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48-471: Payas is a Mediterranean coastal town. Distance to Dörtyol at the north is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), to İskenderun at the south is 20 kilometres (12 mi) and to Antakya (the province center) is 84 kilometres (52 mi). Payas and its vicinity have been inhabited throughout history. Ancient names of the town were Baias and Bayyas . During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 , Payas

96-656: A brief rule of the Tulunids ), Ikhshidids and Hamdanids . In 969, the city was reconquered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and the stratopedarches Peter . It soon became the seat of a dux , who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border, held by such men as Nikephoros Ouranos . In 1078, Philaretos Brachamios , an Armenian hero, seized power. He held

144-555: A campus called Tayfur Sökmen located in Serinyol district 15 km (9.3 mi), north of Antakya (centrum). Established in 1992, currently more than 32,000 students enrolled at the university. Besides the campus in Serinyol, MKU has its faculties spread out in all main districts of the province including Altınözü, Antakya, Belen, Dörtyol, Erzin, Hassa, İskenderun, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, Samandağ and Yayladağı. The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There

192-496: A day. Livestock and agriculture areas are limited, because of developed industry and trade. And there is a local fishery in Payas; there are about 70 fishermen. Antakya Antakya ( Turkish pronunciation: [ɑnˈtɑkjɑ] ; Local Turkish : Anteke ), modern form of Antioch ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια , romanized :  Antiókheia ; Armenian : Անտիոք , romanized :  Andiok ; Latin : Antiochia ),

240-469: A second language. In 1935, Turkish and Arab Muslims made more than 80% of the population. Antakya was home to one of the most ancient Jewish communities for over 2,200 years. Mount Habib-i Neccar (Habib An-Najar in Sura al-Yassin 36:13) and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya

288-422: Is twinned with: Levantine Sea The Levantine Sea ( Arabic : بحر الشام , romanized :  baḥr as-Shām , or Arabic : البحر الشامي , romanized :  al-Baḥr as-Shāmī ; Turkish : Levanten Denizi , or Turkish : Levant Denizi ; Greek : Θάλασσα του Λεβάντε , romanized :  Thálassa tou Levánte ; Hebrew : הים הלבנטיני , romanized :  ha-Yam ha-Levantíni )

336-651: Is Turkey's second big iron-steel factory, and it contributes to Turkey's economy in great scales as well as the organized industry zone, coal enterprises and iron-producing mills. Because of this, 70 hot iron mills were established since 1970. Mills still provide much employment for people. The city receives immigrants due to the variety of employment opportunities also. The organized industrial zone has accrued with growing industrialization, and this zone has built on 100 hectares. Consequently, there are about 1100 workplaces in Payas. Some of them are transportation companies, and 700–800 trucks transport coal and iron to big factories in

384-510: Is a municipality and the capital district of Hatay Province , Turkey . Its area is 703 km , and its population is 399,045 (2022). It is the capital of Hatay Province, the southernmost province of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Levantine Sea . Today's city stands partly on the site of

432-467: Is a provincial capital of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land have caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı . The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in

480-448: Is considered Levantine rather than Turkish . The cuisine offers plenty of meals, where beef and lamb are mainly used. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab , served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab, oruk, kaytaz böreği and katıklı ekmek. Hot, spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties. Here are some savoury foods: Antakya

528-507: Is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades. With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich -based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian ) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of

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576-513: Is the easternmost part of the Mediterranean Sea . The Levantine Sea is bordered by Turkey in the north and north-east corner , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , and Palestine in the east, Egypt in the south, and the Aegean Sea in the northwest. Where it is used as a term its western border is amorphous, hence Mediterranean is more commonly used. The open western border to the next part of

624-412: Is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon 's poem [REDACTED] Antioch . (1836) in which she reflects of the superiority of trade and commerce over war and conflict. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation. Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley. Antioch

672-688: The 253 siege of Antioch when Shapur I defeated the Roman army and the later Battle of Antioch (613) where the Persians were successful at capturing the city for the last time. It was a key city during the early history of Christianity , in particular that of the Syriac Orthodox Church , the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Maronite Church , as well as during the spread of Islam and

720-598: The Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near

768-555: The Alevi and Alawite traditions, in 'Harbiye' there is a place to honour the saint Hızır . Numerous tombs of saints, of both Sunni and Alawite , are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St. Peter and St. Paul on Hürriyet Avenue. With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. The Jewish community of Antakya had shrunk to 14 members in 2014. In 2023,

816-740: The Battle of the Iron Bridge . The city became known in Arabic as أنطاكية ( ʾAnṭākiya ). Since the Umayyad Caliphate was unable to penetrate the Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. After the demise of Umayyad rule, Antioch became part of the Abbasid empire (except for

864-682: The Crusades . From "The Acts of the Apostles", Chapter 11 Verse 26 “And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.” In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius , Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during

912-582: The Hatay Province , caused an exodus of Christians and Alawites from Antioch east to the French Mandate. The district Antakya was created in 2013 from part of the former central district of Hatay. A British traveller visiting Antakya in 1798 reported that generally, Turkish was spoken, while, by contrast, the prevalent language in Aleppo at the time was Arabic. Most Alawites and Armenians spoke Turkish as

960-643: The Herodotus Basin , 130,000 km (50,000 sq mi) large and up to 3,200 m (10,500 ft) deep, which – at a possible age of 340 million years – is believed to be the oldest known ocean crust worldwide. The Suez Canal was completed in 1869, linking the Levantine Sea to the Red Sea – and mainly for large vessels. The Red Sea sits a little higher than the Eastern Mediterranean , so

1008-667: The Orontes south into Syria and occupied the area. The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Seleucid emperor Seleucus I Nicator . It played an important role as one of the largest cities in the Seleucid, Roman , and Byzantine empires. The city swapped hands between the Byzantines and the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century . It was the battleground for

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1056-519: The Orontes . The city is served from Hatay Airport . Antakya has one male professional football club, Hatayspor , who play in the Süper Lig . There is also a female professional team called Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi . Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyespor , a woman's basketball team, is also present, and plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball League . The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine

1104-891: The Ottomans in 1517, who would integrate it to the Aleppo Eyalet then to the Aleppo Vilayet . The city joined the Hatay State under the French Mandate before joining the Turkish Republic . On 6 February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes with their epicentre in Kahramanmaraş . Some of the historical sites, including the Church of St Paul , have been destroyed. The earthquakes destroyed several neighbourhoods in

1152-651: The 13th-century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta ( İskenderun ). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge . The city was initially the centre of the Sanjak of Antakya, part of the Damascus Eyalet . It was laterly centre of Sanjak of Antakya in Aleppo Eyalet . It

1200-452: The 19th century, the town of Payas was inhabited by Turks and included 50 homes. The settlements in vicinity, though, also included Armenians but very few Alawites. Payas was an agricultural town in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. In the 1970s Payas became an industrial town with the establishment of the İskenderun Iron and Steel Factory. Today, the iron and steel factory within Payas

1248-511: The BBC reported that at least 1,200 buildings in the city center and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed. Officials said "almost all" houses in the Cebrail District had collapsed. Many historical sites, including churches and mosques, were destroyed, St. Paul's Church being one of them. The historic Antakya Synagogue and Hatay State Assembly Building were also destroyed. In

1296-711: The Levantine Sea between Cyprus and Turkey can be further specified as the Cilician Sea , a term more arcane. Also in the north are two large bays, the Gulf of İskenderun (to the northeast) and the Gulf of Antalya (to the northwest). The Leviathan gas field is quite central in the south-eastern corner, the Levantine Basin . To the west of the Levantine Deep Marine Basin is the Nile Delta Basin, followed by

1344-636: The Mediterranean (the Libyan Sea ) is defined as a line from headland Ras al-Helal in Libya to Gavdos , south of the western half of Crete . The largest island in its subset of water is Cyprus . The greatest depth of 4,384 m (14,383 ft) is found in the Pliny Trench, about 80 km (50 mi) south of Crete. The Levantine Sea covers 320,000 km (120,000 sq mi). The northern part of

1392-486: The aftermath, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan promised to an immediate reconstruction of the affected areas. During a visit to the city in September 2023, The New York Times reported that heavily buildings were still being demolished and no large-scale reconstruction works were observed. Many damaged buildings remained standing but abandoned while survivors continue to live in tents. Hatay's mayor, Lutfu Savas, said only half of

1440-671: The aim to break the siege only four days after its capture by the crusaders, Bohemond I became its overlord. It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries. In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars after another siege . Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population. In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to East Asia moved north following

1488-576: The ancient Antiochia ( Ancient Greek : Ἀντιόχεια , Antiókheia , also known as "Antioch on the Orontes"), which was founded in the fourth century BC by the Seleucid Empire . Antioch later became one of the Roman Empire 's largest cities, and was made the capital of the provinces of Syria and Coele-Syria . It was also an influential early center of Christianity ; the New Testament asserts that

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1536-746: The army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle . There are 95 neighbourhoods in Antakya District: Antakya's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean ( Köppen : Csa ) or dry-summer humid subtropical ( Trewartha : Cf or wet Cs ). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters; though its higher altitude allows for lower temperatures than the coast. Highest recorded temperature:45.2 °C (113.4 °F) on 13 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 14 January 1950 Mustafa Kemal University , abbreviated as MKU, has several faculties including Engineering and Medicine, while having

1584-472: The canal is an intermittent tidal strait discharging water into the Mediterranean. The Bitter Lakes – hypersaline natural lakes, interacting with the canal – were a bar to migration of Red Sea species northward for many decades, but as their salinity has virtually equalized with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonize

1632-640: The city and left thousands homeless. The death toll in Hatay Province, which includes Antakya, was estimated at over 20,000. Humans have occupied the area of Antioch since the Chalcolithic ( 6th millennium BCE ), as revealed by archaeological excavations of Alalakh , among others. The Macedonian King Alexander the Great , after defeating the Achaemenid Empire in the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, followed

1680-587: The city until the Seljuk Turks captured it from him in 1084. The Sultanate of Rum held it only fourteen years before the Crusaders arrived. The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch between October 1097 and June 1098 during the First Crusade resulted in its fall. The Crusaders caused significant damage, including a massacre of its population, both Christian and Muslim. Following the defeat of Seljuk forces arriving with

1728-565: The eastern Mediterranean. This is the Lessepsian migration , after Ferdinand de Lesseps , the chief engineer of the canal. Most of the river discharge is from the Nile . Since the Aswan High Dam sits across the river in the 1960s it has facilitated the multiplication of Egyptian agriculture and population. It has reduced, to the sea, the flow of freshwater , mountainous minerals in the silt , and

1776-524: The estimated 38,000 buildings registered to be dismantled had been fulfilled. In Gülderen, there were ongoing works to build 2,300 apartment units in 122 blocks. Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River ( Turkish : Asi Nehri ), approximately 22 km (14 mi) inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to

1824-464: The last Jew in the city announced that he was leaving the city after a devastating earthquake . It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits. Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree . On 6 February 2023, Antakya suffered heavy damage as a result of a major earthquake . Many parts of the city were totally destroyed. As of 7 February,

1872-426: The mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin . Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. While almost all the inhabitants are Muslim , a substantial proportion adhere to

1920-609: The name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch. The city gained much ecclesiastical importance in the Byzantine Empire . Captured by Umar ibn al-Khattab in the seventh century, the medieval Antakiyah ( Arabic : أنطاكية , ʾAnṭākiya ) was conquered or re-conquered several times: by the Byzantines in 969, the Seljuks in 1084, the Crusaders in 1098, the Mamluks in 1268, and eventually

1968-513: The neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late at the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks. Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract

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2016-502: The northwest and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra) to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib-i Neccar (the ancient Mount Silpius ) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble . Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes. The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and

2064-477: The region was captured by the Mamluk Sultanate . Later, the town became a part of the Beylik of Dulkadir , and a part of the Ottoman Empire after the campaign of Selim I in 1517. In the 1567–68 term, Ottoman government Sublime Porte built a shipyard in Payas in preparation for the Cyprus campaign. After the conquest of Cyprus in 1571, the Grand vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha built a caravansarai , financing it privately. The two fortifications at Payas have been

2112-433: The subject of several surveys. Both are Ottoman-period constructions. Following a period of short French occupation after the First World War, Payas became a part of Turkey unlike most other parts of the Hatay Province, where French occupation continued till 1938, when the rest of Hatay was annexed by Turkey. There are 12 neighbourhoods in Payas District: According to travellers Carl Humann and Otto Puchstein , during

2160-482: Was finally kaza centre in Sanjak of Aleppo , part of Aleppo Vilayet . In 1822 (and again in 1872 ), Antakya was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway , which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı ), but this plan never came to fruition. This scheme

2208-426: Was one of the theaters of war between Heraclius and Khosrow II . In the second half of the 7th century, Payas became a part of the rising Arabic Empire . Seljuk Turks annexed Payas towards the end of the 11th century. The town was contested between the Turks and the Byzantines, but was captured by the armies of the First Crusade in 1097. It became part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia soon thereafter. In 1268,

2256-433: Was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since the 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty. The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic. Antakya

2304-442: Was part of the Sanjak of Alexandretta during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , until it was made the Hatay State in 1938, after Turkish pressure. An Arab nationalist newspaper in the city, run by Zaki al-Arsuzi , was shut down by the Turks. On May 30, 1938, an Arab was killed during a riot by a Turkish crowd. On 7 July 1938, the Turkish army entered Antioch. The annexation of the Hatay State by Turkey in 1939, creating

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