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85-460: The existence of the village, of Norman origin, is already testified from 816 in a document of Ludwig I as a possession of the "Volturnensi" monks. Later, around the year 1000, it was founded the fortress on the mountain above, originally a simple watchtower. In four the fortress grew in importance and size: moved from Barony of Carapelle (14th century), the Piccolomini family (15th century) and then to

170-825: A century; it continued in Snowdonia after it ceased elsewhere in Wales, and remnants of the practice can still be found in rural farming communities in the region to this day. Both "Hafod" and "Hendref" survive in Wales as place names and house names and in one case as the name of a raw milk cow cheese (Hafod). Today, cattle and sheep that summer on many hill farms are still transported to lowland winter pastures, but by truck rather than being driven overland. In many hilly and mountainous areas of Scotland, agricultural workers spent summer months in bothies or shielings ( àirigh or ruighe in Scottish Gaelic ). Major drovers' roads in

255-568: A distinction between transhumant pastoralism and seminomadism, but he clearly distinguishes between nomadic pastoralism and seminomadism. There is evidence that transhumance was practised world-wide prior to recorded history: in Europe, isotope studies of livestock bones suggest that certain animals were moved seasonally. The prevalence of various groups of Hill people around the world suggests that indigenous knowledge regarding transhumance must have developed and survived over generations to allow for

340-550: A farm and take stock on a long journey to market. So the owner might entrust this stock to an agent—usually a drover —who will deliver the stock to market and bring back the proceeds. Drovers took their herds and flocks down traditional routes with organised sites for overnight shelter and fodder for men and for animals. The journey might last from a few days to months. The animals had to be driven carefully so they would be in good condition on arrival. There would have to be prior agreement for payment for stock lost; for animals born on

425-448: A few weeks to a few months. The herd moved during the day at a speed of 2–3 km per hour, and stopped at night to rest and graze. During the day, herding dogs ensured movement, made sure that the animals did not wander off, and at night they guarded the herd and the carts of the shepherd with their families from remaining predators, but mostly from hungry village dogs. The activity of sheepherders lost its exceptional importance for

510-505: A flock of 30,000 ewes in the early 1890s from Wellshot Station to Roma in Queensland , a distance of over 700 kilometres (435 mi), in search of grass for the stock. The sheep were all sheared in Roma and lambing started as relieving rains came to Wellshot. The flock was brought back with an additional 3,000 lambs. In 1900, a drover named Coleman departed from Clermont with 5,000 sheep;

595-677: A major economic activity in the American West , particularly between the years 1866-1895, when 10 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east. Drives usually took place in Texas on the Goodnight-Loving Trail (1866), Potter-Bacon trail (1883), Western trail (1874), Chisholm Trail (1867) and Shawnee Trail (1840s). Due to

680-549: A mountain farm, often quite distant from a home farm, to preserve meadows in valleys for producing hay . Livestock is typically tended during the summer by girls and younger women, who also milk and make cheese. Bulls usually remain at the home farm. As autumn approaches and grazing is exhausted, livestock is returned to the farm. In Sweden, this system was predominantly used in Värmland , Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , Hälsingland , Medelpad and Ångermanland . The practice

765-452: A permanent home, typically in valleys. Generally only the herds travel, with a certain number of people necessary to tend them, while the main population stays at the base. In contrast, movement in plains or plateaus (horizontal transhumance) is more susceptible to disruption by climatic, economic, or political change. Traditional or fixed transhumance has occurred throughout the inhabited world, particularly Europe and western Asia . It

850-633: A population of Eastern Romance shepherds ("ancestors" of the Istro-Romanians) who lived in the Dinaric Alps (western Balkans in modern use), constantly migrating in search of better pastures for their sheep flocks. But as national states appeared in the area of the former Ottoman Empire , new state borders were developed that divided the summer and winter habitats of many of the pastoral groups. These prevented easy movement across borders, particularly at times of war, which have been frequent. In Poland it

935-699: A remnant of an older ethnic culture now surviving in isolated minorities, such as the " Pasiegos " in Cantabria , " Agotes " in Navarre , and " Vaqueiros de alzada " in Asturias and León . Transhumance in the Pyrenees involves relocation of livestock (cows, sheep, horses) to high mountains during the summer months, because farms in the lowland are too small to support a larger herd all year round. The mountain period starts in late May or early June, and ends in early October. Until

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1020-576: A summer retreat on the former yayla grazing land. Transhumance related to sheep farming is still practised in Georgia . The shepherds with their flocks have to cross the 2,826 metres (9,272 ft) high Abano Pass from the mountains of Tusheti to the plains of Kakheti . Up until the dissolution of Soviet Union they intensively used the Kizlyar plains of Northern Dagestan for the same purpose. The central Afghan highlands of Afghanistan , which surround

1105-464: A treeless mountain plateau . This is the seterfjell , or summer farm region, once of vital importance both as summer pastureland and for haymaking. While previously many farms had their own seters, it is more usual for several farmers to share a modernised common seter ( fellesseter ). Most of the old seters have been left to decay or are used as recreational cabins. The name for the common mountain pasture in most Scandinavian languages derives from

1190-474: Is a cattle drive (particularly in the US). Droving stock to market—usually on foot and often with the aid of dogs —has a very long history. An owner might entrust an agent to deliver stock to market and bring back the proceeds. There has been droving since people in cities found it necessary to source food from distant supplies. Droving is the practice of moving livestock herds over long distances by walking them " on

1275-453: Is called redyk, it is the ceremonial departure of shepherds with their flocks of sheep and shepherd dogs, to graze in the mountain pastures (spring redyk), as well as their return from grazing (autumn redyk). In the local mountain dialect, autumn redyk is called uosod, which comes from the Polish word "uosiadć" (ôsawiedź), to return sheep to individual farms. There is also a theory that it comes from

1360-419: Is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). The sheep of all the shepherds were gathered in one place at the foot of the mountains, and then one large herd was driven to the szalas. The entrance to the hala was also particularly emphasized: there

1445-647: Is estimated, however, that tens of thousands of rural people still practice these traditions in villages on the northern and southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, in the lesser Caucasus in Armenia , and in the Turkish Black Sea region. Some communities continue to play out ancient migration patterns. For example, the Pontic Greeks visit the area and the monastery Sumela in the summer. Turks from cities in Europe have built

1530-694: Is mostly vertical while some families in the plains of the Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts also practice lateral or horizontal transhumance. More than 85% of the migratory transhumant population moves within the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir while the remaining 15% undertakes inter-state movement to the neighbouring Punjab State and to the Ladakh Union territory. Gujjars – a migratory tribe – also sparsely inhabit several areas in parts of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Gujjar-Bakkerwal tribe represents

1615-507: Is motivated by agricultural activities (historically by the mulberry silkworm culture). The main crops in the coastal towns are olive , grape and citrus . For the mountain towns, the crops are summer fruits, mainly apples and pears . Other examples of transhumance exist in Lebanon. Droving Droving is the practice of walking livestock over long distances. It is a type of herding , often associated with cattle, in which case it

1700-598: Is often important to pastoralist societies, as the dairy products of transhumance flocks and herds ( milk , butter , yogurt and cheese ) may form much of the diet of such populations. In many languages there are words for the higher summer pastures, and frequently these words have been used as place names: e.g. hafod in Wales, shieling in Scotland, or alp in Germany, Austria and German-speaking regions of Switzerland. The word transhumance comes from French and derives from

1785-713: Is the origin of numerous related cultures in the Americas such as the cowboys of the United States and the Gauchos of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. A network of droveways , or cañadas , crosses the whole peninsula, running mostly south-west to north-east. They have been charted since ancient times, and classified according to width; the standard cañada is between 37.5 to 75 metres (123 to 246 ft) wide, with some cañadas reales (meaning royal droveways ) being 800 metres (2,625 ft) wide at certain points. The land within

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1870-608: Is used by both settled communities and nomadic pastoralists like the Pashtun Kuchis . Major pastures in the region include the Nawur pasture in northern Ghazni Province (whose area is about 600 km at elevation of up to 3,350 m), and the Shewa pasture and the Little Pamir in eastern Badakhshan Province . The Little Pamir pasture, whose elevation is above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft),

1955-457: Is used by the Afghan Kyrgyz to raise livestock. In Nuristan , the inhabitants live in permanent villages surrounded by arable fields on irrigated terraces. Most of the livestock are goats. They are taken up to a succession of summer pastures each spring by herdsmen while most of the villagers remain behind to irrigate the terraced fields and raise millet, maize, and wheat; work mostly done by

2040-594: The Koh-i-Baba and continue eastward into the Hindu Kush range, there are very cold winters, and short and cool summers. These highlands have mountain pastures during summer ( sardsīr ), watered by many small streams and rivers. There are also pastures available during winter in the neighboring warm lowlands ( garmsīr ), which makes the region ideal for seasonal transhumance. The Afghan Highlands contain about 225,000 km (87,000 sq mi) of summer pasture, which

2125-626: The Latin words trans "across" and humus "ground". Literally, it means crossing the land. Transhumance developed on every inhabited continent . Although there are substantial cultural and technological variations, the underlying practices for taking advantage of remote seasonal pastures are similar linguistically. Khazanov categorizes nomadic forms of pastoralism into five groups as follows: "pure pastoral nomadism", "semi-nomadic pastoralism", "semi-sedentary pastoralism", "distant-pastures husbandry" and "seasonal transhumance". Eickelman does not make

2210-561: The North Governorate of Lebanon . Towns and villages located in the Qadisha valley are at an average altitude of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Some settlements, like Ehden and Kfarsghab , are used during summer periods from the beginning of June until mid-October. Inhabitants move in October to coastal towns situated at an average of 200 metres (656 ft) above sea level. The transhumance

2295-618: The Old Norse term setr . In Norwegian, the term is sæter or seter ; in Swedish, säter . The place name appears in Sweden in several forms as Säter and Sätra , and as a suffix: - säter , - sätra , - sätt and - sättra . Those names appear extensively across Sweden with a centre in the Mälaren basin and in Östergötland . The surname "Satter" is derived from these words. In

2380-501: The 1970s, transhumance was used mainly for dairy cows, and cheese-making was an important activity in the summer months. In some regions, nearly all members of a family decamped to higher mountains with their cows, living in rudimentary stone cabins for the summer grazing season. That system, which evolved during the Middle Ages , lasted into the 20th century. It declined and broke down under pressure from industrialisation , as people left

2465-577: The Isle of Skye (who had sailed from Scotland in the 1830s). The family moved to Clifford's Creek, Laggan, and the brothers had become expert bushmen. The cattle drive was undertaken after Donald MacDonald heard glowing reports of the Kimberley from Scots/Australian explorer Alexander Forrest in 1879. The MacDonalds and the McKenzies formed a joint venture to obtain leases in the Kimberley and to stock them by overlanding

2550-617: The Kashkai drove their livestock from south to north, where they lived in summer quarters, known as Yaylak , in the high mountains from April to October. They traditionally grazed their flocks on the slopes of the Kuh-e-Dinar , a group of mountains from 12,000 to 15,000 feet (3,700 to 4,600 m), part of the Zagros chain. In autumn the Kashkai broke camp, leaving the highlands to winter in warmer regions near Firuzabad, Kazerun, Jerrè, Farashband, on

2635-535: The Kimberley in Western Australia in 1885 with 8,000 cattle, arriving with only half that number some two years and two months later, completing a drive of some 3,000 miles. Indeed, long cattle drives continued well into the latter half of the twentieth century. During long "dry stages" cattle required extra care. That sometimes meant droving in the night when the temperature would drop. The standard team of men employed to move 1,200 cattle consisted of seven men:

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2720-696: The Kinnaura community in Himachal Pradesh adapt to harsh high-altitude conditions. However, this age-old practice is under threat due to socioeconomic, policy, and environmental changes, risking the erosion of pastoralism-related TEK. The Bakhtiari tribe of Iran still practised this way of life in the mid-20th century. All along the Zagros Mountains from Azerbaijan to the Arabian Sea , pastoral tribes move back and forth with their herds annually according to

2805-517: The Medici family (16th century), was placed under control of the chiefs of sheep involved in transhumance on the director of the Royal sheep track to Foggia. The structure of the castle was modified and expanded to its slopes and formed a small village, which is also perched. So for a long period of time there was the coexistence of two villages, Calascio and Rocca Calascio, a different strategic functions being

2890-525: The Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). ) pieces is (what they call "the reading"). The reading is done in such a way that one juhas, holding the chaplet in his hand, puts one bead for each ten sheep counted. The second one takes one sheep from

2975-579: The UK (such as South Wales, the Midlands, the Manchester region). In Australia droving was especially important during a drought in search of better feed and/or water or in search of a yard to work on the livestock. Some drovers covered very long distances, they explored the new country and were called "overlanders" . These men could be on the road for over two years. Patsy Durack , for instance, left Queensland for

3060-467: The United States moved 20 million head of cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas . In Australasia , long distance drives of sheep also took place. In these countries these drives covered great distances—800 miles (1,300 km) Texas to Kansas —with drovers on horseback, supported by wagons or packhorses. Drives continued until railways arrived. In some circumstances driving very large herds long distances remains economic. A weekly cattle market

3145-661: The ability to interact with other dogs. Forcing the cattle to move in the right direction, the droving dogs treated them rather rudely, biting the cows, pushing the sheep hard with their bodies and biting them. The old droving breeds include, for example, the Bouvier of Flanders , the Rottweiler , the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog , in the UK – the Old English Sheepdog . One individual cannot both take care of animals on

3230-474: The acquisition of sufficient skills to thrive in mountainous regions. Most drovers are conversant with subsistence agriculture , pastoralism as well as forestry and frozen water and fast stream management . In the Balkans , Albanians , Greek Sarakatsani , Eastern Romance ( Romanians , Aromanians , Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians ) and Turkish Yörük peoples traditionally spent summer months in

3315-607: The banks of the Mond River . Their winter quarters were known as Kishlak/Qishlaq/Gishlak . The migration was organised and controlled by the Kashkai Chief. The tribes avoided villages and towns, such as Shiraz and Isfahan, because their large flocks, numbering seven million head, could cause serious damage. In the 1950s, the Kashkai tribes were estimated to number 400,000 people in total. There have been many social changes since that time. Examples of fixed transhumance are found in

3400-571: The boss drover, four stockmen , a cook and a horse-tailer. Store cattle were moved in large stocks of up to 1500 animals. Fat bullocks bred for meat were moved in mobs of about 650 head. In medieval central Europe, annual cattle drives brought Hungarian Grey cattle across the Danube River to the beef markets of Western Europe. In the 16th century, the Swiss operated cattle drives over the St. Gotthard Pass to

3485-469: The builders of Stonehenge in southwest England feasted in the Stone Age on pigs and cattle and other animals from as far as northeast Scotland, some 700 km away. Romans are said to have had drovers and their flocks following their armies to feed their soldiers. Cattle drives were an important feature of the settlement of both the western United States and of Australia . In 1866, cattle drives in

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3570-479: The cattle outright and drive them to London. It has been estimated that by the end of the 18th century around 100,000 cattle and 750,000 sheep arrived each year at London's Smithfield market from the surrounding countryside. Railways brought an end to most droving around the middle of the 19th century. Turkeys and geese for slaughter were also driven to London's market in droves of 300 to 1,000 birds. Drovers also took animals to other major industrial centres in

3655-435: The cattle. The brothers were joined by their cousins Alexander and Donald MacKenzie, Peter Thomson, James McGeorge and Jasper Pickles. They set out with 670 cattle, 32 bullocks yoked to two wagons and 86 horses. All foodstuffs and equipment for the long journey were carried in the wagons. Drought conditions delayed progress and most of the original party, apart from Charlie and Willie MacDonald, withdrew long before Cooper's Creek

3740-572: The celebrated Mr Birtwhistle had 20,000 head brought "on the hoof " from the northern Scotland to Great Close near Malham , a distance of over 300 miles (483 km). William James Browne owned Nilpena Station in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia in 1879. He contracted Alfred Giles to overland 12,000 sheep to his new properties Newcastle Waters and Delamere Stations in the Northern Territory . Of those, 8,000 sheep survived

3825-405: The character of the movement. The Sami people practice transhumance with reindeer by a different system than is described immediately below. The common mountain or forest pasture used for transhumance in summer is called seter or bod / bua . The same term is used for a related mountain cabin, which was used as a summer residence. In summer (usually late June), livestock is moved to

3910-661: The closure of the Sino-Indian border following the Sino-Indian War of 1962. In the decades following this war, transhumance as a way of life rapidly declined among the Bhotiya people. The pastoral Gujars of northern India rely on state forests for pasture but face increasing restrictions from the government. This has led to significant impoverishment as they lose traditional grazing land and fall into debt. Transhumant pastoralism, guided by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), helps

3995-513: The country was drought-stricken and he had been instructed to keep the mob alive. Coleman wandered 5,000 miles (8,000 km) through south-western Queensland finding feed as they went. When he eventually returned he brought back 9,000 sheep, had sold over 5,000, and killed nearly 1,000 for "personal use". In 1904, 20,000 head of cattle were removed from Wave Hill Station and overlanded to Killarney Station, near Narrabri in New South Wales ,

4080-536: The countryside for jobs in cities. However, the importance of transhumance continues to be recognised through its celebration in popular festivals. The Mont Perdu / Monte Perdido region of the Pyrenees has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site by virtue of its association with the transhumance system of agriculture. In Scandinavia, transhumance is practised to a certain extent; however, livestock are transported between pastures by motorised vehicles, changing

4165-461: The delivery. Drovers' roads were much wider than those for ordinary traffic and without any form of paving. The droving routes which still exist in Wales avoided settlements in order to save front gardens and consequential expense. Droving stock to market—usually on foot and often with the aid of dogs—has a very long history. There has been droving since people in cities found it necessary to source food from distant supplies. Around 5,000 years ago

4250-506: The droveways is publicly owned and protected by law. In some high valleys of the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian Mountains , transhumant herding has been the main, or only, economic activity. Regulated passes and pasturage have been distributed among different valleys and communities according to the seasonal range of use and community jurisdiction. Unique social groups associated with the transhumant lifestyle are sometimes identified as

4335-687: The eastern part of Scotland include the Cairnamounth , Elsick Mounth and Causey Mounth . This practice has largely stopped but was practised within living memory in the Hebrides and in the Scottish Highlands . Today much transhumance is carried out by truck, with upland flocks being transported under agistment to lower-lying pasture during winter. Evidence exists of transhumance being practised in England since at least medieval times, from Cornwall in

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4420-544: The economy only in the middle of the 19th century with the development of railway transport. Since the 1960s, the automobile transportation of livestock in special vans, which has become common, has finally replaced the commercial droving of herds. The profession of shepherd or drover is retained in some countries as a seasonal job for moving cattle and sheep to and from summer pastures. The dogs used for droving were quite large and high-legged, tireless, aggressive and extremely independent, they did not require special training and

4505-604: The establishment of a mounted police force as far back as the 17th century. The tratturi remain public property and subject to conservation by the law protecting cultural heritage. The Molise region candidates the tratturi to the UNESCO as a world heritage. Transhumance is historically widespread throughout much of Spain, particularly in the regions of Castile, Leon and Extremadura, where nomadic cattle and sheep herders travel long distances in search of greener pastures in summer and warmer climatic conditions in winter. Spanish transhumance

4590-458: The extensive treatment of cattle drives in fiction and film, the cowboy tending to a herd of cattle has become the worldwide iconic image of the American West. The 18th century English graziers of Craven Highlands, West Riding of Yorkshire , went as far as Scotland to purchase cattle stock, thence to be brought down the drove roads to their cattle-rearing district. In the summer of 1745,

4675-575: The first half of the 20th century, as the Kemalist and later Soviet governments tried to modernise the societies and stress urban development, rather than maintaining rural traditions. In the second half of the 20th century, migration for work from the Pontic mountains to cities in Turkey and western Europe, and from the northern Caucasus to Moscow , dramatically reduced the number of people living in transhumance. It

4760-481: The first place on the mountainsides on the road that leads to Santo Stefano di Sessanio and Aquila, and the second in a dominant position on the whole of Navelli plateau and close to the Campo Imperatore pastures. It was devastated by the violent 1703 Apennine earthquakes , after which the heavily damaged fortress was almost completely abandoned and much of the population moved to the underlying Calascio. Since then,

4845-402: The flock and, as he lets it out of the fenced barracks, counts: one, two, three, etc. up to ten, and after each ten he calls out: "desat" The leading of the sheep was preceded by magical procedures that were supposed to protect them from bad fate and from being enchanted. For this purpose, bonfires were lit and sheep were led through the fire. It began with the resurrection of the "holy fire" in

4930-675: The heartland of the Swedish transhumance region, the most commonly used term is bod or bua (the word is also used for small storage houses and the like; it has evolved in English as booth ); in modern Standard Swedish , fäbod . The oldest mention of seter in Norway is in Heimskringla , the saga of Olaf II of Norway 's travel through Valldal to Lesja . In the heavily forested Caucasus and Pontic mountain ranges, various peoples still practice transhumance to varying degrees. During

5015-901: The highest transhumant population in the world and accounts for nearly 98% of the transhumant population in Jammu and Kashmir. The Bhotiya communities of Uttarakhand historically practiced transhumance. They would spend the winter months at low altitude settlements in the Himalayan foothills, gathering resources to trade in Tibet over the summer. In the summer, they would move up to high-altitude settlements along various river valleys. Traditionally involved in wool cleaning, spinning, and weaving items like shawls and carpets, these villagers now rely on transhumant herders for raw materials as they no longer keep livestock. Some people would remain at these settlements to cultivate farms; some would head to trade marts, crossing high mountain passes into western Tibet, while some others would practice nomadic pastoralism. This historic way of life came to an abrupt halt due to

5100-400: The hoof ", sometimes several hundred kilometers. It was carried out by shepherds . The earliest written evidence about shepherds and their dogs dates back to the 14th century. Thousands of cattle were moved along the roads of Europe and Great Britain , and later sheep, goats, pigs and even geese and turkeys. The journey from pasture to market, slaughterhouse, or buyer could take anywhere from

5185-514: The journey, for sales of produce created during the journey. Until provincial banking developed, a drover returning to base would be carrying substantial sums of money. Being in a position of great trust, the drover might carry to the market town money to be banked and important letters and take with them people not familiar with the road. Drovers might take the stock no more than a part of their journey because some stock might be sold at intervening markets to other drovers. The new drovers would finish

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5270-460: The journey. On March 26, 1883, two Scottish/Australian families, the MacDonalds and the McKenzies, began a huge cattle drive from Clifford's Creek near Goulburn, New South Wales to the Kimberley, where they established "Fossil Downs" station. The journey of over 6,000 km lasted more than three years and involved Charles ('Charlie') MacDonald (1851–1903) and William Neil ('Willie') MacDonald (1860–1910), sons of Donald MacDonald from Broadford on

5355-407: The kolyba (shepherd's hut). Custom dictated that from that day on, it was to be kept burning continuously by the main shepherd – the shepherd. Next, the sheep were led around a small chevron or spruce tree stuck in the ground – the so-called mojka (which was supposed to symbolize the health and strength of everyone present in the hall) and they were fumigated with burning herbs and a połazzka brought to

5440-403: The landscape still clearly shows the layout of the rundale system of agriculture. The livestock, usually cattle, was moved from a permanent lowland village to summer pastures in the mountains. The appearance of "Summerhill" ( Irish : Cnoc an tSamhraidh ) in many place names also bears witness to the practice. This transfer alleviated pressure on the growing crops and provided fresh pasture for

5525-516: The latter developed more than the fortress. [REDACTED] Media related to Calascio at Wikimedia Commons This Abruzzo location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Transhumance Transhumance is a type of pastoralism or nomadism, a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures. In montane regions ( vertical transhumance ), it implies movement between higher pastures in summer and lower valleys in winter. Herders have

5610-401: The livestock. Mentioned in the Brehon Laws , booleying dates back to the Early Medieval period or even earlier. The practice was widespread in the west of Ireland up until the time of the Second World War. Seasonal migration of workers to Scotland and England for the winter months superseded this ancient system, together with more permanent emigration to the United States. In Southern Italy,

5695-459: The markets in Bellinzona and Lugano and into Lombardy in northern Italy. The drives had ended by 1700 when sedentary dairy farming proved more profitable. In the eighteenth century, up to 80,000 cattle were driven South from Scotland each year. From 1850, cattle trains were established from Aberdeen to London. Cattle drives involved cowboys on horseback moving herds of cattle long distances to market. Cattle drives were at one time

5780-442: The mid-sixteenth century, to be approved and licensed by the district court or quarter sessions there proving they were of good character, married, householders and over 30 years of age. Considerable expertise meant that flocks averaging 1,500 to 2,000 head of sheep travelled 20 to 25 days from Wales to London yet lost less than four per cent of their body weight. Obliged to trek much further than from Wales, Scottish drovers would buy

5865-414: The mountains and returned to lower plains in the winter. When the area was part of the Austro-Hungary and Ottoman Empires , borders between Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia were relatively unobstructed. In summer, some groups went as far north as the Balkan Mountains , and they would spend the winter on warmer plains in the vicinity of the Aegean Sea . The Morlach or Karavlachs were

5950-502: The organisers was the Transhumant Pastoral Foundation. In most parts of Wales , farm workers and sometimes the farmer would spend the summer months at a hillside summer house, or hafod ( pronounced [ˈhavɔd] ), where the livestock would graze. During the late autumn the farm family and workers would drive the flocks down to the valleys and stay at the main house or hendref ( [ˈhɛndrɛv] ). This system of transhumance has generally not been practised for almost

6035-400: The pastoral culture in Poland, Redyk was perceived as the greatest village festival. Farmers who gave their sheep to a shepherd for the entire season, before grazing in the pastures, listed them (most often by marking them with notches on the shepherd's stick, stick or beam), marked them and placed them in a basket made of tynin. In the Memoir of the Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this

6120-433: The practice of driving herds to hilly pasture in summer was also known in some parts of the regions l and has had a long-documented history until the 1950s and 1960s with the advent of alternative road transport. Drovers' roads , or tratturi , up to 100 metres (328 ft) wide and more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, permitted the passage and grazing of herds, principally sheep, and attracted regulation by law and

6205-494: The relatively short summer, wind from the Black Sea brings moist air up the steep valleys, which supports fertile grasslands at altitudes up to 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), and a rich tundra at altitudes up to 3,500 metres (11,483 ft). Traditionally, villages were divided into two, three or even four distinct settlements (one for each season) at different heights of a mountain slope. Much of this rural life came to an end during

6290-475: The sałasz. This was intended to cleanse them of diseases and prevent misfortune. Then the flock was herded around it three times, which was intended to concentrate the sheep into one group and prevent individual animals from escaping. Baca's task was to pull the sheep behind him, helping himself with salt which he sprinkled on the flock. With the help of dogs and whistles, the Juhasi encouraged the herd and made sure that

6375-522: The seasons, between their permanent homes in the valley and one in the foothills. The Qashqai (Kashkai) are a Turkic tribe of southern Iran, who in the mid-20th century still practised transhumance. The tribe was said to have settled in ancient times in the province of Fars , near the Persian Gulf , and by the mid-20th century lived beyond the Makran mountains. In their yearly migrations for fresh pastures,

6460-513: The sheep followed the shepherd. Sheep that fell outside the circle boded ill. It was believed that the number of sheep that fell outside the circle would die in the coming season. The stay in the pasture (hala) begins on St. Wojciech's Day (April 23), and ends on Michaelmas Day (September 29). This method of sheep grazing is a relic of transhumant agriculture, which was once very common in the Carpathians. (Carpathian transhumance agriculture). In

6545-793: The south-west, through to the north of England. In the Lake District, hill sheep breeds, such as the Herdwick and Swaledale are moved between moor and valley in summer and winter. This led to a trait and system known as "hefting", whereby sheep and flock remain in the farmer's allotted area (heaf) of the commons, which is still practised. In Ireland, transhumance is known as "booleying". Transhumance pastures were known as buaile , variously anglicised as booley , boley , bouley or boola . These names survive in many place names such as Buaile h'Anraoi in Kilcommon parish, Erris , North Mayo , where

6630-508: The swinszczok, the masztołka. Redyk included many local practices, rituals and celebrations. In modern time it is mainly a part of local traditional entertainment. The modern spring and autumn Redyk (sheep drive) has the character of a folkloric spectacle addressed to locals and tourists, but also to the highlanders themselves, who to identify with their traditions. Sometimes common redyk was organised also in Czechia, Slovakia and Romania. In Poland,

6715-624: The women. In the autumn after the grain and fruit harvest, livestock are brought back to spend the winter stall-fed in stables. Jammu and Kashmir in India has the world's highest transhumant population as per a survey conducted by a team led by Dr Shahid Iqbal Choudhary, IAS, Secretary to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Tribal Affairs Department. The 1st Survey of Transhumance in 2021 captured details of 6,12,000 members of ethnic tribal communities viz Gujjars , Bakkerwals, Gaddis and Sippis. The survey

6800-501: The word uozchod (ôzchod), which means the separation of sheep from individual gazdōwek (farms). In this word, there may have been a complete loss of the pronunciation of ch, which in the Podhale dialect (Poland) in this type of positions is pronounced as a barely audible h (so-called sonorous h), similarly to the word schować, which in the highlander language is pronounced as sowa. In the Memoir of

6885-476: Was carried out for development and welfare planning for these communities notified as Scheduled tribes under the Constitution of India . Subsequent to the survey a number of flagship initiatives were launched by the Government for their welfare and development especially in sectors like healthcare, veterinary services, education, livelihood and transportation support for migration. Transhumance in Jammu and Kashmir

6970-526: Was common throughout most of Norway, due to its highly mountainous nature and limited areas of lowland for cultivation. The Gudbrandsdal area includes lateral valleys such as Gausdal , Heidal , Vinstra , and Ottadalen . This area comprises lowland parishes 200 m above sea-level and mountain parishes 800 m above sea-level, fertile soil in the main valley and barren summits in Rondane and Dovrefjell. Forests surround those farms, but higher up, woods give way to

7055-702: Was founded midway between North Wales and London in Newent , Gloucestershire in 1253. In an Ordinance for the cleansing of Smythfelde dated 1372 it was agreed by the "dealers and drovers" to pay a charge per head of horse, ox, cow, sheep or swine. Henry V brought about a lasting boom in droving in the early fifteenth century when he ordered as many cattle as possible be sent to the Cinque Ports to provision his armies in France . An act passed by Edward VI to safeguard his subject's herds and money required drovers, from

7140-528: Was reached. Stock losses were replaced, only to be reduced again by the continued drought. Despite a grueling journey through crocodile- and mosquito-infested territory in the top end with frequent Aboriginal attacks, the cattle eventually arrived at the junction of the Margaret and Fitzroy Rivers in July 1886 and "Fossil Downs" station was established. It is the longest cattle drive in history. The Tibbett brothers drove

7225-466: Was shooting, honking and shouting all the way. This was intended to drive away evil spirits from their animals and to keep the entire herd together. At the end of the ceremony, there was music and dancing together. The musicians played traditional instruments: gajdas and violins. To the accompaniment of music, the Sałashniks performed the oldest individual dance – the owiedziok, the owczarza, the kolomajka,

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