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44-575: An important trading center since ancient times, the province is also one of Turkey's major manufacturing zones, and its agriculture is dominated by the cultivation of pistachio nuts. In ancient times, first under the power of Yamhad , then the Hittites and later the Assyrians controlled the region. It saw much fighting during the Crusades , and Saladin won a key battle there in 1183. After World War I and

88-401: A legume . Nuts are an energy-dense and nutrient -rich food source. A seed is the mature fertilised ovule of a plant; it consists of three parts, the embryo which will develop into a new plant, stored food for the embryo, and a protective seed coat. Botanically , a nut is a fruit with a woody pericarp developing from a syncarpous gynoecium . Nuts may be contained in an involucre ,

132-410: A nut is a fruit from a tree (or shrub) consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. The shell is indehiscent , meaning it does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts , chestnuts , and acorns , which have hard shell walls and originate from

176-730: A common food as early as 6750 BCE. The earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age Central Asia and comes from Djarkutan , modern Uzbekistan. Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the first century AD by the Romans. They are cultivated across Southern Europe and North Africa. Theophrastus described it as a terebinth -like tree with almond -like nuts from Bactria . It appears in Dioscorides ' writings as pistákia (πιστάκια), recognizable as P. vera by its comparison to pine nuts . Pliny

220-433: A common source of food allergens. Reactions can range from mild symptoms to severe ones, a condition known as anaphylaxis , which can be life-threatening. The reaction is due to the release of histamine by the body in response to an allergen in the nuts, causing skin and other possible reactions . Many experts suggest that a person with an allergy to peanuts should avoid eating tree nuts, and vice versa. Nuts contain

264-417: A compound ovary . Common usage of the term is less restrictive, which refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut. This original usage is preserved in a culinary sense, where many dry seeds are called "nuts" and come from indehiscent fruits. Almonds , cashews , pistachios , and Brazil nuts , are examples of "tree nuts" that are not true nuts . Peanuts are a unique case, and grow underground from

308-496: A cup-shaped structure formed from the flower bracts . The involucre may be scaly, spiny, leafy or tubular, depending on the species of nut. Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries (see flower ) and all are indehiscent (not opening at maturity). True nuts are produced, for example, by some plant families of the order Fagales . These include beech ( Fagus ), chestnut ( Castanea ), oak ( Quercus ), stone-oak ( Lithocarpus ) and tanoak ( Notholithocarpus ) in

352-406: A high oil content, they are a significant energy source. Many seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food , ground to make nut butters, or pressed for oil that is used in cooking and cosmetics. Regular nut consumption of more than 5 ounces (140 g) per week may benefit weight control and contribute to lowering body weight in humans. Nuts are

396-758: A member of the cashew family , is a small to medium tree originating in Persia . The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food. The word can be countable or uncountable, meaning its plural is with or without an 's'. In 2022, world production of pistachios was one million tonnes , with the United States, Iran, and Turkey combined accounting for 88% of the total. The tree grows up to 10 metres (33 feet) tall. It has deciduous , pinnate leaves 10–20 centimetres (4–8 inches) long. The plants are dioecious , with separate male and female trees. The flowers are apetalous and unisexual and borne in panicles . The fruit

440-481: A rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value or DV) of protein, dietary fiber , several dietary minerals , and the B vitamins thiamin (73% DV) and vitamin B 6 (100% DV) (table). Pistachios are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of riboflavin , vitamin B 5 , folate , vitamin E , and vitamin K (table). The fat profile of raw pistachios consists mainly of monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats , with

484-524: A small amount of saturated fats (table). Saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid (10% of total) and stearic acid (2%) (table). Oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid (52% of total fat). and linoleic acid , a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is 30% of total fat. Relative to other tree nuts, pistachios have a lower amount of fat and food energy, but higher amounts of potassium , vitamin K, γ-tocopherol , and certain phytochemicals such as carotenoids , and phytosterols . In July 2003,

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528-471: A source of essential omega-3 fatty acids . As part of a healthy human diet, long-term consumption of diverse nutrients in nuts may contribute to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases , reduced levels of blood cholesterol , and lower all-cause mortality . For vegetarians and vegans , nuts provide many of the essential nutrients which may be in short supply in other plant foods . Nuts supply nutrients for humans and wildlife. Because nuts generally have

572-437: A typical serving of pistachios supplies substantial food energy (nutrition table), their consumption in normal amounts is not associated with weight gain or obesity . One review found that pistachio consumption lowered blood pressure in persons without diabetes mellitus . A 2021 review found that pistachio consumption for three months or less significantly reduced triglyceride levels. Nut (food) In botany ,

616-410: Is a drupe , containing an elongated seed , which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a culinary nut , not a botanical nut . The fruit has a hard, cream-colored exterior shell. The seed has a mauve-colored skin and light green flesh, with a distinctive flavor. When the fruit ripens, the shell changes from green to an autumnal yellow/red and abruptly splits partly open. This

660-713: Is infection by the fungus Botryosphaeria , which causes panicle and shoot blight (symptoms include death of the flowers and young shoots ), and can damage entire pistachio orchards. In 2004, the rapidly growing pistachio industry in California was threatened by panicle and shoot blight first discovered in 1984. In 2011, anthracnose fungus caused a sudden 50% loss in the Australian pistachio harvest. Several years of severe drought in Iran around 2008 to 2015 caused significant declines in production. In 2022, world production of pistachios

704-399: Is known as dehiscence , and happens with an audible pop. The splitting open is a trait that has been selected by humans. Commercial cultivars vary in how consistently they split open. Each mature pistachio tree averages around 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of seeds, or around 50,000 seeds, every two years. Pistachio is from late Middle English pistace , from Old French , superseded in

748-462: Is unsafe. Aflatoxin contamination is a frequent risk, particularly in warmer and humid environments. Food contaminated with aflatoxins has been found as the cause of frequent outbreaks of acute illnesses in parts of the world. In some cases, such as in Kenya, this has led to several deaths. Pistachio shells typically split naturally prior to harvest, with a hull covering the intact seeds. The hull protects

792-627: The Dead Sea Transform and the East Anatolian Fault . These represent the tectonic boundary between the northward-moving Arabian Plate to the east, and the converging African and Eurasian Plates to the west. On February 6, 2023, at 04:17  TRT (01:17  UTC ), a M w  7.8 earthquake occurred in Gaziantep Province on the East Anatolian Fault , which caused widespread damage and loss of life. The epicenter

836-722: The Ottoman Empire 's disintegration, it was invaded by the forces of the French Third Republic during the Turkish War of Independence . It was returned to Turkish control after the Treaty of Lausanne was signed, formally ending hostilities between Turkey and the Allies of World War I . Originally known as Antep, the title gazi (meaning veteran in Turkish) was added to the province's and

880-422: The exocarp , or skin, and mesocarp , or flesh, which surround a single pit or stone, the endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. In a dry drupe, the outer parts dry up and the remaining husk is part of the ovary wall or pericarp , and the hard inner wall surrounding the seed represents the inner part of the pericarp. A small nut may be called a "nutlet" (formerly called a nucule, a term otherwise referring to

924-412: The oogonium of stoneworts ). In botany , the term "nutlet" can be used to describe a pyrena or pyrene, which is a seed covered by a stony layer, such as the kernel of a drupe . Walnuts and hickories ( Juglandaceae ) have fruits that are difficult to classify. They are considered to be nuts under some definitions but are also referred to as drupaceous nuts. In common use, a "tree nut" is, as

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968-455: The 16th century by forms from Italian pistacchio , via Latin from Greek πιστάκιον pistákion , and from Middle Persian pistakē . Another name in Persian calling "smiling nuts" . Pistachio is a desert plant and is highly tolerant of saline soil . It has been reported to grow well when irrigated with water having 3,000–4,000 ppm of soluble salts. Pistachio trees are fairly hardy in

1012-788: The Elder wrote in his Natural History that pistacia , "well known among us", was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the seed was introduced into Italy by the Roman proconsul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder (in office in 35 AD), and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius . The early sixth-century manuscript De observatione ciborum ( On the Observance of Foods ) by Anthimus implies that pistacia remained well known in Europe in late antiquity . An article on pistachio tree cultivation

1056-537: The U.S. and Iran control 70% of the world export market, with the U.S. in the lead. Worldwide demand exceeds production, so both countries have the ability to sell their production to various export markets. In 2021, Fresno County, California accounted for about 40% of U.S. pistachio production, with a value of $ 722 million. Pistachio trees are vulnerable to numerous diseases and infestation by insects such as Leptoglossus clypealis in North America. Among these

1100-481: The United States Food and Drug Administration approved the first qualified health claim specific to consumption of seeds (including pistachios) to lower the risk of heart disease : " Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eating 1.5 ounces (42.5 g) per day of most nuts, such as pistachios, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol may reduce the risk of heart disease". Although

1144-466: The United States and in Greece is often accomplished using equipment to shake the drupes off the tree. After hulling and drying, pistachios are sorted according to open-mouth and closed-mouth shells, then roasted or processed by special machines to produce pistachio kernels. The pistachio tree is native to Afghanistan , Iran and Central Asia . Archaeological evidence shows that pistachio seeds were

1188-409: The diverse nutrients that are needed for the growth of a new plant. Composition varies, but they tend to have a low water and carbohydrate content, with high levels of fats, protein , dietary minerals , and vitamins . The digestibility of the protein at about 90% is slightly lower than that of meat and fish, but can be improved by chewing thoroughly. The fats are largely unsaturated and nuts are

1232-989: The family Anacardiaceae (which includes poison ivy , sumac , mango , and cashew ), pistachios contain urushiol , an irritant that can cause allergic reactions . Large quantities of pistachios are self-heating in the presence of moisture due to their high oil content in addition to naturally occurring lipases , and can spontaneously combust if stored with a combustible fabric such as jute . The kernels are often eaten whole, either fresh or roasted and salted , and are also used in pistachio ice cream , traditional Persian ice cream , kulfi , spumoni , pistachio butter, pistachio paste, and confections such as baklava , pistachio chocolate, pistachio halva , pistachio lokum or biscotti , and cold cuts such as mortadella . Americans make pistachio salad , which includes fresh pistachios or pistachio pudding, whipped cream, and canned fruit. Indian cooking uses pounded pistachios with grilled meats, and in pulao rice dishes. The shell of

1276-443: The family Fagaceae , as well as hazel , filbert ( Corylus ) and hornbeam ( Carpinus ) in the family Betulaceae . Also widely known as nuts are dry drupes , which include pecans ( Carya illinoensis ), almonds ( Prunus amygdalus ), macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ), candlenut ( Aleurites moluccanus ) and the water caltrop ( Trapa bicornis ). A drupe is an indehiscent fruit that has an outer fleshy part consisting of

1320-457: The fruit. The pistachio tree may live up to 300 years. The trees are planted in orchards , and take around 7 to 10 years to reach significant production. Production is alternate-bearing or biennial -bearing, meaning the harvest is heavier in alternate years. Peak production is reached around 20 years. Trees are usually pruned to size to make the harvest easier. One male tree produces enough pollen for 8 to 12 drupe-bearing females. Harvesting in

1364-594: The kernel from invasion by molds and insects, but this hull protection can be damaged in the orchard by poor orchard management practices, by birds, or after harvest, which makes exposure to contamination much easier. Some pistachios undergo so-called "early split", wherein both the hull and the shell split. Damage or early splits can lead to aflatoxin contamination. In some cases, a harvest may be treated to keep contamination below strict food safety thresholds; in other cases, an entire batch of pistachios must be destroyed because of aflatoxin contamination. Like other members of

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1408-443: The name implies, any nut coming from a tree. This most often comes up regarding food allergies ; a person may be allergic specifically to peanuts (which are not tree nuts but legumes ), whereas others may be allergic to the wider range of nuts that grow on trees. In the 21st century, about a dozen species constitute most of the worldwide production of nuts, shown in the table below for major commercial nuts. Nuts used for food are

1452-522: The percentage of various nutrients in four unroasted seeds. Nuts are under preliminary research to assess whether their consumption is associated with lower risk for some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. A 2014 review indicated that consuming one or more servings of nuts or peanut butter per day was associated with lower risk of ischemic heart disease , overall cardiovascular disease, stroke in women, and all-cause mortality . A 2022 umbrella review confirmed these findings and found

1496-492: The pistachio is naturally a beige color, but it may be dyed red or green in commercial pistachios. Originally, dye was applied to hide stains on the shells caused when the nuts were picked by hand. In the 21st century, most pistachios are harvested by machine and the shells remain unstained. Raw pistachios are 4% water, 45% fat, 28% carbohydrates , and 20% protein (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, pistachios provide 2,351 kilojoules (562 kcal) of food energy and are

1540-485: The provincial capital's name in 1921, due to its population's actions during the Turkish War of Independence. Kilis Province was part of Gaziantep Province until it separated in 1994. Turks are the majority in the province. Gaziantep is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude. Two major active geological faults meet in western Gaziantep near the border with adjoining Osmaniye Province :

1584-421: The right conditions and can survive temperatures ranging between −10 °C (14 °F) in winter and 48 °C (118 °F) in summer. They need a sunny position and well-drained soil. Pistachio trees do poorly in conditions of high humidity and are susceptible to root rot in winter if they get too much water and the soil is not sufficiently free-draining. Long, hot summers are required for proper ripening of

1628-433: The source of energy and nutrients for the new plant. They contain a relatively large quantity of calories, essential unsaturated and monounsaturated fats including linoleic acid and linolenic acid , vitamins, and essential amino acids. Many nuts are good sources of vitamin E , vitamin B 2 , folate , fiber , and essential minerals, such as magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and selenium. This table lists

1672-611: The tax code in the United States eliminated tax shelters for almonds and citrus fruits . That encouraged California farmers to plant pistachio trees, because they were still eligible for such tax breaks. In 1972, the Shah of Iran began a school breakfast program that included packets of pistachios. This resulted in a decline of pistachio exports from Iran, resulting in increased prices in other countries and additional incentives to plant pistachio trees in California. The first commercial pistachio harvest in California took place in 1976. The Shah

1716-661: Was 37 km (23 mi) west-northwest of the city of Gaziantep . At 13:24, it was followed by a M w  7.7 earthquake. There are nine districts as listed below: The city of Gaziantep encompasses Şahinbey and Şehitkamil districts; İslahiye and Nurdağı districts form the western part of the province, while the remaining districts lie to the east of Gaziantep city. 37°02′26″N 37°18′25″E  /  37.04056°N 37.30694°E  / 37.04056; 37.30694 Pistachio The pistachio ( / p ɪ ˈ s t ɑː ʃ i . oʊ , - ˈ s t æ ʃ -/ pih- STAH -shee-oh, -⁠ STASH - ; Pistacia vera ),

1760-451: Was brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam 's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture . Archaeologists have found evidence from excavations at Jarmo in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Marduk-apla-iddina II about 700 BCE. In the 19th century, the pistachio

1804-752: Was cultivated commercially in parts of the English-speaking world, such as Australia and in the US in New Mexico and California, where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree. In 1904 and 1905, David Fairchild of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced hardier cultivars to California collected from China, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929. Walter T. Swingle's pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at Niles , California, by 1917. In 1969 and 1971, changes to

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1848-512: Was forced into exile in January, 1979 during the Iranian Revolution , resulting in an end to trade between the United States and Iran, providing additional incentives for American farmers to plant dramatically more pistachio trees. By 2008, U.S. pistachio production rivaled that of Iran. Drought and unusually cold weather in Iran led to severe declines in production there, while U.S. production

1892-405: Was increasing. At that time, pistachios were Iran's second-most important export product, after the oil and gas sector. By 2020, there were 150,000 pistachio farmers in Iran, approximately 70% of whom were small-scale producers using inefficient manual picking and processing techniques. There were 950 far larger U.S. producers, using highly efficient mechanized production techniques. Between them,

1936-769: Was one million tonnes (2.2 billion pounds), with the United States, Iran, and Turkey together accounting for 88% of the total (table). Italy produces a low quantity of pistachios, with the Pistacchio di Bronte (pistachios from Bronte town) DOP-protected . As with other tree seeds, aflatoxin is found in poorly harvested or processed pistachios. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic chemicals produced by molds such as Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus . The mold contamination may occur from soil or poor storage, and be spread by pests. High levels of mold growth typically appear as gray to black filament-like growth. Eating mold-infected and aflatoxin-contaminated pistachios

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