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22-523: Carrara ( / k ə ˈ r ɑːr ə / kə- RAR -ə ; Italian: [kaˈraːɾa] ; Emilian : Carara , Emilian: [kaˈɾaːɾa] ) is a town and comune in Tuscany , in central Italy, of the province of Massa and Carrara , and notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some 100 kilometres (62 mi) west-northwest of Florence . Its motto

44-427: A high dialectal fragmentation, to the point the existence of an Emilian koiné has been questioned. Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects: Other definitions include the following: There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script. Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among

66-460: A military tribunal condemned the anarchist Luigi Molinari to 23 years imprisonment as the instigator of the insurrection. A protest movement was mounted and Molinari was amnestied on September 20, 1895. Later that year in June 1894 an Italian anarchist killed French President Carnot and an anarchist attack on Prime Minister Crispi on June 16, 1894, increased the fear of anarchism. In this climate, Crispi

88-609: A single municipality, called Apuania . In 1945 the previous situation was restored. Carrara is the birthplace of the International Federation of Anarchists (IFA), formed in 1968. As a titular Duke of Modena , the current holder of the title of "Prince of Carrara" would be Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este . Carrara marble has been used since the time of Ancient Rome . The Pantheon and Trajan's Column in Rome are constructed of it, and many sculptures of

110-465: Is Latin : " Fortitudo mea in rota " ("My strength is in the wheel"), a reference firstly to the marble shipping industry from Roman times onwards. The word Carrara likely comes from the pre-Roman ( Celtic or Ligurian ) element kar (stone), through Latin carrariae meaning 'quarries'. There were known settlements in the area as early as the ninth century BC, when the Apuan Ligures lived in

132-501: Is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical region of Emilia , which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna , Northern Italy . Emilian has a default word order of subject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction , which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from

154-498: The Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century. Under the last Malaspina, Maria Teresa , who had married Ercole III d'Este , it became part of the Duchy of Modena . After the short Napoleonic rule of Elisa Bonaparte , it was given back to Modena. During the unification of Italy age, Carrara was the seat of a popular revolt led by Domenico Cucchiari , and was a center of Giuseppe Mazzini 's revolutionary activity. At

176-764: The Italian ( Tuscan ) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics . Emilian is an unstandardized Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. Besides Emilian, the Gallo-Italic family includes Romagnol , Piedmontese , Ligurian and Lombard , all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian. The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities, divided in many local administrations (as signorie then duchies, with reciprocal exchanges of land), has caused

198-757: The Renaissance were carved from it. Fortitude Mea in Rota “My strength in the wheel”. The wheel of the carriage made to transport marble blocks from quarry to load out during Roman Empire and after, is the symbol of Carrara. According to the Grand Orient of Italy , the coat of arms of Carrara contains the Comacina wheel , symbol of the ancient master stonemasons of Como. Carrara is twinned with: Emilian language Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân ; Bolognese : emigliàn ; Italian : emiliano )

220-528: The city was given in succession to the Republics of Pisa , Lucca and Florence . Later it was acquired by Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan . After the death of Filippo Maria Visconti of Milan in 1447, Carrara was fought over by Tommaso Campofregoso , lord of Sarzana , and again the Malaspina family, who moved here the seat of their signoria in the second half of the 15th century. Carrara and Massa formed

242-462: The crowd, shooting from both sides ensued and one guard was killed while another badly injured. Several demonstrators were also injured and one killed. Police barracks and headquarters were attacked and protestors made off with weapons. A tax office in Carrara was set on fire and the main road to the neighbouring town of Massa was barricaded with huge marble blocks. Large bands of workers tried to march into

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264-516: The dialects. The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II . Lunigiana revolt According to a New York Times article of 1894, workers in the marble quarries were among the most neglected labourers in Italy. Many of them were ex-convicts or fugitives from justice. The work at

286-582: The end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of anarchism in Italy , in particular among the quarry workers. The quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese. Anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a New York Times article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded

308-444: The ever-increasing taxes on the prices of basic commodities, such as bread, and for land reform . On January 3, 1894, Prime minister Francesco Crispi had declared a state of siege throughout Sicily. Army reservists were recalled and General Roberto Morra di Lavriano was dispatched with 40,000 troops. The old order was restored through the use of extreme force, including summary executions . As two Carabinieri tried to disperse

330-520: The first anarchist group in Italy. The district in which the quarries are situated was consequently the original hotbed of anarchism in Italy. In Carrara, the anarchist Galileo Palla remarked, "even the stones are anarchists." The revolt started when on January 13, 1894, with a demonstration against the government crackdown of the Fasci Siciliani a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891–1894 on Sicily, who had risen up against

352-534: The first anarchist group in Italy. Carrara has remained a continuous 'hotbed' of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the driving force behind organising labour in the quarries and in the carving sheds. They were also the main protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were merged in

374-475: The mountains and gathered around the military barracks where hundreds of prisoners had already been detained. Troops were then ordered to amass and, as soon as the crowd came near enough, they fired. Eleven deaths resulted, as well as numerous other casualties. (Other sources mention 8 people killed and 13 wounded). Armed bands dispersed into the mountains pursued by troops. Hundreds of insurgents were arrested and tried by military tribunals. On January 31, 1894,

396-445: The quarries was so tough that almost any aspirant worker with sufficient muscle and endurance was employed, regardless of their background. The quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. Many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded

418-507: The region. The current town originated from the borough built to house workers in the marble quarries created by the Romans after their conquest of Liguria in the early second century BC. Carrara has been linked with the process of quarrying and carving marble since the Roman Age. Marble was exported from the nearby harbour of Luni at the mouth of the river Magra . In the early Middle Ages it

440-503: The town of Carrara on January 14 and into Massa on January 16, but were stopped by the military. By the following morning the city of Carrara was surrounded by soldiers under the command of General Nicola Heusch. A state of siege had been proclaimed by the Crispi government on January 16, 1894. Among those threatened with arrest were many quarry workers, who responded by declaring a general strike. Instead of going to work, they came down from

462-512: Was a Byzantine and then Lombard possession, and then, it was under the Bishops of Luni who started to write the city's history when the Emperor Otto I gave it to them. It turned itself into a city-state in the early 13th century; during the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines , Carrara usually belonged to the latter party. The Bishops acquired it again in 1230, their rule ending in 1313, when

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484-461: Was able to introduce a series of anti-anarchist laws in July 1894, which were also used against socialists. Heavy penalties were announced for "incitement to class hatred" and police received extended powers of preventive arrest and deportation. Some observers assert that the revolt was organized by the anarchist movement with a well defined plan, while others claim that the insurrectionary outcome exceeded

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