Kilis is a city in southernmost Turkey , near the border with Syria , and the administrative centre of Kilis Province and Kilis District . Its population is 112,187 (2022).
126-522: On 6 February 2023 Kilis was badly affected by the twin Turkey-Syria earthquakes . Although there aren't any definite information related to its foundation, today's Kilis mainly developed and became urbanized during the Ottoman period. However, traces of important cities found in the near surroundings of Kilis and the historical documents prove that important centres were always present here in every period. In
252-472: A M w 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria . The epicenter was 37 km (23 mi) west–northwest of Gaziantep . The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII ( Extreme ) around the epicenter and in Antakya . It was followed by a M w 7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from
378-630: A gas pipeline exploded. The building that housed the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed, as was St. Paul's Church and the Habib'i Neccar Mosque , while damage occurred at the Antakya Synagogue and the Hatay Archaeology Museum . Several dozen buildings in Güzelburç district and nearly every house in the central and Cebrail districts collapsed. Most of the squad and coaching staff of
504-453: A 60,000-strong search-and-rescue force, 5,000 health workers and 30,000 volunteers. Following Turkey's call for international help, more than 141,000 people from 94 countries joined the rescue effort. Central southern Turkey and northwestern Syria are affected by the interaction between three tectonic plates ; the African plate , Arabian plate and Anatolian sub-plate . The boundary between
630-521: A Modified Mercalli intensity of X ( Extreme ). A peak ground acceleration of 1.62 g was recorded by a station at Fevzipaşa . The peak ground acceleration generally exceeded 0.5 g in a large area around the epicenter, near Adiyaman and a large part of Hatay. High pga values of 2 g were recorded in Hatay. The maximum recorded pga was 2.212 g at a station in Pazarcık Belediyesi Parkı, Pazarcık;
756-411: A block 1.3 km (0.50 sq mi). This landslide occurred in a region comprising marl and clay-rich limestone. It produced a 20 m (66 ft) vertical displacement along its scarp. ITV News reported the landslide scarp was up to 1,000 ft (300 m) long and "wider than a football pitch" in some areas. Despite an epicenter 90 km (56 mi) inland, a tsunami was recorded in
882-402: A government health facility nearby had limited damage but the surrounding town was devastated. The maximum recorded pga during the M w 7.7 earthquake was 0.59 g at Göksun . According to Kandilli Observatory , the maximum Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI XI–XII ( Extreme ) in Antakya and near the epicenter. MMI XI ( Extreme ) or higher
1008-572: A large Armenian community. Armenians played a significant role in the city's history, culture, welfare, and prosperity. These communities no longer exist in the city due to the Hamidian massacres in 1895 and the Armenian genocide in 1915. Gaziantep served a significant trade route within the Ottoman Empire. Armenians were active in manufacturing, agriculture production and, most notably, trade, and became
1134-400: A large fire at the port was reported on 6 February at 17:00, believed to have originated from a container carrying flammable industrial oil, forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. It was extinguished on 6 and 8 February, only for it to reignite the next day each time. It was finally extinguished on 10 February. A total of 3,670 containers were destroyed by the fire and
1260-864: A maximum slip of 11.2 m (37 ft) along Segment 2, beneath Sakarya in Kahramanmaraş Province, northeast of the junction where it meets Segment 1. Another zone of large slip estimated at 4.96 m (16.3 ft) occurred further northeast along Segment 2, northwest of Adıyaman. The USGS source model for the M w 7.7 earthquake which struck nine hours later has three large fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >70 km (43 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 276°/80° (Segment 1), >40 km (25 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 250°/80° (Segment 2) and ~80 km (50 mi) × >20 km (12 mi), 060°/80° (Segment 3). Maximum displacement occurred on Segment 1 at 11.4 m (37 ft). Three segments of
1386-513: A report by the governor of Aleppo indicates that resistance had been fierce. Just a month later, Şehsuvar recaptured Aintab after four "engagements" with Mamluk forces. After Şehsuvar's final defeat and public execution by the Mamluks in 1473, Gaziantep enjoyed a period of relative peace and stability under his brother and successor Alaüddevle . Alaüddevle appears to have considered Gaziantep an important possession and commissioned several constructions in
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#17328511755121512-525: A result of archaeological surface explorations. Hittite, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods were experienced in the region respectively. As a result of the researchers, it has been determined that the 2 oldest structures (Ulu Mosque, 1388 and Katrancı Mosque, 1460) in the city center of Kilis belong to the Mamluk Period. Besides these two mosques approximately 135 monumental structures have being constructed since 1516 during
1638-470: A settlement of 12 thousand people, mostly composed of Turkomans and some Armenians, Kurds , and Osmanlis . In 1850, Francis Rawdon Chesney mentioned that Kilis was chiefly inhabited by Turkomans, who were agriculturists and carriers, and also Armenians, Turks, and Kurds, totaling to 12 thousand people. In 1869, American missionaries noted that the prevalent language in Kilis was Turkish unlike Aleppo, while Arabic
1764-1065: A six-story apartment building collapsed. In Nurdağı , nearly 2,500 people died and about 50 percent of the houses were badly damaged or destroyed. An additional 30 percent of its building stock received moderate damage. Mass graves were created to bury the overwhelming number of dead. Gaziantep Oğuzeli Airport was forced to restrict its service to rescue flights. Ninety percent of houses were heavily damaged or destroyed in Sakçagözü , and 256 people died. In İslahiye , there were 1,368 deaths, over 1,500 injuries and more than 200 destroyed apartments. There were over 130 deaths in Sulumağara ; 200 in Altınüzüm ; and 300–400 in Keküklü . In Hatay Province , 13,517 buildings collapsed, 8,162 required demolition and 67,346 were heavily damaged, along with 215,255 houses. The districts of Antakya , Kırıkhan and İskenderun were
1890-615: A town with fine markets much frequented by merchants and travellers, while Dülük was in ruins, according to Abulfeda . Still, Aintab continued to be hotly contested throughout these centuries. It was besieged by the Mongols in 1270. It repeatedly changed hands between the Ilkhanate and the Mamluk Sultanate or the Dulkadirids , a Turkoman vassal state of the Mamluks. Gaziantep was near
2016-561: Is Fatma Şahin , who had previously served as the minister of family and social policies in the third cabinet of Erdoğan. Gaziantep is famous for its regional specialities: copperware and "Yemeni" sandals, specific to the region, are two examples. The city is an economic centre for Southeastern and Eastern Turkey. The number of large industrial businesses established in Gaziantep comprise four percent of Turkish industry in general, while small industries comprise six percent. Also, Gaziantep has
2142-415: Is 5 km (3 mi) to the south and the large city of Gaziantep is 60 km (37 mi) to the north. Indeed, until 1996 Kilis was a district of Gaziantep Province , being made into a province by Tansu Çiller following an open vote-winning gambit in the 1995 general election. The municipality consists of 76 neighbourhoods, including Öncüpınar and Oylum . The local kebab known as Kilis Tava
2268-633: Is a potential source of magnitude 7.0 or greater earthquakes. The accumulated slip along this segment is estimated at 3–9 m (9.8–29.5 ft). An earthquake "domino effect" remains plausible along the Dead Sea Transform beginning with the Hacıpaşa Fault, as observed along the North Anatolian Fault, where successive earthquakes have migrated westwards along the fault since 1939. There were 53,537 deaths and 107,213 injured across 11 of
2394-658: Is extruded in that direction by the northward movement of the Arabian plate. The DST and EAF meet at the Marash triple junction . The EAF continues west of the triple junction , forming the boundary between the African and Anatolian plates, linking into the Cyprus arc to the west via the Latakia Ridge . The 700 km-long (430 mi) EAF is subdivided into seven segments, from the northeast;
2520-467: Is near the border with Syria. The earthquake hypocenter was at a depth of 10.0 km (6 mi) according to USGS and 5 km (3 mi) according to KOERI. The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to strike-slip faulting . It is one of the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equivalent in magnitude to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake (M w 7.8). These earthquakes are surpassed only by
2646-663: Is one of the leading producers of machined carpets in the world. It exported approximately US$ 700 million of machine-made carpets in 2006. There are over 100 carpet facilities in the Gaziantep Organized Industrial Zone. With its extensive olive groves, vineyards, and pistachio orchards, Gaziantep is one of the important agricultural and industrial centres of Turkey. Gaziantep is the centre of pistachio cultivation in Turkey , producing 60,000 metric tons (59,000 long tons; 66,000 short tons) in 2007, and lends its name to
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#17328511755122772-788: Is renowned, and also the breads, baklava , künefe and stuffed vegetables. Kilis 7 Aralık University is located in Kilis and has around 8,000 undergraduate and graduate students. Sights in the town include a number of Ottoman era mosques and stone houses with courtyards and elaborate carved wooden fittings. Kilis has a hot summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ), with very hot, dry and long summers and cool and rainy winters, with occasional snowfall. Highest recorded temperature:47.6 °C (117.7 °F) on 14 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature:−12.0 °C (10.4 °F) on 19 January 1964 and 2 February 1967 2023 Turkey%E2%80%93Syria earthquake On 6 February 2023, at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC ),
2898-552: Is some disagreement between scientists as to which faults should be assigned to the DST and which to the EAF, at the northernmost end of the structure. Following the 2013 "Active Fault Map of Turkey", seven DST segments are recognized in Turkey and neighbouring parts of Syria; the Afrin, Sermada, Armanaz, Hacıpaşa, Yesemek, Sakçagöz and Narlı segments. The EAF has produced large or damaging earthquakes in
3024-573: Is surrounded by three important cities, Gaziantep , Antakya , and Aleppo , and located at the crossroads of Anatolia and Syria. As a result of its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, it is located in a region where the climate transitions from a Mediterranean to a continental character. It is also located on the Fertile Crescent , which has been home to settlements since the very beginning of history. The Öncüpınar Syrian border crossing
3150-538: The 1822 Aleppo earthquake ; the deadliest worldwide since the 2010 Haiti earthquake ; and the fifth-deadliest of the 21st century . Damages were estimated at US$ 148.8 billion in Turkey, or nine-percent of the country's GDP, and US$ 14.8 billion in Syria. Damaged roads, winter storms, and disruption to communications hampered the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 's rescue and relief effort, which included
3276-612: The Amik Valley , where some 10.5 km (6.5 mi) to its east is the Hacıpaşa Fault, a Dead Sea Transform segment. The rupture was arrested by a stepover that connects the East Anatolian Fault with the Hacıpaşa Fault. Though it did not rupture, the Coulomb stress increased on the Hacıpaşa Fault. With a combination of the increases stress, 600–900 years without major earthquakes, and an annual slip rate of 5 mm (0.20 in), it
3402-545: The Black Sea coast of Turkey. There were more than 30,000 aftershocks in the three months that followed. The seismic sequence was the result of shallow strike-slip faulting along segments of the Dead Sea Transform, East Anatolian and Sürgü–Çardak faults. There was widespread damage in an area of about 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi), about the size of Germany. An estimated 14 million people, or 16 percent of Turkey's population, were affected. Development experts from
3528-524: The Karlıova , Ilıca, Palu , Pütürge , Erkenek, Pazarcık and Amanos segments. The Amanos segment is also considered part of the DST by some geologists, or a transitional structure between the EAF and DST by others. A northern strand to the EAF has also been recognized, including the Sürgü, Çardak, Savrun, Çokak, Toprakkale, Yumurtalık, Karataş, Yakapınar and Düziçi–İskenderun segments. The estimated slip rate on
3654-595: The Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. The Ottomans used this as a pretext to overthrow him, and in June 1515 he was executed. As Alaüddevle had been a Mamluk vassal, the Mamluks considered this an affront, and the Mamluk sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri mobilized an army and marched north towards Aleppo. The conflict over the region meant that in Gaziantep, anxieties about the fate of
3780-453: The Sajur River . The city is thought to be located on the site of ancient Antiochia ad Taurum and is near ancient Zeugma . As of the 2021 census, the Gaziantep province (Metropolitan municipality) was home to 2,130,432 inhabitants, of whom 1,775,904 lived in the metropolitan area made of two (out of three) urban districts of Şahinbey and Şehitkamil , as Oğuzeli is not conurbated. It is
3906-704: The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1150, was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1155–1157 and 1204–1206 and captured by the Zengids in 1172 and the Ayyubids in 1181. It was retaken by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in 1218. With the turn of the 13th-century, Dülük became one of Aintab's dependencies according to geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi . In the next century, Aintab was the capital of its district and
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4032-622: The Siege of Aintab , where the Armenians who fled the genocide were promised their homes back in their native lands. However, on 25 December 1921, the Treaty of Ankara was signed, and as a result, the French evacuated the city. According to Ümit Kurt , born in modern-day Gaziantep and an academic at Harvard's Center for Middle East Studies, "The famous battle of Aintab against the French … seems to have been as much
4158-629: The Syrian Civil War , the city became a target of continuous rocket attacks by ISIL . in April 2016, the town was struck by rockets fired by the Islamic State killing 21 people and injuring others. Öncüpınar Accommodation Facility is near the town. Zakariya al-Qazwini mentioned Kilis as a Sunni Turkoman village in Athar al-Bilad. In his magazine from 1844, William Harrison Ainsworth included Kilis as
4284-469: The United Nations estimated that about 1.5 million people were left homeless. The confirmed death toll in Turkey was 53,537; estimates of the number of dead in Syria were between 5,951 and 8,476. It is the deadliest earthquake in what is now present-day Turkey since the 526 Antioch earthquake and the deadliest natural disaster in its modern history. It is also the deadliest in present-day Syria since
4410-918: The 14th century devastated Dülük. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant , the region passed to the Umayyads in 661 AD and the Abbasids in 750. It was ravaged several times during the Arab–Byzantine wars . After the disintegration of the Abbasid dynasty, the city was ruled successively by the Tulunids , the Ikhshidids , and the Hamdanids . In 962, it was recaptured by the Byzantines, upon
4536-505: The 17 affected provinces of Turkey . About 140 people remain missing; 118 in Hatay Province. At least 15.73 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. More than 2 million residents in the affected provinces were evacuated to nearby provinces including Mersin, Antalya, Mardin, Niğde and Konya. At least 518,009 houses and over 345,000 apartments were destroyed. More than 20 percent of Turkey's agriculture production
4662-509: The 6 February earthquakes. Preliminary analysis based on seismology and observations of surface rupture suggest rupture along a branch of the DST before transitioning onto the EAF where most of the faulting was observed. The initial rupture at the site of the epicenter of the M7.8 shock on the Narlı Fault, the northernmost section of the DST. The fault ruptured unilaterally northwards until it reached
4788-586: The African and Arabian plates is represented by the Dead Sea Transform (DST)—a major zone of left-lateral strike-slip fault—it accommodates the relative northward movement of Arabia with respect to Africa. The northern end of the DST truncates at the East Anatolian Fault (EAF), another major left-lateral strike-slip fault zone that accommodates the overall westward movement of the Anatolian plate as it
4914-667: The Amik Valley. The westernmost part of Hatay Airport was damaged by surface ruptures but cracks in the runway were attributed to ground deformation. A major canal was damaged and lead to flooding in parts of the Amik Valley which was formerly Lake Amik . Field observations indicate a maximum displacement of 7.3 m (24 ft) on the surface. Geologists traced a 15 km (9.3 mi) surface rupture trending south from Pazarcık with an offset of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). From Golbasi to Nurdağı ground displacements were up to 5 m (16 ft). The surface rupture observed during
5040-469: The Dulkadir principality, annexing its territories to the empire to form the beglerbeglik of Dulkadir . Despite being part of the former Dulkadir territories, though, the sanjak of Gaziantep was initially put under the beglerbeglik of Aleppo instead of Dulkadir. This indicates how, just as in the Mamluk period, Gaziantep was then seen more as part of northern Syria than as part of Anatolia. The area
5166-436: The EAF rupture. Supershear rupture occurred along the northernmost section of the Narlı Fault where it meets the EAF. The rupture transitioned onto the EAF and propagated northeast at supershear velocity until its termination near Malatya. Rupture towards the southwest was mostly subshear, but at the southern termination in Hatay, where the fault has multiple branches and kinks, supershear was likely observed. Supershear rupture at
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5292-500: The EAF were involved in the M w 7.8 rupture; the Amanos, Pazarcık and Erkenek segments. The earthquake ruptured ~370 km (230 mi) of the EAF, producing a maximum slip of up to ~12 m (39 ft) along the Pazarcık segment. The northern end of the rupture was about 20–30 km (12–19 mi) south of the M w 6.8 earthquake that struck in 2020. This section of
5418-450: The EAF, the Pütürge segment, between both earthquakes, may represent a seismic gap . The southern segment of the EAF rupture was at its termination, near Antakya. Slip peaked at 12 m (39 ft) from the surface to 7 km (4.3 mi) depth during the M w 7.7 earthquake; slip was 11 m (36 ft) at the surface. Slip along the fault was compact—mostly confined to within
5544-400: The EAF. The M w 7.7 earthquake triggered its own aftershock sequence, including two mb 6.0 aftershocks. Aftershocks of the second earthquake continued through at least 9 February. Thousands of aftershocks associated with this earthquake were distributed along an east–west trend corresponding to the Çardak Fault for about 170 km (110 mi). A source model for
5670-491: The EAF. It branches away from the EAF west of Çelikhan and extends westwards to Göksun. Comprising two segments; the Sürgü Fault runs 70 km (43 mi) between Çelikhan and Nurhak; the Çardak Fault runs 90 km (56 mi) between Nurhak and Göksun. Seismicity on the fault is low—the only associated earthquake was a M 6.8 event in 1544. The northern part of the DST is subdivided into several segments, although there
5796-498: The East Anatolian Fault. The study concluded two sections of the fault with a considerably high potential for future earthquakes. One of these sections was in Elazığ and Bingöl, located between the rupture zones of the 1874 and 1971 earthquakes. The seismic gap ruptured during a M w 6.1 earthquake in 2010. The 2020 M w 6.8 earthquake ruptured to the southwest between the 1893/1905 and 1874 earthquakes. Another seismic gap
5922-513: The Hatay Fault. The focal mechanism indicated normal faulting along a northeast–southwest striking fault. The extent of surface ruptures associated with the M7.8 and M7.7 earthquakes have been mapped using a mixture of satellite imagery and ground observations. Pixel matching on images captured by Sentinel-1 before and after the earthquakes showed sharp discontinuities in displacement, revealing two separate zones of surface rupture . The longer of
6048-539: The M ww 7.8 earthquake produced by the USGS from observed seismic waves, taking into account preliminary rupture mapping from satellite data, uses three fault segments with individual lengths, widths, strikes and dips of >40 km (25 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 028°/85° (Segment 1), >175 km (109 mi) × 30 km (19 mi), 060°/85° (Segment 2) and >160 km (99 mi) × 20 km (12 mi), 025°/75° (Segment 3). The mainshock produced
6174-536: The M7.8 earthquake was unusually large, comparable to that during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake along the San Andreas Fault . Large surface offsets of 6–8 m (20–26 ft) were observed along the Sürgü-Çardak Fault. Along a road west of Gözpınar [ ce ; tr ; tt ; vi ] , the rupture displaced the road left-laterally for 8.6 m (28 ft). The largest maximum surface offset
6300-461: The M7.8 event. It had a depth of 7.4 km (5 mi) according to the USGS, 5 km (3 mi) by KOERI, and 13 km (8 mi) by Geoscope. The shock was also the result of strike-slip faulting; it had an epicenter north of the previous large earthquake. A reevaluation of the earthquakes using long-period coda moment magnitude obtained M w 7.95 ± 0.013 and M w 7.86 ± 0.012, respectively. These earthquakes were some of
6426-479: The Mamluks, wrote at the end of the 1300s that the city was called "little Bukhara " because so many scholars came to study there. Ayni also left a firsthand account of the suffering caused during Sevli Beg's siege in 1390. Another rough patch for Aintab's people came in the late 1460s, when the Dulkadir prince Şehsuvar rebelled against the Mamluks. Mamluk forces captured Aintab in May 1468, driving out Şehsuvar's forces;
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#17328511755126552-557: The Mediterranean Sea. It was the first recorded tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean Sea region since the one produced by the 1953 M L 6.2 earthquake in Cyprus . The largest wave measured 40 cm (16 in) along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Although no underwater surveys results have been made available to identify the sources of these tsunamis, they were likely produced by landsliding at Iskenderun Port and liquefaction on
6678-475: The Ottoman Period. The population of Kilis was 20.000 and it was a city in which production, commerce and cultural functions were developed at the end of the 19th century and it was also a center in which agricultural products (such as grapes, cereals etc.) cultivated in nearly 500 villages around it was processed and industrial products were produced and marketed. As in the whole Ottoman geography, members of
6804-414: The Ottoman authorities turned their attention to the territories recently conquered from Dulkadir, do cadastral records indicate renewed prosperity in Gaziantep. An important event was Süleyman the Magnificent 's successful Mesopotamian campaign against Safavid Iran in 1534-36 , which took Baghdad and increased the security of trade routes in Gaziantep's region. As with the earlier economic downturn,
6930-409: The Ottoman conquest. During that period, Gaziantep had suffered from "depredation", as well as fear caused by political uncertainty. Besides political conflict, the city's economic slump at this time can also be partly attributed to a general decline in commerce in the eastern Mediterranean region that caused a general economic downturn in the region in the early 1500s. Only around the 1530s, when
7056-438: The Pazarcık segment of the East Anatolian Fault. Ruptures then continued bilaterally to the northeast and southwest along this segment. This subevent on the Narlı Fault corresponded to a M w 7.0 earthquake which ruptured for 20 seconds. It had a focal mechanism corresponding to oblique-normal faulting. A preliminary analysis of near-field (within 1 km (0.62 mi) of the fault rupture) seismic records indicates that
7182-435: The Pazarcık segment. The Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively, for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes. A research paper published by Earth and Planetary Science Letters in 2002 studied stress accumulation and increased seismic hazard along
7308-456: The Turkish government revealed at least 61,722 buildings had to be demolished including 11,900 in Gaziantep Province, 10,900 in Hatay Province, 10,800 in Kahramanmaraş Province and 36,046 in Malatya Province. Broad fissures appeared on roads. During recovery efforts, body parts were often found in the rubble. In Adana , 12 buildings collapsed in the city center, 23 were badly damaged and 120 were moderately damaged. Three apartments were among
7434-434: The Turkish word for pistachio , Antep fıstığı , meaning "Antep nut". Gaziantep is the main centre for pistachio processing in Turkey, with some 80% of the country's pistachio processing (such as shelling, packaging, exporting, and storage) being done in the city. "Antep fıstığı" is a protected geographical indication in Turkey; it was registered under this status in 2000. In 2009, the largest enclosed shopping centre in
7560-429: The USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 total aftershocks. A M ww 6.3 aftershock struck near Uzunbağ in Hatay Province on 20 February; the earthquake was the result of oblique-normal faulting. The M w 7.8 earthquake had aftershocks distributed along ~350 km (220 mi) of
7686-415: The base of the castle upgrades the beauty and accessibility to the castle and to the surrounding copper workshops. New restaurants and tourist-friendly businesses are moving into the area. In comparison with some other regions of Turkey, tourists are still a novelty in Gaziantep and the locals make them very welcome. Many students studying the English language are willing to be guides for tourists. Gaziantep
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#17328511755127812-420: The building said they adhered to building regulations but those were not enough against the earthquake. The 13-storey apartment block consists of three closely spaced buildings linked externally, but not structurally; when the collapse occurred, all three buildings separated. The basement, two-storey parking space was considered the "strongest part" of the complex as it had more concrete walls than other parts of
7938-408: The buildings that collapsed in the city. Across Adana Province , damage assessments revealed 59 buildings, 1,274 apartments and 2,952 houses were destroyed, severely damaged or required demolition. At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya . Sixty percent of the city's buildings received damage. Nearly every neighborhood of the city was affected by collapsed buildings. Out of the 968 mosques in
8064-465: The city "with great majesty and pomp" and held meetings with local military commanders to discuss strategy for the upcoming battle. The fateful Battle of Marj Dabiq took place just days later, on 24 August. Gaziantep, although not an active battle site, thus played a strategic role in the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluk sultanate. The Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq had profound consequences for Gaziantep, although its inhabitants had no way of knowing at
8190-410: The city and its surroundings must have been high. Later court records from the early 1540s provide documentary evidence of "dislocation and loss of population" as people fled; this may have been more pronounced in rural areas than in the city itself. The Ottoman Empire captured Gaziantep just before the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, under the reign of Sultan Selim I . In the Ottoman period, Aintab
8316-893: The city and nearby areas were devastated by catastrophic earthquakes . Around 900 buildings collapsed and 10,777 other buildings were heavily damaged in the city, which have been slated for demolition. Historic buildings including the Gaziantep Castle , the Şirvani Mosque and the Liberation Mosque were also heavily damaged. The city is located on the Aintab plateau . Gaziantep has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa , Trewartha : Cs ), with very hot, dry summers and cool, wet and often snowy winters. According to 1966 data, on average, Gaziantep experiences 4.6 snowy days per winter with 10 days of snow cover, along with 2.5 days of hail. Highest recorded temperature: 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 29 July 2000 and 14 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature: −17.5 °C (0.5 °F) on 15 January 1950 The current mayor of Gaziantep
8442-1176: The city and over 12,000 were injured. In Erzin District , 31 buildings collapsed and 897 were heavily damaged or had to be demolished. However, there were no collapses or major damage in Erzin , the largest town in the district. Multiple factors including strict building codes prevented destruction. An estimated 20,000 people fled to Erzin, increasing its population by about 50 percent. In Samandağ , 670 buildings collapsed, 9,212 were badly damaged or required demolition and 7,850 people died. At least 1,046 buildings collapsed and 3,452 others were severely damaged or had to be demolished in Hassa District . In Altınözü , 838 buildings were destroyed, 3,892 others were badly damaged and 650 others required demolition. There were 213 collapsed buildings and 1,453 others had been severely damaged or had to be demolished in Yayladağı . At least 139 buildings collapsed, 755 others were badly damaged and 87 others had to be demolished in Belen . In Dörtyol , 115 buildings were destroyed and 2,030 others had to be demolished or were severely damaged. Mass burials occurred in Kahramanmaraş for more than 5,000 bodies. A city official said
8568-426: The city from 1395 until the Ottoman conquest in 1516, the city was besieged by Timur in 1400, and then in 1420 by the Ak Koyunlu leader Kara Yusuf . These attacks all caused destruction and suffering among the local population. But at the same time, the city was "acquiring a reputation as a cultured urban center". Badr al-Din al-Ayni , an Aintab native who became a successful diplomat, judge, and historian under
8694-447: The city of Adıyaman , four neighborhoods were razed. Many buildings along Atatürk Boulevard collapsed. The city hall, a 6th-century mosque and Gölbaşı District 's state hospital were also destroyed. Isias Hotel , the largest hotel in the city, also collapsed, killing 65 people. Up to 10 percent of Adıyaman's population perished. The mayor of Kömür said the Karapınar and Bahçelievler neighborhoods were nearly destroyed. Destruction
8820-414: The city was observed after the earthquakes. Earlier flooding may be attributed to liquefaction while subsequent occurrences may be due to damage to the coast and water infrastructure. The sea inundated parts of the city by as much as 200 m (660 ft). Large areas of the coast and sections of piers were flooded due to lateral spreading. Large waves from bad weather and a tsunami may have contributed to
8946-444: The city, 25 were destroyed and 420 others were damaged. Two hotels collapsed in Malatya, causing many casualties. The ceiling of Malatya Erhaç Airport experienced a partial collapse, as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque . Damage was also reported at the Arslantepe Mound . In Akçadağ , 11 people died, including four attributed to the second earthquake. At least 263 deaths were reported in Doğanşehir . In Gaziantep , many of
9072-430: The city, including a reservoir and a large mosque in the middle of town. The city's fortress was also renovated, completed in 1481. These repairs were likely ordered by the Mamluk sultan Qaitbay during his tour of northern Syria in 1477; his name is inscribed above the entrance portal, perhaps symbolically marking his territory. The end of the Dulkadir principality came around 1515. Alaüddevle refused to fight alongside
9198-514: The coastal flatlands of Antakya. Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta , Cyprus, without damage. The tsunami measured 0.17 m (6.7 in), and tsunami waves were recorded at 0.12 m (4.7 in) at İskenderun and 0.13 m (5.1 in) at Erdemli . Tsunami warnings were issued for the southern Turkish coast, southern and eastern Italian coasts and the whole eastern Mediterranean Sea area, but later withdrawn. The earthquake rupture terminated near Suvatlı in
9324-423: The core concrete columns which housed the elevator systems were situated along the north side which left the south side vulnerable without adequate support. Another reason was that beams emerging from either side of the building were misaligned and did not connect to each other. These features may have contributed to the building overturning onto its south side. In İskenderun , an industrial city in Hatay Province,
9450-403: The effects observed at İskenderun. Both earthquakes caused shaking levels (≥0.12 g ) sufficient for landslide-triggering across a 90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) area. About 3,673 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified using satellite imagery, aerial photos, and one field survey of the area. Landslides mainly occurred in the northern region of the affected area. Rockslides were
9576-401: The effects of stress changes caused by the M7.8 earthquake on the Çardak–Sürgü Fault, based on the USGS fault model, indicated up to 3 bars of added stress near the epicenter of the M7.7 shock, sufficient to trigger rupture on that zone, assuming that it was already close to failure. Stress on the Hatay Fault, source of the 20 February M w 6.4 aftershock, increased by 1 bar following
9702-715: The expansion led by Nikephoros II Phokas . After Afshin Bey captured the fortress in 1067, Aintab fell to Seljuk rule and was administered by Seljuk emirs of Damascus. One of these emirs, Tutush I appointed Armenian noble Thoros of Edessa as the governor of the region. It was captured by the Crusaders and united to the Maras Seigneurship in the County of Edessa in 1098. The region continued to be ruled by independent or vassalized Armenian lords, such as Kogh Vasil . It reverted to
9828-465: The expropriation of Armenians in 1915 and 1921/1922 continued to dominate the city's politics through the one-party period of the Republic of Turkey . In 2013, Turkey, a member state of NATO , requested deployment of MIM-104 Patriot missiles to Gaziantep to be able to respond faster in a case of military operation against Turkish soil in the Syrian Civil War , which was accepted. On 6 February 2023,
9954-413: The first. There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of fatalities. The M w 7.8 earthquake is the largest in Turkey since the 1939 Erzincan earthquake of the same magnitude, and jointly the second-largest in the country, after larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake . It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in the Levant . It was felt as far as Egypt and
10080-406: The historical sites were severely damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle , Şirvani Mosque and Liberation Mosque . The city recorded 16,211 collapses and buildings which were severely damaged or required demolition. In the city center, at least 154 people died after a four-story building collapsed; four other collapsed buildings left another 102 dead. In Nizip , at least 51 people were killed when
10206-487: The initial rupture speed transitioned to supershear after propagating about 19.5 km (12.1 mi) away from the epicenter along the Narlı Fault before it reached the EAF. Back projection suggests the total rupture length was ~560 km (350 mi). The rupture continued northeast onto the Ekernek segment and to the southwest onto the Amanos segment. The northeastern rupture ceased 55 seconds after initiation while
10332-509: The larger estimates for the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake . Globally it was the strongest recorded since August 2021 . Both earthquakes are the largest and only observed to occur on land within a short span of time. At 10:24 UTC, an earthquake measuring M ww 7.5 according to USGS, M w 7.6 according to KOERI, or M w 7.7 according to Geoscope and the GCMT, struck with an epicenter near Ekinözü , 95 km northeast of
10458-423: The largest Turkish earthquakes in over 2,000 years. Over 570 aftershocks were recorded within 24 hours of the M w 7.8 earthquake and over 30,000 recorded by May 2023. An aftershock measuring M ww 6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock . There were 25 aftershocks M w 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later,
10584-554: The largest organised industrial area in Turkey and holds first position in exports and imports. The city is the centre of the green olive oil-based Nizip Soap industry. Traditionally, commerce in Gaziantep was centre in covered markets known as 'Bedesten' or 'Hans', the best known of which are the Zincirli Bedesten, Hüseyin Pasha Bedesten and Kemikli Bedesten. Gaziantep also has a developing tourist industry. Development around
10710-1071: The local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with player Christian Atsu and sporting director Taner Savut dying. In Kırıkhan District , 1,886 buildings collapsed and 7,190 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 982 buildings were destroyed, 8,894 others were badly damaged and 943 had to be demolished in Defne . In Reyhanlı , 318 buildings collapsed and 1,661 others were severely damaged or required demolition. At least 187 buildings collapsed, 2,176 others were badly damaged and 194 others had to be demolished in Arsuz . In Kumlu , 131 buildings were destroyed, 738 others were severely damaged and 84 others required demolition. At least 58 buildings collapsed and 669 others were badly damaged or had to be demolished in Payas . The collapse of
10836-422: The luxury Rönesans Rezidans apartment trapped an estimated 800 people, killing at least 269 and leaving 46 missing as presumed dead. In May 2023, an investigation by The New York Times found that inadequate design and safety lapses may have contributed to its collapse. An engineer revealed to the newspaper; "the building violated the basic tenets of engineering," after inspecting its blueprints. Contractors of
10962-458: The main strand of the EAF system decreases south-westwards from 10 mm (0.39 in) per year on the Karlıova segment down to 2.9 mm (0.11 in) per year on the Amanos segment. On the northern strand, a slip rate of 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per year was estimated on the Çardak segment. The Sürgü-Çardak Fault is an east–west striking 160 km (99 mi) long fault that runs north of
11088-491: The mass grave would eventually be the burial ground for 10,000 bodies. Around 75 percent of the city's buildings were damaged or destroyed. In Elbistan , 924 people died and 1,825 were injured. An estimated 2,000 buildings were destroyed. At Ordekdede, a village in Pazarcik District, almost all single-story buildings were decimated. None of the 140 houses in the village were structurally stable. Thirty-four people died in
11214-407: The most affected. In Antakya, 70 percent of homes and 6,369 buildings collapsed, 3,734 had to be demolished and 21,830 were badly damaged. The runway at Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, causing flight cancellations. The Ankara Metropolitan Municipality completed repairs on the airport on 12 February, allowing its reopening. Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed, and
11340-428: The most commonly observed; there were also many bedrock rotational landslides, translational slides and lateral spreads. Surface ruptures propagating through hillsides also triggered landslides. These landslides blocked roads and river channels, destroyed or seriously damaged buildings and caused many deaths. One of the largest landslides occurred near Tepehan village, Hatay Province; a translational slide which detached
11466-546: The name of the city has many variants and alternatives, such as: The several theories for the origin of the current name include: Gaziantep is the probable site of the Hellenistic city of Antiochia ad Taurum ("Antiochia in the Taurus Mountains"). During its early history, Aintab was largely a fortress overshadowed by the city of Dülük , some 12 km to the north. Aintab came to prominence after an earthquake in
11592-588: The organised struggle of a group of genocide profiteers seeking to hold onto their loot as it was a fight against an occupying force. The resistance … sought to make it impossible for the Armenian repatriates to remain in their native towns, terrorising them [again] to make them flee. In short, not only did the local … landowners, industrialists, and civil-military bureaucratic elites lead to the resistance movement, but they also financed it to cleanse Aintab of Armenians." The same Turkish families who made their wealth through
11718-778: The pair, produced by the first earthquake, measured 320 km (200 mi) while the second earthquake produced 150 km (93 mi) of surface rupture. These observations were backed up with direct imaging of the ruptures using other satellite data, such as from the DigitalGlobe 's WorldView-1 , 2 & 3 and GeoEye-1 , and by field work. Remote sensing using satellite imagery indicated 30 km (19 mi) of surface rupture with large normal faulting component. The zone of surface rupture extended from north of Antakya, Hatay Province towards Pazarcık , Kahramanmaraş Province and Gölbaşı , Adıyaman Province. Surface ruptures continued north of these cities. Surface rupture occurred in
11844-455: The past few hundred years along various segments, including the 1789 (M 7.2, Palu), 1795 (M 7.0, Pazarcık), 1866 (M 7.2 Karlıova) , 1872 (M 7.2, Amanos) , 1874 (M 7.1, Palu), 1875 (M 6.7, Palu), 1893 (M 7.1, Erkenek) , 1971 (M6.6, Karlıova) and 2020 (M 6.8, Pütürge) events. Other large historical earthquakes have been tentatively assigned to segments of the EAF, such as the 1114 and 1513 Marash earthquakes , both thought to have ruptured
11970-582: The port managing authority said it would take three months for operations to resume. The city saw 534 buildings collapse, 337 requiring demolition and 4,622 receiving severe damage. Flooding occurred along the city shoreline, inundating streets up to 200 m (660 ft) inland. The Cathedral of the Annunciation , seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia , was almost completely destroyed. At least 3,109 people died in
12096-531: The pre-Ottoman rates. The rates went up again in the 1543 survey, which she interprets as the Ottomans raising taxes again in the meantime. The Dulkadir emirate did not simply go away immediately after the Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq. It stuck around as an Ottoman vassal until 1522, when the last Dulkadir ruler "resisted discipline by the Ottoman administration". The Ottomans had him executed and officially dismantled
12222-428: The renewed prosperity in Gaziantep in the 1530s was part of a broader regional pattern of economic growth during this period. As a disclaimer – some of this apparent economic growth may be an artifact of using tax documents as a source. Tax assessors may have simply been doing more accurate counts in later surveys, or the government might have been applying more strict scrutiny as their control increased. Part of this
12348-469: The sequence struck at 01:17 UTC. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at M ww 7.8 and M w 7.8, respectively. GEOSCOPE reported M w 8.0 and Kandilli Observatory (KOERI) reported M w 7.7 and M L 7.4. It had an epicenter 34 km (21 mi) west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which
12474-450: The sixth-most populous city in Turkey. Gaziantep is a diverse city inhabited mostly by ethnic Turks and a significant minority of Kurds and Syrian refugees . It was historically populated by Turkmens , Armenians , Jews , and a plethora of other ethnic groups . In February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake . Due to the city's contact with various ethnic groups and cultures throughout its history,
12600-440: The southern frontier of the Dulkadir emirate, and on several occasions it slipped out of their control. The Ilkhans ruled over it between 1260 and 1261, 1271–1272, 1280–1281 and 1299–1317. The Mamluks controlled the city between 1261 and 1271, 1272–1280, 1281–1299, 1317–1341, 1353–1378, 1381–1389. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Dulkadir leader Sevli Beg in 1390. Although the Mamluks and their Dulkadirid vassals could control
12726-478: The southern termination contributed to the intense ground motion in Antakya. The second M>7 earthquake initiated on a separate fault known as the Çardak– Sürgü Fault Zone, part of the northern strand of the East Anatolian Fault. The rupture propagated bilaterally along the Çardak segment, continuing eastwards onto the Sürgü segment before continuing eastwards to Malatya along the northeast–southwest trending Doğanşehir Fault Zone. Rupture also propagated towards
12852-441: The southwest along the Çardak segment. The total rupture length was estimated at 160 km (99 mi). The westward-propagating rupture occurred at supershear velocity (maximum 4.8 km (3.0 mi) per second) while the eastward-propagating rupture occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 2.8 km (1.7 mi) per second). The rupture lasted about 35 seconds. The M w 6.4 aftershock on 20 February occurred along
12978-524: The southwestern rupture ceased near Antakya about 80 seconds later. A M w 6.8 aftershock occurring 11 minutes later and west of the first M>7 epicenter may have ruptured along the Sakçagöz Fault, the next segment of the DST to the south. Rupture along the EAF during the event occurred at subshear velocity (maximum 3.2 km (2.0 mi) per second). An analysis of near-field seismic data revealed transient supershear rupture episodes throughout
13104-429: The structure. The building's exterior walls and those that separated units and rooms consisted of heavy masonry which may have prevented the structure from swaying and possibly held the building mostly intact despite toppling. The building was considered a soft story structure as the ground floor had fewer masonry walls which meant it was at greater risk of damage from seismic ground motion . Among other factors were that
13230-568: The tablets belonging to the Assyrian period, the name 'Ki-li-zi' is written in cuneiform and a city named as "Ciliza Sive Urnagiganti" during the Roman Empire period is mentioned. In addition to centers such as Kirus antique city, Oylum Höyük, Ravanda Castle , Ilezi and Tarzime Han, many other residential areas starting from the Neolithic period have also been discovered in the surrounding of Kilis as
13356-460: The three major religions are living here together and culture and art are highly developed. 37 mosques , 14 small mosques, 4 Dervish Lodges, 8 madrasahs , 4 churches , 1 synagogue , 31 fountains, 5 Turkish baths , 40 coffee houses, 5 pharmacies and 5 drinking houses that were present in the city at the end of the 19th century give information about the social and cultural structure here. Poetry , music and handicrafts and especially architecture
13482-402: The time. For the first time in almost 1,000 years, Gaziantep was located in the middle of an empire rather than a contested border region. It lost its strategic importance, but also its vulnerability to attack. For four centuries, until the French occupation in 1921, Gaziantep was relatively peaceful. In the short term, though, Gaziantep was still reeling from the instability before (and after)
13608-621: The town itself. In Kâhta , at least 55 people died. Gaziantep Gaziantep , historically Aintab and still informally called Antep , is a major city in south-central Turkey. It is the capital of the Gaziantep Province , in the westernmost part of Turkey 's Southeastern Anatolia Region and partially in the Mediterranean Region . It is located approximately 185 km (115 mi) east of Adana and 97 km (60 mi) north of Aleppo , Syria and situated on
13734-759: The village. At least 11 people died, 107 houses were destroyed and 70 percent of the building stock were damaged in Ekinözü . In Afşin , at least 180 people died. At least 335 buildings including 90 in the city center were destroyed. The Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant was also damaged. In Ericek [ ce ; tr ; vi ] , a village in Göksun , 95 percent of homes were affected and 152 died. In Nurhak , there were around 200 deaths and all houses were severely damaged. In Türkoğlu , 1,171 buildings collapsed and 4,500 others required demolition. In Adıyaman Province , over 20,000 buildings and 56,256 houses were destroyed. In
13860-430: The wealthiest ethnic group in the city, until their wealth was confiscated during the Armenian genocide. At the beginning of his campaign against the Mamluks in 1516 , the Ottoman sultan Selim I brought his army to Gaziantep en route to Syria. The city's Mamluk governor, Yunus Beg, submitted to Selim without a fight and gave him the keys to the castle on 20 August. The next day, 21 August, Selim set up camp outside
13986-491: The Çardak Fault; it was also shallower—attenuating from 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi). Slip during the M w 7.8 event extended to 18 km (11 mi) and 12 km (7.5 mi) for the M w 7.7 event. The M w 6.4 aftershock that struck Antakya on 20 February had a rupture area of 25 km (16 mi) × 25 km (16 mi) and produced a peak slip of 0.93 m (3 ft 1 in) at 8.3 km (5.2 mi) depth. Preliminary analysis of
14112-625: Was "culturally mixed", and many locals were bilingual in Turkish and Arabic (as well as other languages). Gaziantep's cultural and economic ties were mostly with Aleppo, which was a major international center of trade. At some point in the 1530s, Gaziantep was moved into the beglerbeglik of Dulkadir, whose capital was Maraş . Even though it was now administratively part of Dulkadir, Gaziantep remained commercially more connected to Aleppo. The 17th-century Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi noted it had 3,900 shops and two bedesten s. In 1818, Gaziantep
14238-497: Was 10.0–12.6 m (32.8–41.3 ft); one of the largest surface offset ever observed from an earthquake. Ground acceleration values recorded in some areas near the fault rupture were in excess of 1 g . Three USGS seismic installations, two at Antakya and one at Hassa , recorded large ground accelerations and velocities. The town of Hassa recorded 0.9082 g in ground acceleration (pga) and 215.34 cm/s (84.78 in/s) in ground velocity. The station data corresponded to
14364-588: Was a sanjak centred initially in the Dulkadir Eyalet (1516–1818), and later in the Aleppo vilayet (1908–1918). It was also a kaza in the Aleppo vilayet (1818–1908). The city established itself as a centre for commerce due to its location straddling trade routes. Although it was controlled by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia only between 1155–1157 and 1204–1206, for most of the last two millennia, Gaziantep hosted
14490-837: Was affected. The United Nations said crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and rural infrastructure were heavily damaged. At least 516 university buildings were affected, of which 106 were heavily damaged. By 23 February 2023, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change conducted damage inspections for 1.25 million buildings; revealing 164,000 buildings were either destroyed or severely damaged. Another inspection carried out in March revealed that 1,411,304 housing units sustained light to moderate damage. Over 150,000 commercial infrastructure were at least moderately damaged. The International Organization for Migration estimated over 2.7 million people were made homeless. A damage assessment by
14616-481: Was also observed in Samandağ . At Lake Gölbaşı, Adıyaman Province, lateral spreading occurred along the northern, eastern and southern coast. Parts of the lakeshore were also submerged. Gölbaşı was also damaged by liquefaction and lateral spreading. Subsidence due to lateral spreading caused extensive damage in İskenderun. Liquefaction produced sand ejecta that buried Atatürk Boulevard in Çay District. Regular flooding in
14742-640: Was also observed in Barbaros, Çelikhan , Sümerevler and Karapınar districts. In Harmanlı, a village in Gölbaşı District , 80–90 percent of it was destroyed. The second earthquake destroyed three buildings in the province. In Gölbaşı , 71 percent of the town's infrastructure was damaged or destroyed and 695 people were killed with over 400 injured, including 286 deaths in the town center. There were also 410 deaths in Besni District , about 90 percent of them in
14868-433: Was deliberate – the Ottomans had a policy of lowering taxes in recently conquered territories, both to placate locals and to provide an economic stimulus to help war-torn areas recover. Later, as their control solidified, the authorities would raise taxes again. According to Leslie Peirce , this seems to have been the case in Gaziantep – tax rates in 1536 were significantly lower than the rates in 1520, which she assumes were
14994-618: Was developed. Kilis was part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire until the First World War , after which it passed to the Republic of Turkey . There was also an Armenian and Jewish community. Being a border town , Kilis has long had a reputation for smuggling and drug trafficking. Although this has apparently been reduced, even today cigarettes, spirits and cheap electrical items can be bought for cash at low prices. During
15120-665: Was founded in 1874 by the American Mission Board and largely served the Armenian community. The Armenians were systemically slaughtered during the Hamidian massacres in 1895 and later the Armenian genocide in 1915. Consequently, the Central Turkey College was transferred to Aleppo in 1916. After the First World War and Armistice of Mudros , Gaziantep was occupied by the United Kingdom on 17 December 1918, and it
15246-557: Was identified via satellite and remote sensing along the southern portion of the M w 7.8 rupture on the East Anatolian Fault from Antakya to Golbasi. Liquefaction and lateral spreading were observed at and near coastal areas, fluvial valleys and drained lake or swamp areas, covered by Holocene sediments . These effects were widespread in the Amik Valley and Orontes River plain, north of Antakya, Hatay Province. Limited observations were made in high-elevation areas due to snow cover and lack of satellite observations. Liquefaction
15372-490: Was located in Kahramanmaraş—this 103 km (64 mi) long section—according to the study, believed to last rupture in 1513 has the potential to produce magnitude 7.3 earthquakes. Large earthquakes on the northern part of the DST include events in 115 , 526, 587, 1138 , 1170 and 1822, which resulted in several tens of thousands to several hundreds of thousands of fatalities. The first and largest earthquake in
15498-471: Was mostly spoken by the Greeks of the town, who also understood Turkish but didn't prefer the language. In Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition from 1911, Kilis was included as a town of 20 thousand inhabitants, mainly composed of Circassians, Turkomans, and Arabs. In 1914, the kaza of Kilis consisted of 78,905 Muslims, 434 Greeks, 3,934 Armenians, 775 Jews, 376 Armenian Catholics, and 390 Protestants. Kilis
15624-451: Was moved back into the Aleppo province. By the end of the 19th century, Aintab had a population of about 45,000, two-thirds of whom were Muslim—largely Turkish, but also partially Arab. A large community of Christians lived in the Armenian community. In the 19th century, considerable American Protestant Christian missionary activity occurred in Aintab. In particular, Central Turkey College
15750-635: Was observed along the fault rupture from the epicenter to Antakya. The MMI also reached IX–X ( Violent – Extreme ) in Kahramanmaraş and İskenderun , VIII–IX ( Severe – Violent ) in Malatya and Adıyaman , VII–VIII ( Very strong – Severe ) in Gaziantep , Kilis , Idlib and Aleppo , and VI–VII ( Strong – Very strong ) in Adana and Şanlıurfa . The maximum MMI of the second earthquake was X ( Extreme ). Liquefaction
15876-403: Was transferred to France on 5 November 1919. The French Armenian Legion was also involved in occupation. In April 1920 irregular Turkish troops known as Kuva-yi Milliye besieged the city , but the 10-month-long battle resulted in French victory. Around 6,000 Turkish civilians were killed in the process. The French made the last attempt to revive the Armenian community in the city during
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