian communities, composed of Europeans and belonging to the Latin Church, procured the erection of new dioceses for their benefit, and these in turn, during the growth of the Ottoman Empire , increased

4260-402: The population. Antakya was home to one of the most ancient Jewish communities for over 2,200 years. Mount Habib-i Neccar (Habib An-Najar in Sura al-Yassin 36:13) and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since

4331-528: The practice has become more widespread. Although the normal constitution of the hierarchy has always been built on the idea of local jurisdiction of the bishops, there are indications, in the early history of the Church, of many who did not enjoy what is usually called ordinary jurisdiction. Besides those who were endowed with the episcopal character, in order to assist the local bishops there were those who had been driven from their dioceses by infidels or by heretics , or who for other reasons could not reside in

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4402-427: The sees themselves are called titular sees, as opposed to residential sees. The regular appointment of titular bishops is said to date back to the time of the Fifth Lateran Council , in 1514; cardinals alone were authorized to ask for titular bishops to be appointed to assist them in their dioceses. Pope Pius V extended the privilege to all sees in which it had become customary to have auxiliary bishops. Since then

4473-510: The story goes that King George I of Greece (a Lutheran ) complained to Pope Leo XIII that he and his (mostly Eastern Orthodox ) people were injured by this appellation, saying to Leo XIII, "we are not infidels, we are Christians; we are Catholics." Leo XIII, through a Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith decree, in 1882, abolished the phrase in partibus infidelium and ordered that future appointments should be made as "titular bishops". The custom, when Boudinhon wrote his article,

4544-407: The superiority of trade and commerce over war and conflict. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation. Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley. Antioch was part of the Sanjak of Alexandretta during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , until it was made

4615-436: The titular see (mostly corresponding to its historical rank), but exceptions ad hoc are currently made on a regular basis, either above or below the titular see's rank, while titular sees have repeatedly been promoted or demoted. There are practical advantages in certain circumstances in not establishing a permanent diocese in a given territory, for reasons of the limited size of the Catholic population, its lack of permanence,

4686-417: The titular see. Titular sees are dioceses that no longer functionally exist, often because the territory was conquered by Muslims or because it is schismatic . The Greek–Turkish population exchange of 1923 also contributed to titular sees. The see of Maximianoupolis along with the town that shared its name was destroyed by the Bulgarians under Emperor Kaloyan in 1207; the town and the see were under

4757-402: Was estimated at over 20,000. Humans have occupied the area of Antioch since the Chalcolithic ( 6th millennium BCE ), as revealed by archaeological excavations of Alalakh , among others. The Macedonian King Alexander the Great , after defeating the Achaemenid Empire in the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, followed the Orontes south into Syria and occupied the area. The city of Antioch

4828-402: Was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Seleucid emperor Seleucus I Nicator . It played an important role as one of the largest cities in the Seleucid, Roman , and Byzantine empires. The city swapped hands between the Byzantines and the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century . It was the battleground for the 253 siege of Antioch when Shapur I defeated the Roman army and

4899-480: Was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway , which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı ), but this plan never came to fruition. This scheme is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poem [REDACTED] Antioch . (1836) in which she reflects of

4970-495: Was largely replaced for the last categories by the present one of referring to a retired bishop as a bishop emeritus of the see that he held, and to a coadjutor bishop simply as coadjutor bishop of the see to which he has been appointed. This change too is reflected in editions of the Annuario Pontificio of the period, which include information on renunciation by retired and coadjutor bishops of titular sees to which they had been appointed. In 1995, when Jacques Gaillot , Bishop of

5041-475: Was to join to the name of the see that of the district to which it formerly belonged, or else merely to say "titular bishop". The Annuaire Pontifical Catholique published a very complete list of the titular sees and titular bishops. Although it did not claim to be perfect, it contained the names of the sees and the bishops who had held the titles as far back, in some cases, as the 14th century. Titular sees, according to Corrigan in 1920, were conferred on In

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