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101-646: During the reign of the Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657, who was in search of free land for the nobility class and the settlers from the Right-Bank of Ukraine. A search headed by the Cossack Omelyan Karuka found the eventual site and deemed it fit for a small settlement due to the thick protection of the surrounding forests. The city later suffered heavy losses during the Second World War and

202-565: A commander, called elder ( starszy ) or commissar. From now on, the elder was to be nominated by the Sejm, from the Grand Hetman's recommendation. The Grand Hetman also got the right to appoint all officers. Commissars, colonels and osauls had to be a noblemen, while sotniks and atamans had to be Cossacks, who were "distinguished in a service for Us and the Commonwealth". Khmelnytsky became one of

303-462: A confrontation with local magnates. In the beginning of 1647, Daniel Czapliński started to harass Khmelnytsky in order to force him off the land. On two occasions the magnate had Subotiv raided: considerable property damage was done and Khmelnytsky's son Yuriy was badly beaten. Finally, in April 1647, Czapliński succeeded in evicting Khmelnytsky from the land, and he was forced to move with his large family to

404-589: A distinct identity within the body of the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta , leading to the Latin expression gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus or gente Rutheni, natione Poloni (translated as "of Polish nationality, but Ruthenian origin", "of Ruthenia race and Polish nation", or in various similar veins), although the extent to which they retained and maintained this separate identity is still debated by scholars, and varied based on time and place. Eventually, following

505-687: A large role in the Tsardom of Russia, and then the Russian Empire. Families like Razumovsky and Bezborodko became one of the wealthiest families of the Empire. By the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the Hetmanate state despite the Pereyaslav Treaty was abolished by Catherine II . Some Cossacks were forced to move to the region of Kuban, where they formed Kuban Cossacks , while most of

606-579: A large role in the history of both Ukraine and Russia. By the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, they became part of Russian nobility . Ever since the end of the 16th-century Ruthenian nobility moved to Russia because in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth they were suppressed by the Catholic Polish szlachta and were unable because of that reach high social and political status. After Khmelnytsky Uprising and Pereyaslav Treaty

707-648: A national hero. A city and a region of the country bear his name. His image is prominently displayed on Ukrainian banknotes and his monument in the centre of Kyiv is a focal point of the Ukrainian capital. There have also been several issues of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky – one of the highest decorations in Ukraine and in the former Soviet Union. However, with all this positive appreciation of his legacy, even in Ukraine it

808-517: A new invasion of Ukraine. Though already ill, Khmelnytsky continued to conduct diplomatic activity, at one point even receiving the tsar's envoys from his bed. On 22 July, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and became paralysed after his audience with the Kiev Colonel Zhdanovich. His expedition to Halychyna had failed because of mutiny within his army. Less than a week later, Bohdan Khmelnytsky died at 5 a.m. on 27 July 1657. His funeral

909-569: A positive attitude to Khmelnytsky. Khmelnytsky's role in the history of the Polish State has been viewed mostly in a negative light. The rebellion of 1648 proved to be the end of the Golden Age of the Commonwealth and the beginning of its demise. Although it survived the rebellion and the following war, within less than two hundred years it was divided amongst Russia , Prussia , and Austria in

1010-475: A prisoner of an Ottoman Kapudan Pasha (presumably Parlak Mustafa Pasha ). Other sources claim that he spent his slavery in Ottoman Navy on galleys as an oarsman , where he picked up a knowledge of Turkic languages . While there is no concrete evidence as to his return to Ukraine, most historians believe Khmelnytsky either escaped or was ransomed. Sources vary as to his benefactor – his mother, friends,

1111-473: A relative's house in Chyhyryn. In May 1647, Khmelnytsky arranged a second audience with the king to plead his case but found him unwilling to confront a powerful magnate. In addition to losing the estate, Khmelnytsky suffered the loss of his wife Hanna, and he was left alone with their children. He promptly remarried, to Motrona ( Helena Czaplińska ), by that time wife of Daniel Czapliński, the so-called " Helen of

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1212-510: A tributary of the Snov . The local climate is moderate, with adequate moisture. The average annual rainfall is 614 mm, including the warm period - 439 mm. The average annual temperature - 6,1C. The absolute maximum temperature is 37C, but at least – 35C. Modern Koriukivka is one of the most promising cities within Chernihiv Oblast. There are a number of companies, the largest two of which

1313-604: Is a site of the World War II massacre . Koriukivka was almost totally burned, the population that lived there was exterminated, with the Germans and Hungarians killing around 6,700 people and burning 1,290 homes. The destruction of Koriukivka together with its inhabitants is the largest single "reprisal raid" war crime of the Nazi occupation during World War II. The city rests on the Brech river,

1414-781: Is called "Maiak" and there is a small radio-station that operates district-wide. Koriukivka city is the center of the Koryukovka district within the Chernihiv region, located 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Chernhiv city, the regional center to the north of the territory. The city is also located at the intersection of highways of regional and local importance , in which there are bus connections to Chernhiv and neighboring district centers Snovsk , Mena, and Semenivka, and to other nearby places. The Koryukovka area has five public roads of local significance, all of which are paved (Т-25-12, Т-25-19, Т-25-32, Т-25-34 and Т-25-36). The city planning structure

1515-574: Is complicated with what is locally called a "multibeam-form" with similar districts spread around the various connecting roads. The area is built up unevenly, with most of the density in the city center where many service centers, schools, administrative, cultural, educational and medical facilities are located. In the apartment buildings near the center, additional service institutions, preschools, schools, and shopping centers have been developed. Infrastructure development within Koriukivka has been uneven. In

1616-462: Is far from being unanimous. He is criticised for his union with Russia, which in the view of some, proved to be disastrous for the future of the country. Prominent Ukrainian poet, Taras Shevchenko , was one of Khmelnytsky's very vocal and harsh critics. Others criticize him for his alliance with the Crimean Tatars, which permitted the latter to take a large number of Ukrainian peasants as slaves, as

1717-544: Is likely 27 December 1595 Julian ( St. Theodore 's day). As was the custom in the Orthodox Church , he was baptized with one of his middle names, Theodore , translated into Ukrainian as Bohdan . A biography of Khmelnytsky by Smoliy and Stepankov, however, suggests that it is more likely he was born on 9 November (feast day of St Zenoby, 30 October in Julian calendar ) and was baptized on 11 November (feast day of St. Theodore in

1818-1184: Is not trace of it even in correspondence of count de Brègy. Although it is true that he was conducting a recruitment of soldiers in Poland for French army in years 1646–1648. In fact he succeeded and about 3000 of them travelled via Gdańsk to Flanders and took part in fights around Dunkirk. French sources describes them as infanterie tout Poulonnois qu'Allemand . They were commanded by colonels Krzysztof Przyjemski, Andrzej Przyjemski and Georges Cabray. Second recruitment that shipped off in 1647 were commanded by Jan Pleitner, Dutch military engineer in service of Władysław IV and Jan Denhoff, colonel of Royal Guard. 17th century French historian Jean-François Sarasіn in his Histoire de siège de Dunkerque when describing participation of Polish mercenaries in fights over Dunkirk, notes that they were commanded by some "Sirot". Some historians identify him as Ivan Sirko , Cossack Otaman . Claims that Khmelnytsky and Cossacks were actually in France are supported by some Ukrainian historians, while other and most Polish scholarship finds it unlikely. Upon

1919-489: Is the corporation "Koriukivka factory of Technical Papers" (built on the sugar-refinery site burned during World War II) and the state enterprise "Koriukivka Forestry" production. The city also has many successful and developing small businesses. With a registered list of small businesses, 73 entrepreneurial activities involving 639 individuals. The city has 100 commercial enterprises, of which 26 are Consumer Cooperatives. Many investors find Koriukivka an attractive site due to

2020-660: The Polish or Polonized nobility , even peasants from central Poland moved to the East. Until the 16th century the Ruthenian language was used by most of the szlachta of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, including the Grand Dukes and including the region of Samogitia, both in formal affairs and in private. By the end of the 16th century under a number of circumstances like Union of Brest , following

2121-572: The Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century the Belarusian gentry was predominantly Roman Catholic while the rest of the population was mainly Eastern Catholic with a small Eastern Orthodox minority living in the east of modern Belarus. Still, there was also Eastern Orthodox szlachta in the surroundings of Pinsk , Davyd-Haradok , Slutsk and Mahiliou as well as calvinist szlachta. Belarusian aristocrats had their family symbols already in

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2222-597: The Treaty of Bila Tserkva , which favoured the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Warfare broke open again and, in the years that followed, the two sides were almost perpetually at war. Now, the Crimean Tatars played a decisive role and did not allow either side to prevail. It was in their interests to keep both Ukraine and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from getting too strong and becoming an effective power in

2323-621: The Union of Lublin in 1569, most of the territories of Ruthenia became part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The transfer of Ruthenian lands from the Grand Duchy to Poland occurred with the strong support of the Ruthenian nobility, who were attracted to the Polish culture and desired the privileges of the Polish nobility . Thus the Ruthenian nobility gravitated from

2424-631: The Zaporozhian Sich with a group of his supporters. While the Czapliński Affair is generally regarded as the immediate cause of the uprising, it was primarily a catalyst for actions representing rising popular discontent. Religion, ethnicity, and economics factored into this discontent. While the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth remained a union of nations, a sizable population of Orthodox Ruthenians were ignored. Oppressed by

2525-550: The partitions of Poland . Many Poles blamed Khmelnytsky for the decline of the Commonwealth. Khmelnytsky has been a subject to several works of fiction in the 19th century Polish literature, but the most notable treatment of him in Polish literature is found in Henryk Sienkiewicz 's With Fire and Sword . The rather critical portrayal of him by Sienkiewicz has been moderated in the 1999 movie adaptation by Jerzy Hoffman . The official Russian historiography stressed

2626-610: The 1930s, 300,000 members of the common nobles - szlachta zagrodowa - inhabited the subcarpathian region of the Second Polish Republic out of 800,000 in the whole country. 90% of them were Ukrainian-speaking and 80% were Ukrainian Greek Catholics . In other parts of Ukraine with a significant szlachta population, such as the Bar or the Ovruch regions , the situation was similar despite Russification and earlier Polonization. Some of

2727-498: The 19th century polonization of the szlachta on one hand and russification and violent introduction of Russian Orthodoxy to the peasantry, on the other hand, led to a situation where the social barrier between aristocracy and peasantry on Belarusian lands became in many aspects an ethnic barrier. In the 19th century, local intellectuals of peasant origin and some szlachta people like Francišak Bahuševič and Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich contributed to Belarusian nationalism . At

2828-691: The Catholic Church). In the work of Paul of Aleppo , "the Travels of Macarius: Patriarch of Antioch", Khmelnytsky is called as the Khatman Zenobius Akhmil. Khmelnytsky was probably born in the village of Subotiv , near Chyhyryn in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland at the estate of his father Mykhailo Khmelnytsky . He was born into Ukrainian lesser nobility. His father was a courtier of Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski , but later joined

2929-646: The Commonwealth increasingly war-torn but also increasingly hostile and successful against the Swedes, the ruler of Transylvania , George II Rákóczi , also joined in. Charles X of Sweden had solicited his help because of the massive Polish popular opposition and resistance against the Swedes. Under blows from all sides, the Commonwealth barely survived. Russia attacked Sweden in July 1656, while its forces were deeply involved in Poland. That war ended in status quo two years later, but it complicated matters for Khmelnytsky, as his ally

3030-505: The Cossack army moved to battle positions following his plans, Cossacks were proactive and decisive in their manoeuvrers and attacks, and most importantly, he gained the support of both large contingents of registered Cossacks and the Crimean Khan , his crucial ally for the many battles to come. The Patriarch of Jerusalem Paiseus, who was visiting Kiev at this time, referred to Khmelnytsky as

3131-506: The Cossacks as a military caste did not protect the kholopy , the lowest stratum of the Ukrainian people. Folk songs capture this. On the balance, the view of his legacy in present-day Ukraine is more positive than negative, with some critics acknowledging that the union with Russia was dictated by necessity and an attempt to survive in those difficult times. In a 2018 Ukraine's Rating Sociological Group poll, 73% of Ukrainian respondents had

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3232-590: The Cossacks stayed. Most of those who were of nobility descent reached needed rank of Table of Ranks or was nobilitised by Russian Emperors became part of Russian Dvoryanstvo . Those who were unable to confirm at the moment were allowed to do it later. After the partitions of Poland, the Ruthenian nobility from Ukrainian and other lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were also incorporated into dvoryanstvo. Similarly Ruthenian nobility had been incorporated in Polish nobility, high nobility of Ruthenian and Cossack descent more and more associated themselves with

3333-596: The Cossacks. As early as 1619, he was sent together with his father to Moldavia , when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth entered into war against the Ottoman Empire . During the battle of Cecora (Țuțora) on 17 September 1620, his father was killed, and young Khmelnytsky, among many others including future hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski , was captured by the Turks. He spent the next two years in captivity in Constantinople as

3434-574: The Imperial Russian theory of re-unification while adding the class struggle dimension to the story. Khmelnytsky was praised not only for re-unifying Ukraine with Russia, but also for organizing the class struggle of oppressed Ukrainian peasants against Polish exploiters. The assessment of Khmelnytsky in Jewish history is overwhelmingly negative because he used Jews as scapegoats and sought to eradicate Jews from Ukraine. The Khmelnytsky Uprising led to

3535-481: The Lithuanian noble tradition towards the Polish noble one, described by Stone as a change from "wealth without legal rights" to "defined individual and corporate rights". The Lithuanian, Polish and Ruthenian nobility gradually became more and more unified, particularly with regards to their standing as a socio-political class . By the 19th and 20th centuries, the Ruthenian aristocracy became so heavily Polonized, that

3636-641: The Polish king – but perhaps by Krzysztof Zbaraski , ambassador of the Commonwealth to the Ottomans. In 1622 he paid 30,000 thalers in ransom for all prisoners of war captured at the Battle of Cecora. Upon return to Subotiv, Khmelnytsky took over operating his father's estate and became a registered Cossack in the Chyhyryn Regiment . He most likely did not take part in any of the Cossack uprisings that broke out in Ukraine at that time. His loyal service achieved him

3737-665: The Polish magnates, they took their wrath out on Poles, as well as the Jews, who often managed the estates of Polish nobles. The advent of the Counter-Reformation worsened relations between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Many Orthodox Ukrainians considered the Union of Brest as a threat to their Orthodox faith. At the end of 1647 Khmelnytsky reached the estuary of the Dnieper river. On 7 December, his small detachment (300–500 men), with

3838-417: The Polish woe all of the Ruthenian people! Before I was fighting for the insults and injustice caused to me, now I will fight for our Orthodox faith. And all people will help me in that all the way to Lublin and Krakow, and I won't back off from the people as they are our right hand. And for the purpose lest you won't attack cossacks by conquering peasants, I will have two, three hundred thousands of them. After

3939-570: The Prince of Rus. In February 1649, during negotiations in Pereiaslav with a Polish delegation headed by Senator Adam Kysil , Khmelnytsky declared that he was "the sole autocrat of Rus" and that he had "enough power in Ukraine, Podilia , and Volhynia ... in his land and principality stretching as far as Lviv, Kholm (modern Chełm ), and Halych ." I already did more than was thinking before, now I will obtain what I revised recently. I will liberate out of

4040-628: The Rada demanded that the Commonwealth restore the Cossacks' ancient rights, stop the advance of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , yield the right to appoint Orthodox leaders of the Sich and of the Registered Cossack regiments, and to remove Commonwealth troops from Ukraine. The Polish magnates considered the demands an affront, and an army headed by Stefan Potocki moved in the direction of

4141-588: The Russian Tsar and allied the Cossack Hetmanate with Tsardom of Russia , thus placing central Ukraine under Russian protection. During the uprising the Cossacks led a massacre of thousands of Poles and Jews during 1648–1649, making it one of the most traumatic events in the history of the Jews and antisemitism in Ukraine . Although there is no definite proof of the date of Khmelnytsky's birth, Ukrainian-born historian Mykhailo Maksymovych suggests that it

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4242-633: The Russian nation, rather than Rusyn (Ruthenian, Cossack, Ukrainian) nation. Because most of the education was primarily taught in Russian and French, and soon Ruthenian nobility started speaking Russian instead of the Rusyn language. Through intermarriages and service, the Ruthenian nobility became a large donor for Russian nation. People like Peter Tchaikovsky , Nikolai Gogol , Fedor Dostoyevsky , Ivan Paskevich , Mykhaylo Ostrohradsky were great contributors of All-Russian cultural, scientific and political life. In

4343-630: The Sejm earlier this year, when deputies accepted the project presented by the grand Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski. Cossacks were forced to accept harsh new terms at the next council in Masłowy Staw, at the Ros river . According to one of the articles of the Ordynacya Woyska Zaporowskiego ("Ordinance of the Zaporozhian Army") registered Cossacks lost the right to elect their own officers and

4444-643: The Sich. Had the Cossacks stayed at Khortytsia, they might have been defeated, as in many other rebellions. However, Khmelnytsky marched against the Poles. The two armies met on 16 May 1648 at Zhovti Vody , where, aided by the Tatars of Tugay Bey , the Cossacks inflicted their first crushing defeat on the Commonwealth. It was repeated soon afterwards, with the same success, at the Battle of Korsuń on 26 May 1648. Khmelnytsky used his diplomatic and military skills: under his leadership,

4545-404: The Tsar's army, took revenge on Polish possessions in Belarus , and in the spring of 1654, the Cossacks drove the Poles from much of the country. Sweden entered the mêlée. Old adversaries of both Poland and Russia, they occupied a share of Lithuania before the Russians could get there. The occupation displeased Russia because the tsar sought to take over the Swedish Baltic provinces. In 1656, with

4646-452: The Union of Belarusian Noble People (Згуртаванне беларускай шляхты). There is, however, a split between the noble people identifying themselves rather with the Polish-Lithuanian szlachta and the Russian dvoryanstvo . Initially, the Ruthenian noble people were called Boyars ( Ukrainian : бояри , romanized :  boyary , Rusyn : бояре , romanized:  boyare , Belarusian : баяры , romanized :  bajary ). In

4747-414: The army with 2000 professional Russian Cossacks. Pyotr Kazakevich was a Regimental Commander for the Russian Empire before he joined the Belarusian National Army . After the October Revolution , the Belarusian nobility was severely hit by Bolshevist terror. Eastern Belorussia faced Soviet terror already since the early 1920s, while most noble people living in Western Belorussia were repressed only upon

4848-466: The autumn of 1647 Khmelnytsky travelled from one regiment to another, and had numerous consultations with Cossack leaders throughout Ukraine. His activity raised suspicion among the local Polish authorities already used to Cossack revolts; he was promptly arrested. Koniecpolski issued an order for his execution, but the Chyhyryn Cossack polkovnyk , who held Khmelnytsky, was persuaded to release him. Not willing to tempt fate any further, Khmelnytsky headed for

4949-406: The beginning of the 20th century, the Belarusian nobility has been primarily politically active in the Krajowcy political movement. Still, some of them, like Raman Skirmunt or Madeleine Radziwiłł , have been sympathetic to the Belarusian national movement and have supported the creation of an independent Belarusian Democratic Republic in 1918. Regimental Commander Pyotr Kazakevich later joined

5050-411: The book Chevalier doesn't mention either Cossacks or Khmelnytsky even once. In his other writing, Relation des Cosaques (avec la vie de Kmielniski, tirée d'un Manuscrit) , published the same year, which also contains a biography of Khmelnytsky, there is no mention about his or any other Cossacks stay in France or Flanders. Moreover, first Chevalier book is the only source that mention such an event, there

5151-461: The church and threatened to cancel the entire treaty. The Cossacks decided to rescind the demand and abide by the treaty. As a result of the 1654 Treaty of Pereiaslav , the geopolitical map of the region changed. Russia entered the scene, and the Cossacks' former allies, the Tatars, had switched sides and gone over to the Polish side, initiating warfare against Khmelnytsky and his forces. Tatar raids depopulated whole areas of Sich. Cossacks, aided by

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5252-444: The court of his son-in-law Jan Daniłowicz , who in 1597 became starosta of Korsuń and Chyhyryn and appointed Mykhailo as his deputy in Chyhyryn ( pidstarosta ). For his service, he was granted a strip of land near the town, where Mykhailo set up a khutor Subotiv. There has been controversy as to whether Bohdan and his father belonged to the Szlachta (Polish term for noblemen). Some sources state that in 1590 his father Mykhailo

5353-516: The death of magnate Stanisław Koniecpolski (March 1646) his successor, Aleksander , redrew the maps of his possessions. He laid claim to Khmelnytsky's estate, claiming it as his. Trying to find protection from this grab by the powerful magnate, Khmelnytsky wrote numerous appeals and letters to different representatives of the Polish crown but to no avail. At the end of 1645 the Chyhyryn starosta Daniel Czapliński officially received authority from Koniecpolski to seize Khmelnytsky's Subotiv estate. In

5454-435: The deaths of an estimated 18,000–100,000 Jews. Atrocity stories about massacre victims who had been buried alive, cut to pieces or forced to kill one another spread throughout Europe and beyond. The pogroms contributed to a revival of the ideas of Isaac Luria , who revered the Kabbalah , and the identification of Sabbatai Zevi as the Messiah. Orest Subtelny writes: Between 1648 and 1656, tens of thousands of Jews—given

5555-421: The dominant religion among the aristocracy. In the 16th century a large part of Belarusian nobility, both Catholic and Orthodox, converted to Calvinism and other Protestant churches following the example of the Radziwills. However, under the influence of counter-reformation in the late 16th century and early 17th century, most of them converted to Roman Catholicism. By the annexation of modern Belarusian lands by

5656-630: The downtown area and the two-story building area north of the center, most buildings are well equipped but in the western and eastern parts of the city many areas do not have complete water supply coverage. The city has a central district hospital with 220 beds, a pharmacy, two cultural centers with 800 seats, two libraries, a historical museum, and the "Avangard" stadium. Bohdan Khmelnytsky Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky ( Ruthenian : Ѕѣнові Богданъ Хмелнiцкiи; modern Ukrainian : Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький , Polish : Bohdan Chmielnicki ; 1595 – 6 August 1657)

5757-482: The eventual national resurgence of Belarus and Ukraine was mostly spurred by middle and lower classes of the nobility, that later was joined by the growing national consciousness of the new middle class, rather than of the former upper class of Ruthenian nobility. Despite Polonisation in Lithuania and Ruthenia in the 17th-18th centuries, a large part of the lower szlachta managed to retain their cultural identity in various ways. According to Polish estimates from

5858-409: The expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where it rose from second class status to equal partners of the Lithuanian nobility . Following the Polish–Lithuanian union of the 14th century, the Ruthenian nobles became increasingly Polonized, adopting the Polish language and religion (which increasingly meant converting from the Orthodox faith to Roman Catholicism ). Ruthenian nobility, however, retained

5959-484: The fact that Khmelnytsky entered into union with Moscow's Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with an expressed desire to "re-unify" Ukraine with Russia. This view corresponded with the official theory of Moscow as an heir of the Kievan Rus' , which appropriately gathered its former territories. Khmelnytsky was viewed as a national hero of Russia for bringing Ukraine into the "eternal union" of all the Russias – Great (Russia), Little (Ukraine) and White (Belarus) Russia. As such, he

6060-404: The forefront: Ivan Vyhovsky , Pavlo Teteria , Danylo Nechai and Ivan Nechai , Ivan Bohun , Hryhoriy Hulyanytsky . From Cossack polkovnyks, officers, and military commanders, a new elite within the Cossack Hetman state was born. Throughout the years, the elite preserved and maintained the autonomy of the Cossack Hetmanate in the face of Russia's attempt to curb it. It was also instrumental in

6161-531: The help of registered Cossacks who went over to his side, disarmed the small Polish detachment guarding the area and took over the Zaporozhian Sich. The Poles attempted to retake the Sich but were decisively defeated as more registered Cossacks joined the forces. At the end of January 1648, a Cossack Rada was called and Khmelnytsky was unanimously elected a hetman . A period of feverish activity followed. Cossacks were sent with hetman's letters to many regions of Ukraine calling on Cossacks and Orthodox peasants to join

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6262-407: The history of Ukraine. He not only shaped the future of Ukraine but affected the balance of power in Europe, as the weakening of Poland-Lithuania was exploited by Austria, Saxony, Prussia, and Russia. His actions and role in events were viewed differently by different contemporaries, and even now there are greatly differing perspectives on his legacy. In Ukraine, Khmelnytsky is generally regarded as

6363-440: The idea of a union with the Muslim monarch was not acceptable to the general populace and most Cossacks. The other possible ally was the Tsardom of Russia . However, despite appeals for help from Khmelnytsky in the name of the shared Orthodox faith, the tsar preferred to wait, until the threat of a Cossack-Ottoman union in 1653 finally forced him to action. The idea that the tsar might be favourable to taking Ukraine under his hand

6464-401: The intentions of the tsar and Khmelnytsky in signing this agreement. The treaty legitimized Russian claims to the capital of Kievan Rus' and strengthened the tsar's influence in the region. Khmelnytsky needed the treaty to gain a legitimate monarch's protection and support from a friendly Orthodox power. Historians have differed in their reading of Khmelnytsky's goal with the union: whether it

6565-495: The lack of reliable data, it is impossible to establish more accurate figures—were killed by the rebels, and to this day the Khmelnytsky uprising is considered by Jews to be one of the most traumatic events in their history. Bohdan Khmelnytsky Ruthenian nobility The Ruthenian nobility ( Ukrainian : Руська шляхта , romanized :  Ruska shlyakhta ; Belarusian : Руская шляхта , romanized :  Ruskaja šlachta ; Polish : szlachta ruska ) originated in

6666-571: The last time, Potocki decided not to punish the rebel Cossacks, but forced all of them to swear loyalty to the king and the state and swear not to seek revenge against each other. The Hetman also agreed to their request to send emissaries to the king to seek royal grace and preserve Cossack rights. They were elected on a council on 9 September 1638 in Kiev. Bohdan Khmelnytsky was one of them; the other three were Iwan Bojaryn, colonel of Kaniów, Roman Połowiec and Jan Wołczenko. The emissaries didn't achieve much, mostly because all decisions were already made by

6767-421: The late 18th and 19th centuries, Belarusian szlachta were active participants of anti-Russian uprisings on the territory of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Tadeusz Kościuszko (Tadevush Kastsyushka), a nobleman from what is now Belarus, was the leader of the Kościuszko Uprising in 1793. Kastus Kalinouski was the leader of January Uprising on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By

6868-502: The major Ruthenian noble families (all of which became polonized to a significant extent) included the Czartoryski , Sanguszko , Sapieha , Wiśniowiecki , Zasławski , Zbaraski and the Ostrogski family . The Ruthenian nobility were usually of Eastern Slavic origin from incorporated lands of principalities of the former Kievan Rus' and Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland , which mostly comprise today's Ukraine and Belarus . Much of

6969-493: The negotiations. Khmelnytsky wrote an irate letter to the tsar accusing him of breaking the Pereiaslav agreement. He compared the Swedes to the tsar and said that the former were more honourable and trustworthy than the Russians. In Poland, the Cossack army and Transylvanian allies suffered a number of setbacks. As a result, Khmelnytsky had to deal with a Cossack rebellion on the home front. Troubling news also came from Crimea, as Tatars, in alliance with Poland, were preparing for

7070-570: The nobility stayed politically loyal to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and defended it autonomy in disputes with the Polish crown within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the Pereyaslav Council, the rule of Cossack Hetmanate was established in Left-bank Ukraine. The ruling class in the state became Cossacks. Despite the fact that a large number Cossacks didn't have official (granted or confirmed by King and Sejm ) noble background, they tended to identify themselves as szlachta and considered those Cossacks who did, as equal. This could be seen in

7171-454: The non-Polish ethnic groups , especially the Ruthenians and Lithuanians , found themselves under the strong influence of Polish culture and language . The Polish influence in the regions started from the 1569 Union of Lublin , when many of the Ruthenian territories formerly controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were transferred to the Polish Crown . In the climate of the colonization of sparsely populated Ruthenian lands by

7272-503: The onset of the period of Ruin that followed, eventually destroying most of the achievements of the Khmelnytsky era. Khmelnytsky's initial successes were followed by a series of setbacks as neither Khmelnytsky nor the Commonwealth had enough strength to stabilise the situation or to inflict a defeat on the enemy. What followed was a period of intermittent warfare and several peace treaties, which were seldom upheld. From spring 1649 onward,

7373-512: The other Jesuit students, he did not embrace Roman Catholicism but remained Orthodox. Khmelnytsky married Hanna Somkivna, a sister of a rich Pereyaslav Cossack; the couple settled in Subotiv . By the second half of the 1620s, they had three daughters: Stepanyda, Olena, and Kateryna. His first son Tymish (Tymofiy) was born in 1632, and another son Yuriy was born in 1640. Upon completion of his studies in 1617, Khmelnytsky entered into service with

7474-567: The period of initial military successes, the state-building process began. His leadership was demonstrated in all areas of state-building: military, administration, finance, economics and culture. Khmelnytsky made the Zaporozhian Host the supreme power in the new Ukrainian state and unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. Khmelnytsky built a new government system and developed military and civilian administration. A new generation of statesmen and military leaders came to

7575-423: The presence of large tracts of forests, silica sand, clay and peat. Historically, the city has had great and old industrial traditions. In the mid-nineteenth century, the foreign entrepreneur Karl Rauch founded a distillery and sugar factory. In 1871, the Koriukivka sugar factory employed 600 people. The plant produced a season of sugar worth more than 5.5 million. Rubles. And in 1901 manufacturer LI Brodsky expanded

7676-407: The prohibition of the Orthodox church, increasing number Jesuit Schools, which became one of the main places for szlachta to get education etc. Polish language became more actively used, especially by Magnates while minor szlachta remained Old Ruthenian-speaking. Since that time the Ruthenian szlachta actively adopted Polish noble customs and traditions, such as Sarmatism . However, despite that,

7777-481: The rank of military clerk ( pisarz wojskowy ) of the registered Cossacks in 1637. It happened after the capitulation of the Pavlyuk uprising in the town Borowica on 24 December 1637, when field hetman Mikołaj Potocki appointed new Cossack eldership. He had to do it because some of the elders either joined Pavlyuk or were killed by him (like former military clerk, Teodor Onuszkowicz). Because of his new position Khmelnytsky

7878-482: The rebellion, Khortytsia was fortified, efforts were made to acquire and make weapons and ammunition, and emissaries were sent to the Khan of Crimea , İslâm III Giray . Initially, Polish authorities took the news of Khmelnytsky's arrival at the Sich and reports about the rebellion lightly. The two sides exchanged lists of demands: the Poles asked the Cossacks to surrender the mutinous leader and disband, while Khmelnytsky and

7979-523: The region. Khmelnytsky started looking for another foreign ally. Although the Cossacks had established their de facto independence from Poland, the new state needed legitimacy, which could be provided by a foreign monarch. In search of a protectorate, Khmelnytsky approached the Ottoman sultan in 1651, and formal embassies were exchanged. The Turks offered vassalship, like their other arrangements with contemporary Crimea , Moldavia and Wallachia . However,

8080-463: The situation turned for the worse for the Cossacks; as Polish attacks increased in frequency, they became more successful. The resulting Treaty of Zboriv on 18 August 1649 was unfavourable for the Cossacks. It was followed by another defeat at the battle of Berestechko on 18 June 1651 in which the Tatars betrayed Khmelnytsky and held the hetman captive. The Cossacks suffered a crushing defeat, with an estimated 30,000 casualties. They were forced to sign

8181-662: The sotniks of Chyhryn regiment. In 1663 in Paris Pierre Chevalier published a book about Cossack uprising called Histoire de la guerre des Cosaques contre la Pologne , which he dedicated to Nicolas Léonor de Flesselles, count de Brégy, who was an ambassador to Poland in 1645. In the dedication he described the meeting de Brégy had with Khmelnytsky in France, and group of Cossacks he brought to France to fight against Spain in Flanders. Chevalier also claimed that he himself commanded Cossacks in Flanders. Although in distant parts of

8282-515: The steppe". He was less successful in real estate, and was unable to regain the land and property of his estate or financial compensation for it. During this time, he met several higher Polish officials to discuss the Cossacks' war with the Tatars, and used this occasion again to plead his case with Czapliński, still unsuccessfully. While Khmelnytsky found no support from the Polish officials, he found it in his Cossack friends and subordinates. His Chyhyryn regiment and others were on his side. All through

8383-697: The sugar-refinery, employing about 1,000 workers. In 1882 the Koriukivka sugar production was awarded the gold medal from the All-Russia Exhibition in Moscow, and after 18 years they received the highest award of the World Exhibition in Paris. Koryukovka has a gymnasium, two secondary schools of the third degree, two secondary schools with which there are 1850 pupils, an arts school, a sports school and two kindergartens with over 400 children. The district newspaper

8484-514: The summer of 1646, Khmelnytsky arranged an audience with King Władysław IV to plead his case, as he had favourable standing at the court. Władysław, who wanted Cossacks on his side in the wars he planned, gave Khmelnytsky a royal charter, protecting his rights to the Subotiv estate. But, because of the structure of the Commonwealth at that time and the lawlessness of Ukraine, even the King was not able to prevent

8585-552: The territories of Kievan Rus' and Galicia–Volhynia , which were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and later the Russian and Austrian Empires . The Ruthenian nobility became increasingly Polonized and later Russified , while retaining a separate cultural identity. The Ruthenian nobility, originally characterized as East Slavic-speaking and Eastern Orthodox , found itself ruled by

8686-602: The territory of what is now the Republic of Lithuania the word bajorai was used). After passing of the Horodło privileges along with the word bajary the term bajary-szlachta (баяры-шляхта) or simply szlachta (шляхта) was used in documentation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that was predominantly written in Ruthenian . In the 15th and 16th centuries nobility in Polesia or Podlacha

8787-643: The territory's annexation by the USSR in 1939. Belarusian historians speak of a genocide of the Belarusian gentry carried out by the Bolsheviks. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, many minor nobles in Belarus were hardly distinguishable from usual peasants, only the top aristocracy faced repressions because of their noble origin. Upon Belarus regaining independence in 1991, remaining descendants of noble families in Belarus have formed certain organizations, particularly

8888-427: The upper class of the Grand Duchy called themselves Lithuanians ( Litvin ), yet spoke the Ruthenian language (also referred to as Old Ruthenian language). Some of the Lithuanian nobility was Ruthenianized. The adapted Old Church Slavonic and later the Ruthenian language, acquired a status of a main chancery language in the local matters and relations with other Orthodox principalities as lingua franca , and Latin

8989-569: The way of life, art, clothes etc. Following the end of Civil War a large number of Ruthenian, Polish (e.g. Zavadovsky , Dunin-Borkovsky , Modzalevsky ), Lithuanian (e.g. Narbut , Zabila , Hudovych ), Tatar (e.g. Kochubey ), Serbian (e.g. Myloradovych ), Greek (e.g. Kapnist ) etc. noble families moved to Hetmanate. Via intermarriage between Cossacks, Ruthenian and other nobilities, and by nobilitation by reaching high positions in both Hetmanate state and Russia, Cossacks formed Cossack nobility, also known as Cossack Starshyna. Cossack nobility played

9090-407: Was a Ruthenian nobleman and military commander of Zaporozhian Cossacks as Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host , which was then under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates (1648–1654) that resulted in the creation of an independent Cossack state in Ukraine. In 1654, he concluded the Treaty of Pereiaslav with

9191-461: Was also often called ziamianie (зямяне). Since the second quarter of the 16th century the word szlachta (шляхта) became the dominant Belarusian term for noble people. By the 14th century the majority of the Belarusian nobility, both Baltic and Ruthenian, were Eastern Orthodox . After the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387, more and more nobles converted to Roman Catholicism which became

9292-620: Was appointed as a sotnyk for the Korsun-Chyhyryn starosta Jan Daniłowicz , who continued to colonize the new Ukrainian lands near the Dnieper river. Khmelnytsky attended a Jesuit college, possibly in Jarosław , but more likely in Lviv in the school founded by hetman Żółkiewski. He completed his schooling by 1617, acquiring a broad knowledge of world history and learning Polish and Latin. Later he learned Turkish, Tatar , and French. Unlike many of

9393-551: Was communicated to the hetman and so diplomatic activity intensified. After a series of negotiations, it was agreed that the Cossacks would accept overlordship by the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich . To finalize the treaty, a Russian embassy led by boyar Vasily Buturlin came to Pereiaslav , where, on 18 January 1654, the Cossack Rada was called and the treaty concluded. Historians have not come to consensus in interpreting

9494-413: Was held on 23 August, and his body was taken from his capital, Chyhyryn, to his estate, at Subotiv, for burial in his ancestral church. In 1664 a Polish hetman Stefan Czarniecki recaptured Subotiv and, according to some Ukrainian historians, ordered the bodies of the hetman and his son, Tymish , to be exhumed and desecrated, while others claim that is not the case. Khmelnytsky had a crucial influence on

9595-458: Was much respected and venerated during the existence of the Russian Empire. His role was presented as a model for all Ukrainians to follow: to aspire for closer ties with Great Russia. This view was expressed in a monument commissioned by the Russian nationalist Mikhail Yuzefovich , which was installed in the centre of Kiev in 1888. Russian authorities decided the original version of the monument (created by Russian sculptor Mikhail Mikeshin )

9696-535: Was now fighting his overlord. In addition to diplomatic tensions between the tsar and Khmelnytsky, a number of other disagreements between the two surfaced. In particular, they concerned Russian officials' interference in the finances of the Cossack Hetmanate and in the newly captured Belarus. The tsar concluded a separate treaty with the Poles in Vilnius in 1656. The Hetman's emissaries were not even allowed to attend

9797-467: Was signed, a large number of Ruthenian nobility and Cossacks became citizens of the Hetmanate state, which was self-governed but was part Tsardom of Russia. Following the merge of Cossacks and Ruthenian nobility into Cossack Nobility, a lot of them sought to receive larger political, social and military status in Russia. From the beginning of the 18th century and until the beginning of the 19th century they played

9898-487: Was the one who prepared and signed an act of capitulation. Fighting didn't stop in Borowica, rebel Cossacks rose up again under the new command of Ostryanyn and Hunia in the spring next year. Mikołaj Potocki was successful again and after a six week long siege, the rebel Cossacks were forced to capitulate on 3 August 1638. Like the year before, some registered Cossacks joined the rebels, while some of them remained loyal. Unlike

9999-453: Was to be a military union, a suzerainty , or a complete incorporation of Ukraine into the Tsardom of Russia . The differences were expressed during the ceremony of the oath of allegiance to the tsar: the Russian envoy refused to reciprocate with an oath from the ruler to his subjects, as the Cossacks and Ruthenians expected since it was the custom of the Polish king. Khmelnytsky stormed out of

10100-559: Was too xenophobic ; it was to depict a vanquished Pole, Jew, and a Catholic priest under the hooves of the horse. The inscription on the monument reads "To Bohdan Khmelnytsky from one and indivisible Russia." Mikeshin also created the Monument to the Millennium of Russia in Novgorod , which has Khmelnytsky shown as one of Russia's prominent figures. Soviet historiography followed in many ways

10201-587: Was used in relations with Western Europe. According to the Belarusian historian Anatol Hrytskievich , in the 16th century, within the territory of what is now Belarus, 80% of feudal lords were of Belarusian ethnic origin, 19% of Lithuanian, and 1% of other. He states that no major ethnic conflicts between them and the quality of their rights was also guaranteed by the Lithuanian Statutes of 1529, 1566 and 1588. After Union of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland into Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ,

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