149-483: Giuseppe Mazzini ( UK : / m æ t ˈ s iː n i / , US : / m ɑː t ˈ -, m ɑː d ˈ z iː n i / , Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe matˈtsiːni] ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy in place of
298-466: A Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Inland hilly areas have a sublittoral climate with temperatures decreasing progressively with increasing altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain range. Rainfall is abundant on slopes oriented to the west, and lower in east and east-facing slopes. The Adriatic coast is shielded from rainfall by
447-565: A West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic —the insular variety of Continental Celtic , which was influenced by the Roman occupation. This group of languages ( Welsh , Cornish , Cumbric ) cohabited alongside English into
596-593: A "poor man's lawyer". Mazzini also hoped to become a historical novelist or a dramatist and in the same year wrote his first essay, Dell'amor patrio di Dante ("On Dante's Patriotic Love"), published in 1827. In 1828–1829, he collaborated with the Genoese newspaper L'Indicatore Genovese which was soon closed by the Piedmontese authorities. He then became one of the leading authors of L'Indicatore Livornese , published at Livorno by Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi , until this paper
745-533: A POW camp in World War I ; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history . Despite the high level of destructions and victims caused by the Second World War , there was remarkable development in the second half of the 20th century, which particularly favored Fucino and Adriatic coastal areas. In the 1948 Italian Constitution , these were unified with Molise into
894-549: A century as Received Pronunciation (RP). However, due to language evolution and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing prestige or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist Geoff Lindsey for instance calls Standard Southern British English. Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England. Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in
1043-416: A concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting intellectualism and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. In "Duties of Man", Mazzini called for recognition of women's rights . After his many encounters with political philosophers in England, France and across Europe, Mazzini had decided that
1192-641: A crippling blow for the Mazzinian organization, whose prestige never recovered. He later opposed the alliance signed by Savoy with Austria for the Crimean War . Also in vain was the expedition of Felice Orsini in Carrara of 1853–1854. In 1856, he returned to Genoa to organize a series of uprisings: the only serious attempt was that of Carlo Pisacane in Calabria, which again met a disappointing end. Mazzini managed to escape
1341-570: A divine mission, stating that the fatherland was "the home wherein God has placed us, among brothers and sisters linked to us by the family ties of a common religion, history, and language". According to A. James Gregor , "Mazzini's creed for the New Age thus radically distinguished itself from the orthodox Marxism of the nineteenth century. His Socialism was alive with moral purpose, rather than class identity, infused with exalted intent and specifically inspired by
1490-722: A few Italian friends, moved in January 1837 to live in London in very poor economic conditions. On 30 April 1840, Mazzini reformed the Giovine Italia in London, and on 10 November of the same year, he began issuing the Apostolato popolare ("Apostleship of the People"). A succession of failed attempts at promoting further uprisings in Sicily, Abruzzi, Tuscany, and Lombardy-Venetia discouraged Mazzini for
1639-531: A fundamental goal necessary for the regeneration of old nations and the rebirth of new ones. Mazzini admired Jessie White Mario , who was described by Giuseppe Garibaldi as the "Bravest Woman of Modern Time". Mario joined Garibaldi's Redshirts for the 1859–1860 campaign during the Second Italian War of Independence . As a correspondent for the Daily News , she witnessed almost every fight that had brought on
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#17328511494001788-501: A greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. Dropping a morphological grammatical number , in collective nouns , is stronger in British English than North American English. This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: Police are investigating
1937-599: A group of young Turkish army cadets and students who, later in history, named themselves the " Young Turks ". In 1843, he organized another riot in Bologna, which attracted the attention of two young officers of the Austrian Navy, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera . With Mazzini's support, they landed near Cosenza ( Kingdom of Naples ) but were arrested and executed. Mazzini accused the British government of having passed information about
2086-406: A lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence. Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate. Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of
2235-526: A long "open letter" to Pope Pius IX , whose apparently liberal reforms had gained him a momentary status as a possible paladin of the unification of Italy, but The Pope did not reply. He also founded the People's International League. By 8 March 1848, Mazzini was in Paris, where he launched a new political association, the Associazione Nazionale Italiana . In apologising for not being able to attend
2384-770: A long period, which dragged on until 1840. He was also abandoned by Sidoli, who had returned to Italy to rejoin her children. The help of his mother pushed Mazzini to create several organizations aimed at the unification or liberation of other nations, in the wake of Giovine Italia : " Young Germany ", "Young Poland", and "Young Switzerland", which were under the aegis of "Young Europe" ( Giovine Europa ). He also created an Italian school for poor people active from 10 November 1841 at 5 Greville Street, London. From London he also wrote an endless series of letters to his agents in Europe and South America and made friends with Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane . The "Young Europe" movement also inspired
2533-590: A manifesto against the alliance between Piedmont and the Emperor of France which resulted in the Second War of Italian Independence and the conquest of Lombardy. On 2 May 1860, he tried to reach Garibaldi, who was going to launch his famous Expedition of the Thousand in southern Italy. In the same year, he released Doveri dell'uomo ("Duties of Man"), a synthesis of his moral, political and social thoughts. In mid-September, he
2682-542: A middle-class republic". Marx believed that Mazzini's point of view, especially after the Revolutions of 1848 and the Paris Commune, had become reactionary and the proletariat had nothing to do with it. In another interview, Marx described Mazzini as "that everlasting old ass". In turn, Mazzini described Marx as "a destructive spirit whose heart was filled with hatred rather than love of mankind" and declared that "[d]espite
2831-539: A new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty, and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. ... His intention
2980-662: A new society' in Karl Marx's words)". This event "allowed a significant section of the radical left, especially a younger generation of radicals led by the poet and satirist Felice Cavallotti and grouped around the newspaper Il Gazzettino Rosa , to break openly and decisively with both Mazzini and the principles and methods of Mazzinian politics. While Il Gazzettino Rosa praised Mazzini as "the 'saviour' and teacher of Italy", it insisted: We have no more idols, we don't accept abstruse, incomprehensible formulas. ... What we object to in Mazzini
3129-507: A new world, we are bound to lay the foundations of a moral unity, a Humanitarian Catholicism." However, Mazzini's relationship with the Catholic Church and the Papacy was not always a kind one. While he initially supported Pope Pius IX upon his election, writing an open letter to him in 1847, Mazzini later published a scathing attack against the pope in his Sull'Enciclica di Papa Pio IX ("On
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#17328511494003278-400: A popular figure among the Italian exiles. He was a frequent visitor to the apartment of Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli , a Modenese widow who became his lover. In August 1832 Giuditta Sidoli gave birth to a boy, almost certainly Mazzini's son, whom she named Joseph Démosthène Adolpe Aristide after members of the family of Démosthène Ollivier , with whom Mazzini was staying. The Olliviers took care of
3427-599: A process called T-glottalisation . National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, not being heard as "no [ʔ] " and bottle of water being heard as "bo [ʔ] le of wa [ʔ] er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as later , while often has all but regained /t/ . Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p , as in pa [ʔ] er and k as in ba [ʔ] er. In most areas of England and Wales, outside
3576-511: A regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and " BBC English" ), that is essentially region-less. It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period. It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. In
3725-494: A sense of national, rather than class, mission. It saw itself, unabashedly, as a new religion, a 'climb through philosophy to faith '. It was a religion predicated on a 'living faith in one God, one Law, general and immutable ... and one End." In his 1835 publication Fede e avvenire ("Faith and the Future"), Mazzini wrote: "We must rise again as a religious party. The religious element is universal and immortal. ... The initiators of
3874-413: A short-term existence. Nevertheless, he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary. On 28 May 1834, Mazzini was arrested at Solothurn , and exiled from Switzerland. He moved to Paris, where he was again imprisoned on 5 July. He was released only after promising he would move to England. Mazzini, together with
4023-574: A total failure. Mazzini, who had never been popular in the city because he wanted Lombardy to become a republic instead of joining Piedmont, abandoned Milan. He joined Garibaldi's irregular force at Bergamo, moving to Switzerland with him. Mazzini was one of the founders and leaders of the Action Party , the first organized party in the history of Italy. On 9 February 1849, a republic was declared in Rome, with Pius IX already having been forced to flee to Gaeta
4172-488: A traitor. Contemporary historians tended to believe that he ceased to contribute anything productive or useful after 1849, but their modern counterparts take a more favourable view of him. The antifascist Mazzini Society , founded in the United States in 1939 by Italian political refugees, took his name and served Italy from exile, as he had. In London, Mazzini resided at 155 North Gower Street , near Euston Square , which
4321-551: Is sub-montane vegetation, with mixed woodlands of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam ; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper . Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid , mountain juniper, silver fir , black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss . The fauna of Abruzzo
4470-484: Is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and north-west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo
4619-725: Is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are car and sugar , where the R is not pronounced. British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in go and say (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in
Giuseppe Mazzini - Misplaced Pages Continue
4768-672: Is based on British English, but has more influence from American English , often grouped together due to their close proximity. British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings. Abruzzi Abruzzo ( US : / ɑː ˈ b r uː t s oʊ , ə ˈ -/ , UK : / æ ˈ b r ʊ t s oʊ / ; Italian: [aˈbruttso] ; Abruzzese Neapolitan : Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə] , Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] ; Aquilano : Abbrùzzu ), historically known as Abruzzi ,
4917-402: Is characterized by a strong religious fervour and a deep sense of spirituality. A deist who believed in divine providence, Mazzini described himself as a Christian and emphasized the necessity of faith and a relationship with God while vehemently denouncing atheism and rationalism. His motto was Dio e Popolo ("God and People"). Mazzini regarded patriotism as a duty and love for the fatherland as
5066-712: Is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the highest massifs of the Apennines , such as the Gran Sasso d'Italia and the Maiella , and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea . Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, economy, and history, though in terms of physical geography, it may also be considered part of Central Italy . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with
5215-769: Is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press . The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules , and in 2002 as part of The Oxford Manual of Style . Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English ,
5364-425: Is nearly at the center of Italian peninsula , stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea , and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso , at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to
5513-433: Is not his opinion in itself, as much as his opinion erected into a system and a political dogma. We are materialists, but we don't make a political school out of our materialism. To us it does not matter if one believes or does not believe in God. ... [I]nstead Mazzini wants to impose a new religion on us. According to Lucy Riall , "the emphasis by younger radicals on the 'social question' was paralleled by an increase in what
5662-556: Is now marked with a commemorative blue plaque . A plaque on Laystall Street in Clerkenwell , London's Little Italy during the 1850s, also pays tribute to Mazzini, calling him "The Apostle of Modern Democracy". Mazzini was an important influence on British idealists such as Thomas Hill Green, and other important figures at the University of Oxford (e.g. Benjamin Jowett and Algernon Swinburne) and
5811-547: Is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy and of the region, with numerous small and medium-sized companies, then follows the province of Chieti and that of Pescara , which is also supported by tourism ; the Val Vibrata ( province of Teramo ), on the border with the Marche region, is home to a myriad of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the textile and footwear sectors. The Val di Sangro (province of Chieti), on
5960-692: Is presided over by the president of the region ( presidente della Regione ) who is elected for a five-year term. The government is composed of the president and eight ministers ( assessori ), including a vice president ( vicepresidente ) and an undersecretary ( sottosegretario ). Although an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings in the region related to archaic humans date from up to around 700,000 years ago ( Acheulean Culture ). Thousands of flint tools and weapons have been collected on fluvial terraces (e.g. Madonna del Freddo at Chieti ) and near former lakes (e.g. Valle Giumentina at Caramanico Terme and Valle Peligna at Popoli ). These testify to
6109-539: Is the sole true cause of the social and political disturbances that torment the peoples of Europe". Mazzini rejected the concept of the "rights of man" which had developed during the Age of Enlightenment, arguing instead that individual rights were a duty to be won through hard work, sacrifice and virtue, rather than " rights " which were intrinsically owed to man. Mazzini outlined his thought in his Doveri dell'uomo ("Duties of Man"), published in 1860. Similarly, Mazzini formulated
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6258-484: Is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois ( Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata ), which has recovered from near-extinction. Common species include Marsican brown bear , Italian wolf , deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper. The natural parks of the region are the Abruzzo National Park , the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park ,
6407-530: The Chambers Dictionary , and the Collins Dictionary record actual usage rather than attempting to prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and neologisms are frequent. For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and
6556-641: The 8th century , Transamund II of Spoleto rebelled against Liutprand, King of the Lombards , but was able to recover his duchy and also to include other remaining territories of former Valeria province. After the beginning of domination by the Franks , in 801, Teate (today's Chieti ) also passed from the Lombardic Duchy of Benevento to the Frankish Duchy of Spoleto . In 843, some territories were separated from
6705-453: The Abruzzi e Molise region, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise was separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now the province of Chieti . The province of Teramo and province of Pescara now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila . Geographically, Abruzzo
6854-573: The Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois , the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo's parks and reserves host 75% of Europe's animal species. The region is also home to Calderone , one of Europe's southernmost glaciers . Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi [ it ] (1853–1917) chose the adjectives forte e gentile ("strong and kind") to capture what he saw as
7003-689: The Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom , looting and devastation of monasteries and towns followed the arrival of Germanic Lombards in the region. Around 572, the Lombards divided Abruzzo into the Duchy of Benevento and of Spoleto , with Faroald I of Spoleto becoming the first Duke of Spoleto . His successor, Ariulf of Spoleto , annexed other territories: the former territories controlled by Aequi , Marsi , Peligni and Vestini . In
7152-585: The Christian socialist George D. Herron , Mazzini's socialism was "essentially a religious and moral revival". Mazzini rejected the Marxist doctrines of class struggle and materialism , stressing the need for class collaboration . Nonetheless, there was a more radical, socialist interpretation of Mazzini's doctrine within the Italian Republican Party , a Mazzinian party, where "there were many who believed
7301-522: The Constitution of Italy , about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson , British prime minister David Lloyd George , Mahatma Gandhi , Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru , Indian independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar , and Israeli prime minister Golda Meir . Mazzini was born in Genoa , which had recently been annexed by
7450-571: The Crown of Aragon and the Southern Italian Peninsula (including Abruzzo) still to the Capetian House of Anjou . The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in the assassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria , the husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples . Different towns ( L'Aquila , Penne , Chieti , Lanciano , Ortona ) sided at first with
7599-637: The East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both dialect levelling and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of
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#17328511494007748-514: The First French Empire . His father Giacomo Mazzini, originally from Chiavari , was a university professor who had adhered to Jacobin ideology, while his mother Maria Drago was renowned for her beauty and religious Jansenist fervour. From a very early age, Mazzini showed good learning qualities as well as a precocious interest in politics and literature. He was admitted to university at 14, graduating in law in 1826 and initially practised as
7897-558: The Fucino depression and Montebello di Bertona , the latter giving its name to a distinctive stoneworking technique called "Bertonian". After the Mesolithic transition, which was characterized by climate change and a lack of food resources, agriculture was introduced in Abruzzo by Neolithic farmers from the Middle East . A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti
8046-619: The Imperial period favoured economic activities such as trade and pastoralism . On the basis of a division by Augustus , the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio V Picenum " and especially "Regio IV Sabina et Samnium ". Much later, the region corresponded to the Valeria province, according to Diocletian decisions, and was among the first to see the arrival of Christianity . Evidence from archeological sites shows that many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio
8195-719: The Italian fascism period, Pescara became an important center for its homonymous port , tourism and trade . With the Second World War , Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line , part of the German Winter Line . One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona . Abruzzo was the location of two prisoners of war camps , Campo 21 in Chieti, and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as
8344-415: The Kingdom of Naples with its viceroys . In Abruzzo, the aristocracy vainly tried to regain more control when there was a rebellion in the Kingdom of Naples led by a fisherman named Masaniello in 1647. At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was affected by destructive earthquakes, which also devastated L'Aquila ( 1703 Apennine earthquakes ) and Sulmona ( 1706 Abruzzo earthquake ), and
8493-582: The Kingdom of Sardinia ), Alessandria , Turin , and Genoa. However, the Savoy government discovered the plot before it could begin and many revolutionaries (including Vincenzo Gioberti ) were arrested. The repression was ruthless: 12 participants were executed, while Mazzini's best friend and director of the Genoese section of the Giovine Italia , Jacopo Ruffini, killed himself. Mazzini was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. Despite this setback, whose victims later created numerous doubts and psychological strife in Mazzini, he organized another uprising for
8642-431: The Kingdom of Sicily , Abruzzo was involved in the conflicts following the death of William II of Sicily in 1189, and the territories sided with Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor , but after the death of the former in 1198, they were invaded by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor . They were also involved in the conflicts between Frederick II (son of Queen Costance ) and Pope Gregory IX , including
8791-401: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe." There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of rare species, such as the golden eagle ,
8940-415: The Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park , as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas. In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site. Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region of Southern Italy . Since
9089-421: The Royal Spanish Academy with Spanish. Standard British English differs notably in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard American English and certain other standard English varieties around the world. British and American spelling also differ in minor ways. The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over
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#17328511494009238-439: The Scots language or Scottish Gaelic ). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word though . Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949–1950),
9387-469: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England , or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the British Isles taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating Scottish English , Welsh English , and Northern Irish English . Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English acknowledges that British English shares "all
9536-417: The University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects. The team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC , in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout
9685-408: The War of the Keys . The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, when Frederick II divided his realms into justiciarates , with Abruzzo forming one of them. The newly founded L'Aquila was destroyed by Manfred, King of Sicily (son of Frederick II ) in 1259, and supported in the Battle of Tagliacozzo (1268) the defeat of his nephew Conradin against Charles I of Anjou ,
9834-470: The War of the Spanish Succession , with the Austrian siege at Pescara in 1707. In 1734, Charles III of the House of Bourbon , King of Spain, ended the short Hasburg Austrian domination, which contributed to large land concentrations in Abruzzo. In accordance with a general diffidence against the Enlightenment ideas, the Abruzzo population of different social classes rebelled in an improvised way against French invasion in 1798 and 1799. After
9983-502: The West Country and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as non-rhoticity . In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the intrusive R . It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This
10132-413: The classical liberal principles of the Age of Enlightenment based on the doctrine of individualism, which he criticized as "presupposing either metaphysical materialism or political atheism". In the first volume of Carl Landauer's European Socialism , Mazzini is mentioned alongside Garibaldi as outstanding "Italian revolutionaries". Albert Charles Brouse argued that "socialism is found in its entirety in
10281-569: The unification of Italy , in 1860, Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy . Some supporters of the Bourbons fought against volunteers of Garibaldi , and later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons in brigandage , which would be eradicated years later. However, many accepted the new order with neither enthusiasm nor opposition. Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed to Italian diaspora . During
10430-423: The 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of wealthier Northern Italy . The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every other region of Italy . The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020. Abruzzo is the 16th most productive region in
10579-422: The 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the British Empire , is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP notably contrasts with standard North American accents. In the 21st century, dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary , the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,
10728-534: The Encyclical of Pope Pius IX") in 1849. Although some of his religious views were at odds with the Catholic Church and the Papacy, with his writings often tinged with anti-clericalism , Mazzini also criticized Protestantism , stating that it is "divided and subdivided into a thousand sects, all founded on the rights of individual conscience, all eager to make war on one another, and perpetuating that anarchy of beliefs which
10877-816: The English Language (1755) was a large step in the English-language spelling reform , where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling. By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers . Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication
11026-644: The Germanic schwein ) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French porc ) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans. Another example is the Anglo-Saxon cu meaning cow, and the French bœuf meaning beef. Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English;
11175-517: The International , whose "defence of the International and the Paris Commune caused a stir in Italy and provoked many renunciations of Mazzini and declarations of support for the International in the press", even leading to "the first nationwide increase in membership in the organisation". In an interview by R. Landor from 1871, Marx stated that Mazzini's ideas represented "nothing better than the old idea of
11324-588: The North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded the Blue Flag beach status. In Abruzzo there are two climatic zones. The coastal strip and sub-Apennine hills have a climate markedly different from that of the mountainous interior. Coastal areas have
11473-891: The Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house. British English is the basis of, and very similar to, Commonwealth English . Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the Commonwealth countries , though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in Australia , Malta , New Zealand , Nigeria , and South Africa . It also includes South Asian English used in South Asia, in English varieties in Southeast Asia , and in parts of Africa. Canadian English
11622-701: The South East, there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand, although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. Immigrants to
11771-582: The UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. Notably Multicultural London English , a sociolect that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, working-class people in multicultural parts of London . Since
11920-621: The United Kingdom , as well as within the countries themselves. The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into Southern English , West Country , East and West Midlands English and Northern English ), Northern Irish English (in Northern Ireland), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language ), and Scottish English (not to be confused with
12069-622: The University of Cambridge (e.g., Henry Sidgwick). A bust of Mazzini is in New York's Central Park between 67th and 68th streets just west of the West Drive. The 1973–1974 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honor. [REDACTED] Category British English British English (abbreviations: BrE , en-GB , and BE ) is the set of varieties of the English language native to
12218-458: The West Scottish accent. Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, /t/ has become commonly realised as a glottal stop [ʔ] when it is in the intervocalic position, in
12367-410: The adjective little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English . The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to
12516-657: The alliance with the Romans, whereas others surrendered after the Samnite Wars. Following progressive Romanization , they supported the Romans and contributed to many victories in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . They fought again with Rome during the Social War (91–87 BC) to gain political rights and created the ephemeral state called Italia with Corfinio as the capital. After the Social War, they obtained Roman citizenship and in
12665-438: The ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity". Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire , whereas
12814-481: The award of the grant in 2007, Leeds University stated: that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country , or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink". Most people in Britain speak with
12963-519: The barrier effect created by the Apennines. The minimum annual rainfall is found in some inland valleys, sheltered by mountain ranges, such as Peligna or Tirino ( Ofena , Capestrano ), where as little as 500 millimetres (19.7 inches) were recorded. Rainfall along the coast almost always never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches). Pescara has relatively less rainfall (about 700 millimetres (27.6 inches)) than Chieti (about 1,000 millimetres (39.4 inches)). The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on
13112-459: The book 10,000 Famous Freemasons by William R. Denslow lists Mazzini as a Mason and even a Past Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy, articles on the Grand Orient of Italy's own website question whether he was ever a regular Mason and do not list him as a Past Grand Master. Often viewed in Italy of the time as a god-like figure, Mazzini was nonetheless denounced by many of his compatriots as
13261-629: The border with Lazio ; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical. The flora of Abruzzo is typically Mediterranean. Along the coastal belt Mediterranean shrubland Is the dominant natural vegetation, with species including myrtle , heather and mastic . Inland are found olive , pine , willow , oak , poplar , alder , arbutus , broom , acacia , capers , rosemary , hawthorn , licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there
13410-573: The brother of the victim, Louis I of Hungary . In 1443, Alfonso V of Aragon , King of Sicily , conquered the Kingdom of Naples . In the same years, Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with the War of L'Aquila . Under the Aragonese rulers, L'Aquila started to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance to Chieti . This period was characterized by economic decline and
13559-446: The character of the region and its people. " Forte e gentile " has since become the motto of the region. Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces: Abruzzo is governed as a presidential representative democracy with a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the regional government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the regional council. The regional government ( Giunta regionale )
13708-524: The child in June 1833 when Giuditta and Mazzini left for Switzerland. The child died in February 1835. Mazzini organized a new political society called Young Italy . It was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, republican nation." Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement. The group's motto
13857-453: The communist egalitarianism which [Marx] preaches, he is the absolute ruler of his party, admittedly he does everything himself, but he is also the only one to give orders and he tolerates no opposition". While Mazzini saw the Paris Commune as "a socially divisive mistake", many other radicals "followed the socialist lead and mythologised the Commune as a social revolution ('the glorius harbinger of
14006-430: The country , and is the 15th for GRP per capita among Italian regions. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808. In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR. The construction of motorways from Rome to Teramo ( A24 ) and Rome to Pescara ( A25 ), which provided better access to
14155-563: The country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio". When discussing
14304-459: The doctrine of Mazzini", his republicanism being both "democratic and social". In 1871, Mazzini condemned the radical, anti-religious and revolutionary socialist revolt in France that led to the creation of the short-lived Paris Commune . This caused Karl Marx to refer to Mazzini as a reactionary after 1848. It also prompted anarchist Mikhail Bakunin to write The Political Theology of Mazzini and
14453-473: The duchy (all the region together with the district of Rieti and except that of Teramo according to Liber provincialis ), with Celano as capital. So counts of Marsi from different lineages ruled "Marsia" from 843 to 926. In 871, Louis II of Italy founded, as the Carolingian Emperor , a monastery, which would become very powerful in the history of Abruzzo ( Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria ). With
14602-799: The early days of the 'International', and his vigorous condemnation a little later of the Paris Commune", insisting that "Mazzini's conception of the conduct of human life' had been 'a high and noble one'", praising the "No duties without rights" mention in the "General Rules" that Marx composed and passed as "a concession Marx made to Mazzini's followers within the organisation". In his two-volume autobiography, Hyndman spoke at length about Mazzini, even comparing him to Marx. Christopher Bayly wrote that Mazzini "had arrived at similar conclusions", referring to "the Saint-Simonian ideas of association and Charles Fourier 's 'law of attraction'", but "through an emotive process that owed little to rationalisation". As with
14751-549: The end of the Iron Age , Abruzzo was inhabited by different tribes, including those defined by ancient Roman tradition as Sabelli : Oscan-speaking Pentri , Carricini and Frentani , and, more generically, Osco-Umbrian Aequi , Praetutii , Vestini , Marrucini , Marsi and Peligni . Considered strong warriors by ancient writers, they fought against the Romans in the Samnite Wars (from 343 to 290 BC). Some tribes accepted
14900-690: The expeditions to the Neapolitans, and the question was raised in the British Parliament. When it was admitted that his private letters had indeed been opened, and its contents revealed by the Foreign Office to the Austrian and Neapolitan governments, Mazzini gained popularity and support among the British liberals, who were outraged by such a blatant intrusion of the government into his private correspondence. In 1847, he moved again to London, where he wrote
15049-553: The first annual celebration of the Leeds Redemption Society (a communitarian experiment) on 7 January 1847 he offered to become a subscriber. On 7 April 1848, Mazzini reached Milan, whose population had rebelled against the Austrian garrison and established a provisional government. The First Italian War of Independence , started by the Piedmontese king Charles Albert to exploit the favourable circumstances in Milan, turned into
15198-414: The following year. A group of Italian exiles were to enter Piedmont from Switzerland and spread the revolution there, while Giuseppe Garibaldi , who had recently joined Young Italy, was to do the same from Genoa. However, the Piedmontese troops easily crushed the new attempt. Denis Mack Smith writes: In the spring of 1834, while at Bern, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland, and Germany founded
15347-453: The idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb. Standard English in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the Académie française with French or
15496-517: The idea, though not its practical execution, caught on in other European countries. One reason of Mazzini's partial failure was the emergence of socialism in France and England. France, at any rate, had a strong underground movement, much stronger under Louis-Philippe than previously under the Bourbon restoration . But this movement gradually evolved towards the left. Ordinary democrats of the Mazzini type were no longer persecuted in France after 1830. But to
15645-415: The industrial district of Val Pescara in the province of Chieti). Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine, cereals , sugar beet , potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products . Traditional products are saffron and liquorice . By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo ,
15794-511: The last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath or grass (i.e. barth or grarss ). Conversely crass or plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby , five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by
15943-508: The later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility and with a huge vocabulary . Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of
16092-464: The left of him. He came out entirely in favour of the Paris Commune and internationalism, and his stance brought him much closer to the younger radicals, ... and gave him a new lease on political life. From his support was born an initiative to relaunch a broad party of the radical left." For Seamus Flahert, Henry Hyndman , who was an admirer of Mazzini, thought that "Mazzini's greatness ... was obscured for younger socialists by his 'opposition to Marx in
16241-492: The left of them arose more advanced movements. When he was a socialist, Benito Mussolini harshly criticized Mazzini, "the religious Mazzini in particular", being "particularly opposed to Mazzini's 'sanctification'". After advocating interventionism in World War I and enlisting, Mussolini "found himself immersed in a patriotic atmosphere permeated by Mazzinian references". Influenced by his Jansenist upbringing, Mazzini's thought
16390-452: The mass internal migration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian . It is
16539-458: The modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages , influence on English was notably limited . However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting
16688-472: The new king of Sicily . Since the last half of the 13th century, L'Aquila took a central role in the region. Abruzzo was divided into Abruzzo Citra (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ultra (further Abruzzo) by Charles I of Anjou in the 1270s. After the rebellion called Sicilian Vespers and the subsequent war , in 1302 the Peace of Caltabellotta divided the former Kingdom of Sicily as follows: Sicily to
16837-519: The other hand, is home to important multinationals and a factory belonging to the Fiat ( Sevel ) group. The area of Valle Peligna (province of L'Aquila) is also home to industries (the famous one of Sulmona sugared almonds), while other areas such as Pescara and Theatine are home to numerous industries, including multinationals (for example De Cecco , Procter & Gamble , Monti & Ambrosini Editori, Brioni, Ennedue and Miss Sixty , mostly concentrated in
16986-686: The police but was condemned to death by default. From this moment on, Mazzini was more of a spectator than a protagonist of the Italian Risorgimento , whose reins were now strongly in the hands of the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II and his skilled prime minister, Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour . The latter defined him as "Chief of the Assassins". In 1858, he founded another journal in London called Pensiero e azione ("Thought and Action"). On 21 February 1859, together with 151 republicans, he signed
17135-499: The preceding November. On the same day the Republic was declared, Mazzini reached the city. He was appointed, together with Carlo Armellini and Aurelio Saffi , as a member of the triumvirate of the new republic on 29 March, becoming soon the true leader of the government and showing good administrative capabilities in social reforms. However, the French troops called by the Pope made clear that
17284-452: The predominance of small and medium enterprises. In the applied research field, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields of pharmaceutics , biomedicine , electronics , aerospace and nuclear physics . The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. The province of Teramo
17433-602: The presence of different Homo species over time, ranging from Homo erectus and Neanderthals to modern humans. A site located at Popoli (Svolte di Popoli) also contained animal bones, which in that case was of a hippopotamus . The most important evidence of Neanderthals presence in the region was found in caves in Calascio and dates back to the Middle Paleolithic . Significant evidence of Upper Paleolithic human populations has been found in various places, including
17582-415: The principle of equality between men and women was fundamental to building a truly democratic Italian nation. He called for the end of women's social and judicial subordination to men. Mazzini's vigorous position heightened attention to gender among European thinkers who were already considering democracy and nationalism. He helped intellectuals see women's rights not merely as a peripheral topic, but rather as
17731-455: The proclamation of the ephemeral Parthenopean Republic , they continued to be hostile to French invaders ( Sanfedismo ). During the client kingdom (1806–1815) of Napoleon , in 1806, Abruzzo Ultra was divided into two, as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at the Gran Sasso d'Italia ); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria. The return of the Bourbons
17880-493: The question of social justice, starting a dialogue with socialism, and Mazzini in particular finding many affinities with the Saint-Simonians . At the same time, Mazzini was vigorously opposed to Marxism, which for him was "a dreadful perversion of utilitarianism because of its insistence on class interests, especially class struggle, a conflictual vision that could not harmonize with Mazzini's unitarianism". Mazzini also rejected
18029-479: The red and cerasuolo (rosé) varieties, Trebbiano d'Abruzzo , Pecorino and the Chardonnay; oil production, on the other hand, stands at 1,350,000 quintals of olives and 240,000 quintals of oil ( Aprutino Pescarese , Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane and Colline Teatine ), figures that put Abruzzo in sixth place among the Italian regions; as regards cereals, the durum wheat with over 1.5 million quintals constitutes
18178-434: The region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy. The region produces about 850,000 quintals of fruit, 5 million quintals of vegetables, 1,600,000 quintals of potatoes, and 5,000,000 quintals of grapes, produced both for eating and for winemaking; the latter is estimated at between 3 and 4 million hectoliters, with the production of wines such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo in
18327-413: The region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments. The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted. Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions after Lazio , Lombardy and Calabria . In 2011, Abruzzo's economic growth
18476-569: The resistance of the Republican troops, led by Garibaldi, was in vain. On 12 July 1849, Mazzini set out for Marseille, from where he moved again to Switzerland. Mazzini spent all of 1850 hiding from the Swiss police. In July he founded the association Amici di Italia ("Friends of Italy") in London, to attract consensus towards the Italian liberation cause. Two failed riots in Mantua (1852) and Milan (1853) were
18625-557: The rule of Hugh of Italy from 926, the territories were divided: Penne and Teate to Atto I [ it ] , and today's province of L'Aquila to Berardo . After two attempted conquests from two Norman princes of Capua in Abruzzo, two other Normans, Robert Guiscard and Robert I of Loritello , conquered Teate , Valva and Penne . Later, all Abruzzo was definitively conquered by Norman Roger II of Sicily , and in 1156 his son William I of Sicily had these victories officially recognized by Pope Adrian IV . As part of
18774-577: The settlements that are still inhabited, while others are no longer so, such as Cluviae near Casoli . The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages and, according to a hypothesis, it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people, Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Gothic War between
18923-441: The several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state. Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in
19072-401: The spoken language. Globally, countries that are former British colonies or members of the Commonwealth tend to follow British English, as is the case for English used by European Union institutions. In China, both British English and American English are taught. The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and operates in over 200 countries . English is
19221-576: The spread of brigandage , but coastal centers were favored by trade with the Republic of Venice 's overseas territories. Shortly after the Italian War of 1494–1495 carried out by Charles VIII of France , the Kingdom of Naples returned to Ferdinand II of Aragon . In this and in the following conflict between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain over the Kingdom of Naples , Abruzzo sided with France, but Spain won in 1503 and started to dominate
19370-471: The teachings of the Genoese patriot could be compatible with the Marxist doctrine and ... considered an alliance with the left-wing to be legitimate and desirable". Mazzini's Italian nationalism has been described as "cosmopolitan patriotism". In Socialism: National or International , first published in 1942, Franz Borkenau described Mazzini as "that impressive Genoese" and "leader of the Italian underground democratic and unitarian movement". About Mazzini and
19519-587: The theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn. A football team can be treated likewise: Arsenal have lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City. This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, Jane Austen , a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of Pride and Prejudice , published in 1813: All
19668-403: The traditional accent of Newcastle upon Tyne , 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that ee and oo in feed and food are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with
19817-413: The underground movement, Borkenau further wrote: Mazzini did a great deal to organize and united this underground movement, known under the name of " Young Italy ". He conceived the idea of parallel organizations in other European countries, which should all of them join in a "Young Europe" movement. The plan had only incipient success and Italy remained the sole stronghold of this underground movement. But
19966-549: The unification of Italy. Mazzini's socio-political thought has been referred to as Mazzinianism and his worldview as the Mazzinian conception , terms that were later used by Mussolini and Italian fascists , such as Giovanni Gentile , to describe their political ideology and spiritual conception of life. In the first volume of his Reminiscences , Carl Schurz gives a biographical sketch of Mazzini and recalls two meetings he had with him when they were both in London in 1851. While
20115-733: The varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. The original Old English was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman . These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it
20264-560: The world are good and agreeable in your eyes. However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. The world is blinded by his fortune and consequence. Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as double negatives . Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence. While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows
20413-658: Was God and the People , and its basic principle was the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic as the only true foundation of Italian liberty. The new nation had to be "One, Independent, Free Republic". Mazzini's political activism met some success in Tuscany, Abruzzi , Sicily, Piedmont , and his native Liguria , especially among several military officers. Young Italy counted about 60,000 adherents in 1833, with branches in Genoa and other cities. In that year Mazzini first attempted insurrection, which would spread from Chambéry (then part of
20562-435: Was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy. From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering , transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and
20711-611: Was being achieved. In 1867, he refused a seat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies . In 1870, he tried to start a rebellion in Sicily and was arrested and imprisoned in Gaeta. In October, he was freed in the amnesty declared after the Kingdom finally took Rome and returned to London in mid-December. Mazzini died of pleurisy at the house known now as Domus Mazziniana in Pisa in 1872, aged 66. His body
20860-481: Was called 'internationalist' or socialist activity (mostly Bakuninist anarchism) throughout northern and southern Italy, which was given a big boost by the Paris Commune." The rise of this socialism "represented a genuine challenge to Mazzini and the Mazzinian emphasis on politics and culture, and Mazzinis' death early in 1872 only served to underline the prevailing sense that his political era was over. Garibaldi now broke definitively with Mazzini, and this time he moved to
21009-484: Was closed down by the authorities. In 1827, Mazzini travelled to Tuscany , where he became a member of the Carbonari , a secret association with political purposes. On 31 October of that year, he was arrested at Genoa and interned at Savona. In early 1831, he was released from prison, but confined to a small hamlet. He chose exile instead, moving to Geneva, Switzerland. In 1831, Mazzini went to Marseille , where he became
21158-460: Was dated back to 6,540 BC using radiometric dating. In Abruzzo and Marche , villages typical of Ripoli culture [ it ] in the 5 – 6th millennium BC consisted of huts , and were generally located on fluvial terraces or hills overlooking rivers . In some cases they were defended by a moat . Caves were often used for rituals . They practiced agriculture , husbandry , hunting , fishing , and production of pottery , which
21307-592: Was embalmed by Paolo Gorini . His funeral was held in Genoa, with 100,000 people taking part in it. An Italian nationalist , Mazzini was a fervent advocate of republicanism and envisioned a united, free and independent Italy. Unlike his contemporary Giuseppe Garibaldi , who was also a republican, Mazzini refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the House of Savoy until after the Capture of Rome. He and his followers were sensitive to
21456-425: Was granted by the Congress of Vienna , while Abruzzo was plagued by decline and brigandage . The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies established the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento ). Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and 1848 , but the ideologies of insurgents were different, and included liberal , Jacobin , or reactionary ideas. During
21605-429: Was in Naples, then under Garibaldi's dictatorship, but was invited by the local vice-dictator Giorgio Pallavicino to move away. The new Kingdom of Italy was created in 1861 under the Savoy monarchy. In 1862, Mazzini joined Garibaldi in his failed attempt to free Rome. In 1866, Italy joined the Austro-Prussian War and gained Venetia . At this time, Mazzini frequently spoke out against how the unification of his country
21754-539: Was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni , and it became the capital of "Italia" against the Romans during the Social War . Today's Chieti has been inhabited since the Chalcolithic era, and was an important center of Marrucini (Teate Marrucinorum). Atri was known as Hatria and Teramo was known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne. Pinna (today Penne ), Anxanum ( Lanciano ), Hortona ( Ortona ), Histonium ( Vasto ), Sulmona and Marruvium ( San Benedetto dei Marsi ) are among
21903-422: Was never a truly mixed language in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains Latin and French influences, e.g. swine (like
22052-440: Was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. ... Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. In practice, Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than
22201-575: Was painted or decorated. Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic and Catignano . The Bronze Age saw the spread of Apennine culture and Subapennine culture in central- southern Italy , including in Abruzzo. The former has been associated with pastoralism , and the latter with agriculture . During the Late Bronze Age , Proto-Villanovan culture emerged in Abruzzo. There are sites of Iron Age necropoli at Fiorano ( Loreto Aprutino 's frazione ), Campovalano ( Campli ), Alfedena and Capestrano . At
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