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113-432: Abruzzo ( US : / ɑː ˈ b r uː t s oʊ , ə ˈ -/ , UK : / æ ˈ b r ʊ t s oʊ / ; Italian: [aˈbruttso] ; Abruzzese Neapolitan : Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə] , Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] ; Aquilano : Abbrùzzu ), historically known as Abruzzi , is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and

226-698: A cot–caught merger , which is rapidly spreading throughout the whole country. However, the South, Inland North, and a Northeastern coastal corridor passing through Rhode Island, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically preserve an older cot–caught distinction. For that Northeastern corridor, the realization of the THOUGHT vowel is particularly marked , as depicted in humorous spellings, like in tawk and cawfee ( talk and coffee ), which intend to represent it being tense and diphthongal : [oə] . A split of TRAP into two separate phonemes , using different

339-465: A Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Inland hilly areas have a sublittoral climate with temperatures decreasing progressively with increasing altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain range. Rainfall is abundant on slopes oriented to the west, and lower in east and east-facing slopes. The Adriatic coast is shielded from rainfall by

452-520: A pronunciations for example in gap [æ] versus gas [eə] , further defines New York City as well as Philadelphia–Baltimore accents. Most Americans preserve all historical /r/ sounds, using what is known as a rhotic accent . The only traditional r -dropping (or non-rhoticity) in regional U.S. accents variably appears today in eastern New England , New York City , and some of the former plantation South primarily among older speakers (and, relatedly, some African-American Vernacular English across

565-532: A POW camp in World War I ; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history . Despite the high level of destructions and victims caused by the Second World War , there was remarkable development in the second half of the 20th century, which particularly favored Fucino and Adriatic coastal areas. In the 1948 Italian Constitution , these were unified with Molise into

678-616: A complex phenomenon of "both convergence and divergence": some accents are homogenizing and leveling , while others are diversifying and deviating further away from one another. Having been settled longer than the American West Coast, the East Coast has had more time to develop unique accents, and it currently comprises three or four linguistically significant regions, each of which possesses English varieties both different from each other as well as quite internally diverse: New England ,

791-447: A consonant, such as in pearl , car and fort . Non-rhotic American accents, those that do not pronounce ⟨r⟩ except before a vowel, such as some accents of Eastern New England , New York City , and African-Americans , and a specific few (often older ones) spoken by Southerners , are often quickly noticed by General American listeners and perceived as sounding especially ethnic, regional, or antiquated. Rhoticity

904-586: A merger with the THOUGHT ( caught ) set. Having taken place prior to the unrounding of the cot vowel, it results in lengthening and perhaps raising, merging the more recently separated vowel into the THOUGHT vowel in the following environments: before many instances of /f/ , /θ/ , and particularly /s/ (as in Austria, cloth, cost, loss, off, often, etc.), a few instances before /ŋ/ (as in strong, long, wrong ), and variably by region or speaker in gone , on , and certain other words. Unlike American accents,

1017-636: A nice day , for sure); many are now distinctly old-fashioned (swell, groovy). Some English words now in general use, such as hijacking, disc jockey , boost, bulldoze and jazz , originated as American slang. American English has always shown a marked tendency to use words in different parts of speech and nouns are often used as verbs . Examples of nouns that are now also verbs are interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, pressure, rear-end, transition, feature, profile, hashtag, head, divorce, loan, estimate, X-ray, spearhead, skyrocket, showcase, bad-mouth, vacation , major, and many others. Compounds coined in

1130-462: A population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and north-west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes

1243-424: A possible thin layer of alluvium) is left above either a stream or river channel. These bedrock terraces are the strath terraces and are erosional in nature. Paired and unpaired terraces : Terraces of the same elevation on opposite sides of either a stream or river are called paired terraces . They occur when it downcuts evenly on both sides and terraces on one side of the river correspond in height with those on

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1356-475: A process of extensive dialect mixture and leveling in which English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with the varieties in Britain. English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century's first immigration of non-English speakers from Western Europe and Africa. Additionally, firsthand descriptions of a fairly uniform American English (particularly in contrast to

1469-657: A series of other vowel shifts in the same region, known by linguists as the " Inland North ". The Inland North shares with the Eastern New England dialect (including Boston accents ) a backer tongue positioning of the GOOSE /u/ vowel (to [u] ) and the MOUTH /aʊ/ vowel (to [ɑʊ~äʊ] ) in comparison to the rest of the country. Ranging from northern New England across the Great Lakes to Minnesota, another Northern regional marker

1582-514: A survey, completed in 2003, polling English speakers across the United States about their specific everyday word choices, hoping to identify regionalisms. The study found that most Americans prefer the term sub for a long sandwich, soda (but pop in the Great Lakes region and generic coke in the South) for a sweet and bubbly soft drink , you or you guys for the plural of you (but y'all in

1695-453: A variation of American English in these islands. In 2021, about 245 million Americans, aged 5 or above, spoke English at home: a majority of the United States total population of roughly 330 million people. The United States has never had an official language at the federal level, but English is commonly used at the federal level and in states without an official language. 32 of the 50 states, in some cases as part of what has been called

1808-551: Is sub-montane vegetation, with mixed woodlands of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam ; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper . Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid , mountain juniper, silver fir , black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss . The fauna of Abruzzo

1921-642: Is also associated with the United States, perhaps mostly in the Midwest and the South. American accents that have not undergone the cot–caught merger (the lexical sets LOT and THOUGHT ) have instead retained a LOT – CLOTH split : a 17th-century distinction in which certain words (labeled as the CLOTH lexical set ) separated away from the LOT set. The split, which has now reversed in most British English, simultaneously shifts this relatively recent CLOTH set into

2034-637: Is also home to a creole language known commonly as Hawaiian Pidgin , and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example, Philippine English , beginning during the American occupation of the Philippines and subsequently the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands ; Thomasites first established

2147-526: Is common in most American accents despite being now rare in England because, during the 17th-century British colonization, nearly all dialects of English were rhotic, and most North American English simply remained that way. The preservation of rhoticity in North America was also supported by continuing waves of rhotic-accented Scotch-Irish immigrants, most intensely during the 18th century (and moderately during

2260-476: Is nearly at the center of Italian peninsula , stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea , and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso , at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to

2373-420: Is often identified by Americans as a "country" accent, and is defined by the /aɪ/ vowel losing its gliding quality : [aː] , the initiation event for a complicated Southern vowel shift, including a " Southern drawl " that makes short front vowels into distinct-sounding gliding vowels . The fronting of the vowels of GOOSE , GOAT , MOUTH , and STRUT tends to also define Southern accents as well as

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2486-546: Is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy and of the region, with numerous small and medium-sized companies, then follows the province of Chieti and that of Pescara , which is also supported by tourism ; the Val Vibrata ( province of Teramo ), on the border with the Marche region, is home to a myriad of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the textile and footwear sectors. The Val di Sangro (province of Chieti), on

2599-691: Is presided over by the president of the region ( presidente della Regione ) who is elected for a five-year term. The government is composed of the president and eight ministers ( assessori ), including a vice president ( vicepresidente ) and an undersecretary ( sottosegretario ). Although an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings in the region related to archaic humans date from up to around 700,000 years ago ( Acheulean Culture ). Thousands of flint tools and weapons have been collected on fluvial terraces (e.g. Madonna del Freddo at Chieti ) and near former lakes (e.g. Valle Giumentina at Caramanico Terme and Valle Peligna at Popoli ). These testify to

2712-429: Is reached and it can transport the material rather than deposit it. This equilibrium may last for a very short period, such as, after glaciation, or for a very long time if the conditions do not change. The fill terrace is created when the conditions change again and either a stream or river starts to incise into the material that it deposited in the valley. Once this occurs benches composed completely of alluvium form on

2825-496: Is the most widely spoken language in the United States ; the de facto common language used in government, education, and commerce; and an official language in 32 of the 50 U.S. states . Since the late 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide. Varieties of American English include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around

2938-410: Is the common language at home, in public, and in government. Fluvial terrace There are two basic types of fluvial terraces, fill terraces and strath terraces. Fill terraces sometimes are further subdivided into nested fill terraces and cut terraces. Both fill and strath terraces are, at times, described as being either paired or unpaired terraces based upon the relative elevations of

3051-463: Is the variable fronting of /ɑ/ before /r/ , for example, appearing four times in the stereotypical Boston shibboleth Park the car in Harvard Yard . Several other phenomena serve to distinguish regional U.S. accents. Boston , Pittsburgh , Upper Midwestern , and Western U.S. accents have fully completed a merger of the LOT vowel with the THOUGHT vowel ( /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ , respectively):

3164-536: Is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois ( Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata ), which has recovered from near-extinction. Common species include Marsican brown bear , Italian wolf , deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper. The natural parks of the region are the Abruzzo National Park , the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park ,

3277-641: The 8th century , Transamund II of Spoleto rebelled against Liutprand, King of the Lombards , but was able to recover his duchy and also to include other remaining territories of former Valeria province. After the beginning of domination by the Franks , in 801, Teate (today's Chieti ) also passed from the Lombardic Duchy of Benevento to the Frankish Duchy of Spoleto . In 843, some territories were separated from

3390-453: The Abruzzi e Molise region, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise was separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now the province of Chieti . The province of Teramo and province of Pescara now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila . Geographically, Abruzzo

3503-500: The Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo's parks and reserves host 75% of Europe's animal species. The region is also home to Calderone , one of Europe's southernmost glaciers . Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi  [ it ] (1853–1917) chose the adjectives forte e gentile ("strong and kind") to capture what he saw as the character of

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3616-688: The Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom , looting and devastation of monasteries and towns followed the arrival of Germanic Lombards in the region. Around 572, the Lombards divided Abruzzo into the Duchy of Benevento and of Spoleto , with Faroald I of Spoleto becoming the first Duke of Spoleto . His successor, Ariulf of Spoleto , annexed other territories: the former territories controlled by Aequi , Marsi , Peligni and Vestini . In

3729-571: The Crown of Aragon and the Southern Italian Peninsula (including Abruzzo) still to the Capetian House of Anjou . The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in the assassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria , the husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples . Different towns ( L'Aquila , Penne , Chieti , Lanciano , Ortona ) sided at first with

3842-476: The English-only movement , have adopted legislation granting official or co-official status to English. Typically only "English" is specified, not a particular variety like American English. (From 1923 to 1969, the state of Illinois recognized its official language as "American", meaning American English.) Puerto Rico is the largest example of a United States territory in which another language – Spanish –

3955-554: The Fucino depression and Montebello di Bertona , the latter giving its name to a distinctive stoneworking technique called "Bertonian". After the Mesolithic transition, which was characterized by climate change and a lack of food resources, agriculture was introduced in Abruzzo by Neolithic farmers from the Middle East . A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti

4068-615: The Imperial period favoured economic activities such as trade and pastoralism . On the basis of a division by Augustus , the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio V Picenum " and especially "Regio IV Sabina et Samnium ". Much later, the region corresponded to the Valeria province, according to Diocletian decisions, and was among the first to see the arrival of Christianity . Evidence from archeological sites shows that many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio

4181-717: The Italian fascism period, Pescara became an important center for its homonymous port , tourism and trade . With the Second World War , Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line , part of the German Winter Line . One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona . Abruzzo was the location of two prisoners of war camps , Campo 21 in Chieti, and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as

4294-514: The Kingdom of Naples with its viceroys . In Abruzzo, the aristocracy vainly tried to regain more control when there was a rebellion in the Kingdom of Naples led by a fisherman named Masaniello in 1647. At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was affected by destructive earthquakes, which also devastated L'Aquila ( 1703 Apennine earthquakes ) and Sulmona ( 1706 Abruzzo earthquake ), and

4407-431: The Kingdom of Sicily , Abruzzo was involved in the conflicts following the death of William II of Sicily in 1189, and the territories sided with Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor , but after the death of the former in 1198, they were invaded by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor . They were also involved in the conflicts between Frederick II (son of Queen Costance ) and Pope Gregory IX , including

4520-589: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe." There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of rare species, such as the golden eagle , the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois ,

4633-602: The Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park , as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas. In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site. Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region of Southern Italy . Since

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4746-608: The Mid-Atlantic states (including a New York accent as well as a unique Philadelphia–Baltimore accent ), and the South . As of the 20th century, the middle and eastern Great Lakes area , Chicago being the largest city with these speakers, also ushered in certain unique features, including the fronting of the LOT /ɑ/ vowel in the mouth toward [a] and tensing of the TRAP /æ/ vowel wholesale to [eə] . These sound changes have triggered

4859-544: The Native American languages . Examples of such names are opossum , raccoon , squash , moose (from Algonquian ), wigwam , and moccasin . American English speakers have integrated traditionally non-English terms and expressions into the mainstream cultural lexicon; for instance, en masse , from French ; cookie , from Dutch ; kindergarten from German , and rodeo from Spanish . Landscape features are often loanwords from French or Spanish, and

4972-497: The War of the Keys . The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, when Frederick II divided his realms into justiciarates , with Abruzzo forming one of them. The newly founded L'Aquila was destroyed by Manfred, King of Sicily (son of Frederick II ) in 1259, and supported in the Battle of Tagliacozzo (1268) the defeat of his nephew Conradin against Charles I of Anjou ,

5085-680: The War of the Spanish Succession , with the Austrian siege at Pescara in 1707. In 1734, Charles III of the House of Bourbon , King of Spain, ended the short Hasburg Austrian domination, which contributed to large land concentrations in Abruzzo. In accordance with a general diffidence against the Enlightenment ideas, the Abruzzo population of different social classes rebelled in an improvised way against French invasion in 1798 and 1799. After

5198-714: The francophile tastes of the 19th century Victorian era Britain (for example they preferred programme for program , manoeuvre for maneuver , cheque for check , etc.). AmE almost always uses -ize in words like realize . BrE prefers -ise , but also uses -ize on occasion (see: Oxford spelling ). There are a few differences in punctuation rules. British English is more tolerant of run-on sentences , called " comma splices " in American English, and American English prefers that periods and commas be placed inside closing quotation marks even in cases in which British rules would place them outside. American English also favors

5311-617: The unification of Italy , in 1860, Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy . Some supporters of the Bourbons fought against volunteers of Garibaldi , and later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons in brigandage , which would be eradicated years later. However, many accepted the new order with neither enthusiasm nor opposition. Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed to Italian diaspora . During

5424-759: The 18th century; apartment , shanty in the 19th century; project, condominium , townhouse , mobile home in the 20th century; and parts thereof ( driveway , breezeway, backyard ) . Industry and material innovations from the 19th century onwards provide distinctive new words, phrases, and idioms through railroading (see further at rail terminology ) and transportation terminology, ranging from types of roads ( dirt roads , freeways ) to infrastructure ( parking lot , overpass , rest area ), to automotive terminology often now standard in English internationally. Already existing English words—such as store , shop , lumber —underwent shifts in meaning; others remained in

5537-421: The 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of wealthier Northern Italy . The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every other region of Italy . The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020. Abruzzo is the 16th most productive region in

5650-534: The 20th century. The use of English in the United States is a result of British colonization of the Americas . The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the early 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, dialects from many different regions of England and the British Isles existed in every American colony, allowing

5763-622: The British form is a back-formation , such as AmE burglarize and BrE burgle (from burglar ). However, while individuals usually use one or the other, both forms will be widely understood and mostly used alongside each other within the two systems. While written American English is largely standardized across the country and spoken American English dialects are highly mutually intelligible, there are still several recognizable regional and ethnic accents and lexical distinctions. The regional sounds of present-day American English are reportedly engaged in

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5876-413: The East Coast (perhaps in imitation of 19th-century London speech), even the East Coast has gradually begun to restore rhoticity, due to it becoming nationally prestigious in the 20th century. The pronunciation of ⟨r⟩ is a postalveolar approximant [ ɹ̠ ] or retroflex approximant [ ɻ ] , but a unique "bunched tongue" variant of the approximant r sound

5989-565: The Inland North. Rather than one particular accent, General American is best defined as an umbrella covering an American accent that does not incorporate features associated with some particular region, ethnicity, or socioeconomic group. Typical General American features include rhoticity , the father–bother merger , Mary–marry–merry merger , pre-nasal "short a " tensing , and other particular vowel sounds . General American features are embraced most by Americans who are highly educated or in

6102-539: The North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded the Blue Flag beach status. In Abruzzo there are two climatic zones. The coastal strip and sub-Apennine hills have a climate markedly different from that of the mountainous interior. Coastal areas have

6215-560: The South), sneakers for athletic shoes (but often tennis shoes outside the Northeast), and shopping cart for a cart used for carrying supermarket goods. American English and British English (BrE) often differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a much lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language , known as Webster's Dictionary ,

6328-528: The U.S. Several verbs ending in -ize are of U.S. origin; for example, fetishize, prioritize, burglarize, accessorize, weatherize , etc.; and so are some back-formations (locate, fine-tune, curate, donate, emote, upholster and enthuse). Among syntactic constructions that arose are outside of, headed for, meet up with, back of, etc. Americanisms formed by alteration of some existing words include notably pesky, phony, rambunctious, buddy, sundae , skeeter, sashay and kitty-corner. Adjectives that arose in

6441-563: The U.S. are for instance foothill , landslide (in all senses), backdrop , teenager , brainstorm , bandwagon , hitchhike , smalltime, and a huge number of others. Other compound words have been founded based on industrialization and the wave of the automobile: five-passenger car, four-door sedan, two-door sedan, and station-wagon (called an estate car in British English). Some are euphemistic ( human resources , affirmative action , correctional facility ). Many compound nouns have

6554-662: The U.S. are, for example, lengthy, bossy, cute and cutesy, punk (in all senses), sticky (of the weather), through (as in "finished"), and many colloquial forms such as peppy or wacky . A number of words and meanings that originated in Middle English or Early Modern English and that have been in everyday use in the United States have since disappeared in most varieties of British English; some of these have cognates in Lowland Scots . Terms such as fall ("autumn"), faucet ("tap"), diaper ("nappy"; itself unused in

6667-530: The U.S. while changing in Britain. Science, urbanization, and democracy have been important factors in bringing about changes in the written and spoken language of the United States. From the world of business and finance came new terms ( merger , downsize , bottom line ), from sports and gambling terminology came, specific jargon aside, common everyday American idioms, including many idioms related to baseball . The names of some American inventions remained largely confined to North America ( elevator [except in

6780-427: The U.S.), candy ("sweets"), skillet , eyeglasses , and obligate are often regarded as Americanisms. Fall for example came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year." Gotten ( past participle of get ) is often considered to be largely an Americanism. Other words and meanings were brought back to Britain from

6893-592: The U.S., especially in the second half of the 20th century; these include hire ("to employ"), I guess (famously criticized by H. W. Fowler ), baggage , hit (a place), and the adverbs overly and presently ("currently"). Some of these, for example, monkey wrench and wastebasket , originated in 19th century Britain. The adjectives mad meaning "angry", smart meaning "intelligent", and sick meaning "ill" are also more frequent in American (and Irish) English than British English. Linguist Bert Vaux created

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7006-531: The United States and the United Kingdom suggest that, while spoken American English deviated away from period British English in many ways, it is conservative in a few other ways, preserving certain features 21st-century British English has since lost. Full rhoticity (or "R-fulness") is typical of American accents, pronouncing the phoneme /r/ (corresponding to the letter ⟨r⟩ ) in all environments, including in syllable-final position or before

7119-596: The West and Midwest, and New York Latino English , spoken in the New York metropolitan area . Additionally, ethnic varieties such as Yeshiva English and " Yinglish " are spoken by some American Orthodox Jews , Cajun Vernacular English by some Cajuns in southern Louisiana , and Pennsylvania Dutch English by some Pennsylvania Dutch people. American Indian Englishes have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of Hawaii , though primarily English-speaking,

7232-547: The accents spoken in the " Midland ": a vast band of the country that constitutes an intermediate dialect region between the traditional North and South. Western U.S. accents mostly fall under the General American spectrum. Below, ten major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain vowel sounds: In 2010, William Labov noted that Great Lakes, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and West Coast accents have undergone "vigorous new sound changes" since

7345-505: The aeronautical sense ], gasoline ) as did certain automotive terms ( truck , trunk ). New foreign loanwords came with 19th and early 20th century European immigration to the U.S.; notably, from Yiddish ( chutzpah , schmooze, bupkis, glitch ) and German ( hamburger , wiener ). A large number of English colloquialisms from various periods are American in origin; some have lost their American flavor (from OK and cool to nerd and 24/7 ), while others have not ( have

7458-655: The alliance with the Romans, whereas others surrendered after the Samnite Wars. Following progressive Romanization , they supported the Romans and contributed to many victories in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . They fought again with Rome during the Social War (91–87 BC) to gain political rights and created the ephemeral state called Italia with Corfinio as the capital. After the Social War, they obtained Roman citizenship and in

7571-517: The barrier effect created by the Apennines. The minimum annual rainfall is found in some inland valleys, sheltered by mountain ranges, such as Peligna or Tirino ( Ofena , Capestrano ), where as little as 500 millimetres (19.7 inches) were recorded. Rainfall along the coast almost always never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches). Pescara has relatively less rainfall (about 700 millimetres (27.6 inches)) than Chieti (about 1,000 millimetres (39.4 inches)). The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on

7684-628: The border with Lazio ; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical. The flora of Abruzzo is typically Mediterranean. Along the coastal belt Mediterranean shrubland Is the dominant natural vegetation, with species including myrtle , heather and mastic . Inland are found olive , pine , willow , oak , poplar , alder , arbutus , broom , acacia , capers , rosemary , hawthorn , licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there

7797-427: The brother of the victim, Louis I of Hungary . In 1443, Alfonso V of Aragon , King of Sicily , conquered the Kingdom of Naples . In the same years, Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with the War of L'Aquila . Under the Aragonese rulers, L'Aquila started to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance to Chieti . This period was characterized by economic decline and

7910-428: The country , and is the 15th for GRP per capita among Italian regions. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808. In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR. The construction of motorways from Rome to Teramo ( A24 ) and Rome to Pescara ( A25 ), which provided better access to

8023-406: The country), though the vowel-consonant cluster found in "bird", "work", "hurt", "learn", etc. usually retains its r pronunciation, even in these non-rhotic American accents. Non-rhoticity among such speakers is presumed to have arisen from their upper classes' close historical contact with England, imitating London's r -dropping, a feature that has continued to gain prestige throughout England from

8136-614: The diverse regional dialects of British English) became common after the mid-18th century, while at the same time speakers' identification with this new variety increased. Since the 18th century, American English has developed into some new varieties, including regional dialects that retain minor influences from waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages, primarily European languages. Some racial and regional variation in American English reflects these groups' geographic settlement, their de jure or de facto segregation, and patterns in their resettlement. This can be seen, for example, in

8249-742: The double quotation mark ("like this") over the single ('as here'). Vocabulary differences vary by region. For example, autumn is used more commonly in the United Kingdom, whereas fall is more common in American English. Some other differences include: aerial (United Kingdom) vs. antenna, biscuit (United Kingdom) vs. cookie/cracker, car park (United Kingdom) vs. parking lot, caravan (United Kingdom) vs. trailer, city centre (United Kingdom) vs. downtown, flat (United Kingdom) vs. apartment, fringe (United Kingdom) vs. bangs, and holiday (United Kingdom) vs. vacation. AmE sometimes favors words that are morphologically more complex, whereas BrE uses clipped forms, such as AmE transportation and BrE transport or where

8362-473: The duchy (all the region together with the district of Rieti and except that of Teramo according to Liber provincialis ), with Celano as capital. So counts of Marsi from different lineages ruled "Marsia" from 843 to 926. In 871, Louis II of Italy founded, as the Carolingian Emperor , a monastery, which would become very powerful in the history of Abruzzo ( Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria ). With

8475-547: The end of the Iron Age , Abruzzo was inhabited by different tribes, including those defined by ancient Roman tradition as Sabelli : Oscan-speaking Pentri , Carricini and Frentani , and, more generically, Osco-Umbrian Aequi , Praetutii , Vestini , Marrucini , Marsi and Peligni . Considered strong warriors by ancient writers, they fought against the Romans in the Samnite Wars (from 343 to 290 BC). Some tribes accepted

8588-477: The fill terraces mentioned above, but they are erosional in origin. Once the alluvium deposited in the valley has begun to erode and fill terraces form along the valley walls, cut terraces may also form below the fill terraces. As either a stream or river continues to incise into the material, multiple levels of terraces may form. The uppermost being the fill terraces and the remaining lower terraces are cut terraces. Nested fill terraces: Nested fill terraces are

8701-510: The following two centuries) when this ethnic group eventually made up one-seventh of the colonial population. Scotch-Irish settlers spread from Delaware and Pennsylvania throughout the larger Mid-Atlantic region, the inland regions of both the South and North, and throughout the West: American dialect areas that were all uninfluenced by upper-class non-rhoticity and that consequently have remained consistently rhotic. While non-rhoticity spread on

8814-545: The highest massifs of the Apennines , such as the Gran Sasso d'Italia and the Maiella , and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea . Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, economy, and history, though in terms of physical geography, it may also be considered part of Central Italy . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with

8927-939: The hospital , BrE to hospital ; contrast, however, AmE actress Elizabeth Taylor , BrE the actress Elizabeth Taylor ). Often, these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other, and American English is not a standardized set of dialects. Differences in orthography are also minor. The main differences are that American English usually uses spellings such as flavor for British flavour , fiber for fibre , defense for defence , analyze for analyse , license for licence , catalog for catalogue and traveling for travelling . Noah Webster popularized such spellings in America, but he did not invent most of them. Rather, "he chose already existing options on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology." Other differences are due to

9040-415: The industrial district of Val Pescara in the province of Chieti). Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine, cereals , sugar beet , potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products . Traditional products are saffron and liquorice . By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo ,

9153-656: The influence of 18th-century Protestant Ulster Scots immigrants (known in the U.S. as the Scotch-Irish ) in Appalachia developing Appalachian English and the 20th-century Great Migration bringing African-American Vernacular English to the Great Lakes urban centers. Any phonologically unmarked North American accent falls under an umbrella known as General American. This section mostly refers to such General American features. Studies on historical usage of English in both

9266-438: The late 18th century onwards, but which has conversely lost prestige in the U.S. since at least the early 20th century. Non-rhoticity makes a word like car sound like cah or source like sauce . New York City and Southern accents are the most prominent regional accents of the country, as well as the most stigmatized and socially disfavored. Southern speech, strongest in southern Appalachia and certain areas of Texas,

9379-458: The main cereal, followed by soft wheat (one million quintals), then barley (0.5 million quintals ); other crops are also grown, among them beetroot (2,500,000 quintals), and tobacco (45,000 quintals). American English American English , sometimes called United States English or U.S. English , is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English

9492-427: The mid-nineteenth century onwards, so they "are now more different from each other than they were 50 or 100 years ago", while other accents, like of New York City and Boston, have remained stable in that same time-frame. However, a General American sound system also has some debated degree of influence nationwide, for example, gradually beginning to oust the regional accent in urban areas of the South and at least some in

9605-617: The most formal contexts, and regional accents with the most General American native features include North Midland, Western New England, and Western accents. Although no longer region-specific, African-American Vernacular English , which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class African Americans , has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including hip hop culture . Hispanic and Latino Americans have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are Chicano English , spoken in

9718-469: The new king of Sicily . Since the last half of the 13th century, L'Aquila took a central role in the region. Abruzzo was divided into Abruzzo Citra (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ultra (further Abruzzo) by Charles I of Anjou in the 1270s. After the rebellion called Sicilian Vespers and the subsequent war , in 1302 the Peace of Caltabellotta divided the former Kingdom of Sicily as follows: Sicily to

9831-519: The other hand, is home to important multinationals and a factory belonging to the Fiat ( Sevel ) group. The area of Valle Peligna (province of L'Aquila) is also home to industries (the famous one of Sulmona sugared almonds), while other areas such as Pescara and Theatine are home to numerous industries, including multinationals (for example De Cecco , Procter & Gamble , Monti & Ambrosini Editori, Brioni, Ennedue and Miss Sixty , mostly concentrated in

9944-430: The other side. Paired terraces are caused by river rejuvenation . Unpaired terraces occur when either a stream or river encounters material on one side that resists erosion, leaving a single terrace with no corresponding terrace on the resistant side. Fluvial terraces can be used to measure the rate at which either a stream or river is downcutting its valley. Using various dating methods, an age can be determined for

10057-402: The past forms of a few verbs (for example, AmE/BrE: learned / learnt , burned / burnt , snuck/sneaked , dove/dived ) although the purportedly "British" forms can occasionally be seen in American English writing as well; different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (for example, AmE in school, BrE at school ); and whether or not a definite article is used, in very few cases (AmE to

10170-452: The predominance of small and medium enterprises. In the applied research field, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields of pharmaceutics , biomedicine , electronics , aerospace and nuclear physics . The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. The province of Teramo

10283-601: The presence of different Homo species over time, ranging from Homo erectus and Neanderthals to modern humans. A site located at Popoli (Svolte di Popoli) also contained animal bones, which in that case was of a hippopotamus . The most important evidence of Neanderthals presence in the region was found in caves in Calascio and dates back to the Middle Paleolithic . Significant evidence of Upper Paleolithic human populations has been found in various places, including

10396-404: The proclamation of the ephemeral Parthenopean Republic , they continued to be hostile to French invaders ( Sanfedismo ). During the client kingdom (1806–1815) of Napoleon , in 1806, Abruzzo Ultra was divided into two, as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at the Gran Sasso d'Italia ); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria. The return of the Bourbons

10509-529: The red and cerasuolo (rosé) varieties, Trebbiano d'Abruzzo , Pecorino and the Chardonnay; oil production, on the other hand, stands at 1,350,000 quintals of olives and 240,000 quintals of oil ( Aprutino Pescarese , Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane and Colline Teatine ), figures that put Abruzzo in sixth place among the Italian regions; as regards cereals, the durum wheat with over 1.5 million quintals constitutes

10622-428: The region and its people. " Forte e gentile " has since become the motto of the region. Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces: Abruzzo is governed as a presidential representative democracy with a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the regional government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the regional council. The regional government ( Giunta regionale )

10735-481: The region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy. The region produces about 850,000 quintals of fruit, 5 million quintals of vegetables, 1,600,000 quintals of potatoes, and 5,000,000 quintals of grapes, produced both for eating and for winemaking; the latter is estimated at between 3 and 4 million hectoliters, with the production of wines such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo in

10848-411: The region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments. The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted. Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions after Lazio , Lombardy and Calabria . In 2011, Abruzzo's economic growth

10961-420: The result of either a stream or river downcutting through bedrock. As the flow continues to downcut, a period of valley widening may occur and expand the valley width. This may occur due to an equilibrium reached in the fluvial system resulting from: slowed or paused uplift, climate change, or a change in the bedrock type. Once downcutting continues the flattened valley bottom composed of bedrock (overlain with

11074-490: The result of the valley filling with alluvium, the alluvium being incised, and the valley filling again with material but to a lower level than before. The terrace that results for the second filling is a nested terrace because it has been “nested” into the original alluvium and created a terrace. These terraces are depositional in origin and may be able to be identified by a sudden change in alluvium characteristics such as finer material. Strath terraces: Strath terraces are

11187-557: The rule of Hugh of Italy from 926, the territories were divided: Penne and Teate to Atto I  [ it ] , and today's province of L'Aquila to Berardo . After two attempted conquests from two Norman princes of Capua in Abruzzo, two other Normans, Robert Guiscard and Robert I of Loritello , conquered Teate , Valva and Penne . Later, all Abruzzo was definitively conquered by Norman Roger II of Sicily , and in 1156 his son William I of Sicily had these victories officially recognized by Pope Adrian IV . As part of

11300-575: The settlements that are still inhabited, while others are no longer so, such as Cluviae near Casoli . The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages and, according to a hypothesis, it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people, Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Gothic War between

11413-463: The sides of the valley. The upper most benches are the fill terraces. As it continues to cut down through the alluvium the fill terraces are left above the river channel (sometimes 100 m or more). The fill terrace is only the very highest terrace resulting from the depositional episode; if there are multiple terraces below the fill terrace, these are called "cut terraces". Cut terraces: Cut terraces, also called "cut-in-fill" terraces, are similar to

11526-576: The spread of brigandage , but coastal centers were favored by trade with the Republic of Venice 's overseas territories. Shortly after the Italian War of 1494–1495 carried out by Charles VIII of France , the Kingdom of Naples returned to Ferdinand II of Aragon . In this and in the following conflict between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain over the Kingdom of Naples , Abruzzo sided with France, but Spain won in 1503 and started to dominate

11639-469: The surface of these terraces. Fill terraces: Fill terraces are the result of an existing valley being filled with alluvium . The valley may fill with alluvium for many different reasons including: an influx in bed load due to glaciation or change in stream power which causes the valley, that was down cut by either a stream or river, to be filled in with material (Easterbrook). The stream or river will continue to deposit material until an equilibrium

11752-570: The traditional standard accent of (southern) England, Received Pronunciation (RP), has evolved a trap–bath split . Moreover, American accents preserve /h/ at the start of syllables, while perhaps a majority of the regional dialects of England participate in /h/ dropping , particularly in informal contexts. However, General American is also innovative in a number of its own ways: The process of coining new lexical items started as soon as English-speaking British-American colonists began borrowing names for unfamiliar flora, fauna, and topography from

11865-417: The verb-and-preposition combination: stopover, lineup, tryout, spin-off, shootout , holdup, hideout, comeback, makeover , and many more. Some prepositional and phrasal verbs are in fact of American origin ( win out, hold up, back up/off/down/out, face up to and many others). Noun endings such as -ee (retiree), -ery (bakery), -ster (gangster) and -cian (beautician) are also particularly productive in

11978-727: The word corn , used in England to refer to wheat (or any cereal), came to denote the maize plant, the most important crop in the U.S. Most Mexican Spanish contributions came after the War of 1812 , with the opening of the West, like ranch (now a common house style ). Due to Mexican culinary influence, many Spanish words are incorporated in general use when talking about certain popular dishes: cilantro (instead of coriander), queso, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, tostadas, fajitas, burritos, and guacamole. These words usually lack an English equivalent and are found in popular restaurants. New forms of dwelling created new terms ( lot , waterfront) and types of homes like log cabin , adobe in

12091-609: The world. Any American or Canadian accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic, or cultural markers is known in linguistics as General American ; it covers a fairly uniform accent continuum native to certain regions of the U.S. but especially associated with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American accent . The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in

12204-433: Was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy. From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering , transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and

12317-459: Was dated back to 6,540 BC using radiometric dating. In Abruzzo and Marche , villages typical of Ripoli culture  [ it ] in the 5 – 6th millennium BC consisted of huts , and were generally located on fluvial terraces or hills overlooking rivers . In some cases they were defended by a moat . Caves were often used for rituals . They practiced agriculture , husbandry , hunting , fishing , and production of pottery , which

12430-527: Was granted by the Congress of Vienna , while Abruzzo was plagued by decline and brigandage . The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies established the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento ). Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and 1848 , but the ideologies of insurgents were different, and included liberal , Jacobin , or reactionary ideas. During

12543-687: Was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni , and it became the capital of "Italia" against the Romans during the Social War . Today's Chieti has been inhabited since the Chalcolithic era, and was an important center of Marrucini (Teate Marrucinorum). Atri was known as Hatria and Teramo was known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne. Pinna (today Penne ), Anxanum ( Lanciano ), Hortona ( Ortona ), Histonium ( Vasto ), Sulmona and Marruvium ( San Benedetto dei Marsi ) are among

12656-621: Was painted or decorated. Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic and Catignano . The Bronze Age saw the spread of Apennine culture and Subapennine culture in central- southern Italy , including in Abruzzo. The former has been associated with pastoralism , and the latter with agriculture . During the Late Bronze Age , Proto-Villanovan culture emerged in Abruzzo. There are sites of Iron Age necropoli at Fiorano ( Loreto Aprutino 's frazione ), Campovalano ( Campli ), Alfedena and Capestrano . At

12769-469: Was written by Noah Webster in 1828, codifying several of these spellings. Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility; these include: typically a lack of differentiation between adjectives and adverbs, employing the equivalent adjectives as adverbs he ran quick / he ran quickly ; different use of some auxiliary verbs ; formal (rather than notional) agreement with collective nouns ; different preferences for

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