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52-503: The Khotyn Fortress' beginning goes back to the Khotyn Fort, which was built in the 10th century by Prince Vladimir the Great as one of the border fortifications of southwestern Kievan Rus' , after he added the land of present-day Bukovina to his control. The fort, which eventually was rebuilt a fortress, was located on important commerce routes, which connected Scandinavia and Kyiv with

104-643: A Varangian prince, allegedly founded the " Rurik dynasty " (named after him in the 16th century) in 862 through the " calling of the Varangians ", but he is considered to be a legendary, mythical and perhaps even entirely fictional character by modern scholars. The Primary Chronicle never calls Rurik a prince of Kiev; the passage wherein Oleg "sat in Kiev" ([понелѣже сѣде въ Кыевѣ] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ) makes no mention of Rurik, suggesting

156-503: A sobriquet or nickname , that was also applied to other monarchs or clerics around him. Sviatopolk I of Kiev was never called velikiy knyaz ("grand prince") in any source. Moreover, he has been stigmatised by chroniclers with the nickname "the Accursed" or "the Damned" ( okayannyy ) because of how he violently rose to power in the war of succession following Volodimir's death in 1015. On

208-574: A velikiy knyaz . According to Dimnik (2004), this means that Greek scribes added the word "great" to the princely title, whereas the Rus' themselves did not, except when translating these three treaties from Greek into Slavic. Yaropolk I of Kiev and Volodimer I of Kiev are both steadily referred to as just a knyaz by the Novgorod First Chronicle and the Laurentian and Hypatian Codices. There

260-590: A result, Khotyn was returned to Moldavia as a vassal of Ottoman empire. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky initially allied with the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia before occupying Khotyn Fortress for a period in the spring of 1650. During the Zhvanets Battle in 1653, fought on the left bank of Dniester, a garrison of Turks from Khotyn fought alongside Moldavian forces. In November 1673, the Khotyn Fortress

312-757: A six-year (1712–18) reconstruction and it became the foremost stronghold of the Ottoman defence in Eastern Europe. In 1739, after the Russians defeated the Turks in the Battle of Stavuchany (today Stavceane) in which Ukrainians, Russians , Georgians , and Moldavians fought, they laid siege on the Khotyn fortress. The commander of the Turkish forces, Iliaş Colceag surrendered the fortress to

364-569: Is also called "the Great". Dimnik (2004) argued it should thus be read as "the Rus' prince Oleg the Great" instead of "Oleg the grand prince of Rus'". Similarly, the only occasions Igor of Kiev is ever called velikiy knyaz in the Primary Chronicle (six times) are all found in the Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945) , where the Greek emperors are also called k velikiy tsesarem Grech'-skim ("to

416-580: Is one exception: the Hypatian Codex writes Volodimir knyaz velikii ("Volodimir the grand prince") when reporting the latter's death; because the Hypatian Codex is the latest source of the three (compiled c. 1425), this is probably a later interpolation . A Paterik of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra of the early 13th century also calls Volodimer a velikiy knyaz , but that was written two centuries after his death, and may not necessarily describe how he

468-633: The Khlebnikov Codex starts with a regnal list stating: 'In Kiev, the first to begin reigning together were Dinar and Askold, after them came Olga, after Olga Igor, after Igor Sviatoslav, (...)'. There is no mention of a "Rurik"; instead, the list starts with "Dinar and Askold". Unlike Hypatian ' s second place for Oleg the Wise, however, Khlebnikov appears to assert Olga of Kiev succeeded them, and preceded her own husband Igor of Kiev . Askold and Dir are narrated to have been killed in 882 by Oleg ,

520-691: The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' 1240, Michael of Chernigov left Kiev to seek military assistance from King Béla IV of Hungary . During that time, Prince Rostislav of Smolensk occupied Kiev, but was captured the same year by Daniel of Galicia who placed his voivode Dmytro to govern Kiev on his behalf while he resided in Halych . Being unsuccessful in Hungary, Michael visited Konrad I of Masovia . Receiving no results in Poland, he eventually asked Daniel of Galicia for asylum due to

572-581: The Turks expanded and fortified the Fortress. In 1538, the Khotyn Fortress was captured by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under the leadership of Great Crown Hetman Jan Tarnowski . The Commonwealth troops undermined the fortress walls, destroying three towers and a section of the western wall. Following its capture, the fortress underwent renovations from 1540 to 1544. In 1563, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky and five hundred Zaporozhian Cossacks successfully captured

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624-484: The grand princes of Vladimir launched a fierce competition with the grand princes of Kiev over who had primacy over the entire realm. Since then, the phrase " velikiy knyaz of Kiev" was merely titular , and chroniclers applied the symbolic title of velikiy knyaz to Kiev or Vladimir on the Klyazma according to whomever they favoured. In practice, the military supremacy of any particular prince – especially from Vsevolod

676-523: The 1140s, the fortress was incorporated into the Principality of Halych , and by 1199 became part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Between 1250 and 1264, Prince Danylo of Halych and his son Lev rebuilt the fortress. They fortified the structure by adding a half-meter (20 in) stone wall and a 6-meter (20 ft) wide moat around its perimeter. Additionally, new military buildings were constructed in

728-563: The 14th to 16th centuries, the fortress served as a residence for Moldavian princes. In 1476, the garrison successfully held the Fortress against the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II . By the end of the 16th century Moldavia became a tributary principality of the Ottoman Empire . Thereafter, a janissary unit was stationed inside the fortress, alongside the Moldavian troops. During this time

780-569: The Big Nest onwards – would determine whether the other princes would or would not acknowledge him as "grand prince". After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' and Sack of Kiev in the late 1230s and 1240s, the khans of the Golden Horde "in effect, terminated the office of the velikiy knyaz ' of Kiev and conferred political supremacy on their puppet in Vladimir." Volodimerovichi Due to

832-591: The Mongol invasion. Since the 14th century, the principality of Kiev started to fall under the influence of Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1299, the Metropolitan of Kiev Maximus moved his metropolitan see from Kiev to Vladimir-on-Klyazma . In 1321, after the battle on the Irpin River , Gediminas installed Mindgaugas, one of his subjects from the house of Olshanski , a descendant of the family of Vseslav of Polotsk that

884-719: The Ottomans. Ştefan Răzvan tried to return on the throne, but he was faced with the ruthless resistance of Zamoyski and Movilă, being captured and impaled . Ieremia's rule faced a more formidable foe in Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), who, after having crushed Andrew Báthory 's armies in Transylvania and installed himself Prince in Alba Iulia , turned on Moldavia. Michael managed to conquer virtually all of

936-619: The Ponyzia (lowlands), Podolia , Genoese and Greek colonies on the Black Sea , through Moldavia and Wallachia , on the famous " trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks ". The fortification was located on a rocky territory, created by the tall right-hand shore of the Dniester and the valley. At first it was just a huge mound of dirt with wooden walls and protective equipment. It was designed to protect

988-757: The Rus "sea-kings", the " High king ", adopted the title khagan in the early 9th century. Peter Benjamin Golden maintained that the Rus became a part of the Khazar federation, and that their ruler was officially accepted as a vassal khagan of the Khazar Khagan of Itil. Before the mid-15th century, no historical source claims that Rurik founded a dynasty; the Hypatian Codex of c. 1425 began its list of knyazi of Kiev with "Dir and Askold", then "Oleg", then "Igor", up to 1240, and does not mention Rurik anywhere. Similarly,

1040-579: The Russian commander Burkhard Christoph von Münnich . In 1769 and 1788, the Russians again successfully stormed the fortress, but every time it was given back according to peace treaties. Only after the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812) did Khotyn become a permanent part of Russia and a district center in Bessarabia . However, when the Turks were retreating, they almost completely ruined the fortress. In 1826,

1092-469: The Valiant Knight Ivanhoe (1983), The Black Arrow (1985) and Taras Bulba (2009). In these films, the fortress usually represented various French and English castles , including La Rochelle . There are also many legends about the fortress, created over the hundreds of years of its existence. Some popular legends involve the origins of the large dark spot on the side of the wall of

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1144-673: The administrative center of the Hotin County . On 28 of June 1940, Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and at the orders of Moscow, the northern part of Bessarabia, including the town of Khotyn was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . On July 6, 1941, Khotyn was reconquered by the Nazi German - Romanian armies, returning to Romania as part of the Bukovina Governorate . In

1196-637: The army of the Turkish sultan, Osman II . The Commonwealth forces, numbering around 50,000 troops, held off the estimated 100,000-strong Ottoman army in the Battle of Khotyn . On October 8, 1621, the Khotyn Peace Treaty was signed, halting the Ottoman advance into the Commonwealth and confirming the Commonwealth–Ottoman border on the Dniester river (the border of the Principality of Moldavia). As

1248-430: The author was 'more interested in the first Rus' ruler to reside in Kiev than with any founder of a dynasty'. Kiev was captured by Askold and Dir , whose existence is also debatable, and are called " boyars " who "did not belong to [Rurik's] family" by the Primary Chronicle . According to some Russian historians (i.e., Gleb S. Lebedev ), Dir was a chacanus of Rhos ( Rus khagan ). Thomas Noonan asserts that one of

1300-528: The bolsheviks from Russia . The Khotyn Directory gained authority in more than one hundred villages in the area and Y. I. Voloshenko-Mardaryev (Й. І. Волошенко-Мардар'єв) was in charge. The uprising lasted only ten days and on February 1, the Romanians got into Khotyn. Khotyn was internationally recognized as part of Romania after the Paris Peace Conference , remaining a part of Romania for 22 years, being

1352-698: The city of Khotyn was given a coat of arms. In 1832, the new church of St. Alexander Nevsky was built on the territory inside of the fortress. In 1856, the government ended the status of the Khotyn Fortress as a military entity. The First World War and the Russian Civil War took a heavy toll on the people of Khotyn. In January 1918, the Moldovan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence and in March, united with Romania . In January 1919, an anti-Romanian uprising took place orchestrated by

1404-604: The country (except for Polish-occupied Hotin ) and sent his troops to fight the Commonwealth presence in Pokuttya . The tide quickly turned, with hetmans Stanisław Żółkiewski and Jan Karol Chodkiewicz obtaining crucial victories in Moldavia itself and taking the fighting into Wallachia (see Battle of Bukowo ), briefly expanding Polish rule to the main section of the Danube and placing Ieremia on back on his throne, with his brother Simion

1456-651: The country's Ottoman overlord was defused after the Poles negotiated an agreement with Sinan Pasha , although Moldavia was invaded by the Khan of Crimea and Ottoman vassal Ğazı II Giray . Poland and the Turks signed the Treaty of Cecora after the defeat of Tatar troops in October , with the Porte agreeing to Ieremia's rule. Moldavia became a vassal of both countries, still owing tribute to

1508-566: The earliest sources do not. Whereas the reconstructed original Greek text of the Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (907) calls Oleg a μεγας ἄρχων or "great archon " ("ruler"), the Old East Slavic translations found in the Laurentian Codex and Hypatian Codex do not. On the other hand, only when the Byzantine emperors Leo VI the Wise , Alexander and Constantine VII are called "the Great", Oleg

1560-401: The first "prince" ( knyaz ) of Kiev according to the Primary Chronicle , but not yet a "grand prince" ( velikiy knyaz ). His relation to Rurik is debatable, and has been rejected by several modern scholars. Although later Muscovite chroniclers would call Oleg a "grand prince" and Kiev a "grand principality" ( Old East Slavic : великое княжение , romanized:  velikoe knyazhenie ),

1612-440: The fortress, holding it for a period. In 1600, Simion Movilă , the former ruler of both Moldavia and Wallachia , along with his brother Ieremia Movilă , Prince of Moldavia, sought refuge in the Fortress. With Polish support, they engaged in a dynastic struggle against the forces of Moldavia and Wallachia, led by Michael the Brave , who was attempting to capture the fortress. In 1611, Voivode Stefan Tomsa II ruled Moldova with

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1664-460: The fortress. One legend says that the spot was created by the tears of the Khotyn rebels against the Ottoman Turks that were killed inside the fortress. Another legend has it that the spot was created from the tears of a girl named Oksana, whom the Turks buried alive in the walls of the fort. Grand Prince of Kiev The Grand Prince of Kiev (sometimes grand duke ) was the title of

1716-516: The great Greek caesars "). The same happens when, after Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria , the 971 peace treaty is recorded; it is the only place in the Primary Chronicle where Sviatoslav I is named a velikiy knyaz . Most significantly, the Nachal'nyy svod (found only in the Novgorod First Chronicle ) never mentions any of these peace treaties, and never calls Oleg, Igor or Sviatoslav

1768-722: The monarch of Kievan Rus' , residing in Kiev (modern Kyiv ) from the 10th to 13th centuries. In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the grand prince of Vladimir and the Mongol Golden Horde governors, and later was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Rus' chronicles such as the Primary Chronicle are inconsistent in applying the title "grand prince" to various princes in Kievan Rus'. Although most sources consistently attribute it to

1820-534: The new Prince in Bucharest . In the meanwhile, Michael was assassinated at Câmpia Turzii in by his Imperial ally Giorgio Basta , with Transylvania becoming an Imperial fiefdom . With the start of the Polish-Swedish War , Poland had to retreat from Wallachia. Simion was deposed by the Ottomans, and replaced with Radu Şerban in 1601; Poland managed to keep control of Moldavia. During his rule, Ieremia rebuilt

1872-578: The northern part of the fortress. In the latter half of the 13th century, the fortress was rebuilt by the Genoese . In the 1340s, the fortress was captured by Moldavian prince Dragoș , a vassal of the Kingdom of Hungary . After 1375, it was incorporated into the Principality of Moldavia . Under the rule of Alexander the Good and later Stephen the Great of Moldavia , the fortress underwent significant renovations, transforming it into its present form. The old fortress

1924-462: The other hand, Yaroslav the Wise is the first widely attested velikiy knyaz ("grand prince") in virtually all sources of the second half of the 11th century, and surviving copies of the Church Statute of Prince Yaroslav also strongly suggest he applied the title to himself while he was alive. Dimnik (2004) concluded that by the end of Yaroslav's reign in the third quarter of the 11th century, he

1976-561: The persistence and courage, or rather despair, with which both parties were fighting. In early August 1674, the fortress was captured back by Turkish forces. Jan Sobieski, then the Polish king, recaptured it in 1684. With the 1699 Karlowitz Peace Treaty , the fortress was transferred from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Moldavia . In 1711, Khotyn was again taken over by the Turks . The Turks then fortified Khotyn following

2028-512: The prince of Kiev, there is no agreement which princes were also "grand prince", and scholars have thus come up with different lists of grand princes of Kiev. According to a founding myth in the Primary Chronicle , Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv and their sister Lybid co-founded the city of Kiev ( Kyiv ), and the oldest brother Kyi was "chief of his kin" ( Old East Slavic : кнѧжаше в родѣ , romanized:  knyazhashe v rodie ). Some western historians (i.e., Kevin Alan Brook) suppose that Kiev

2080-484: The rich historical traditions of the city, the Khotyn Fortress State Historical and Architectural Reserve was created by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2000. In September 2002, the ancient city celebrated its 1,000-year anniversary. Many historical adventure movies were filmed in the Khotyn fortress: The Viper (1965), Zakhar Berkut (1971), The Arrows of Robin Hood (1975), Old Fortress (1976), D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978), The Ballad of

2132-411: The settlement of Khotyn across the river. The first stone construction was rather small. It was located exactly where the northern tower is located today. Throughout the centuries, this fortress underwent many reconstructions and expansions, and was damaged by new conquerors, who would later rebuild it. By the late 11th century, Khotyn Fortress was under the control of the Principality of Terebovlia . In

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2184-423: The summer of 1944, the Red Army reoccupied the region. In September 1991, during the 370th anniversary of the Battle of Khotyn , a monument was erected in honor of Ukrainian Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi , designed by sculptor I. Hamal' (І. Гамаль). Today, Khotyn is one of the biggest cities and an important industrial , tourist , and cultural center of the Chernivtsi Oblast . Taking into consideration

2236-414: The support of the Ottoman Empire, maintaining control of Khotyn Fortress until his deposition in 1615. In 1615, the Polish army recaptured Khotyn, only to return it to the Ottoman Empire in 1617 . The city was once more seized by the Polish army in 1620. From September to October 1621, the Commonwealth army , led by hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Petro Sahaidachny , successfully defended against

2288-437: The system of succession did not always work as Yaroslav intended was because some princes simply usurped power through a coup d'état at the court in Kiev. The 1097 Council of Liubech upgraded the dynastic capitals of the inner circle of senior princes to grand principalities as well, but still acknowledged the superiority of Kiev. It was not until the Sack of Kiev (1169) by Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal that

2340-428: The text he interchangeably calls himself knyaz and velikiy knyaz , and the earliest copy of this document is from the 14th century, so it is difficult to say what the lost original text said. Since chroniclers also regularly referred to Volodimer as velikiy without mentioning his title – the reason why he has become known to history as Volodimer "the Great" – suggests that this adjective was not part of his title, but

2392-630: Was a Voivode ( Prince ) of Moldavia between August 1595 and May 1600, and again between September 1600 and July 10, 1606. At the time, Moldavia was a vassal province of the Polish-Lituania CommonWealth. A boyar of the Movilești family, Ieremia was placed on the throne in Iași by Polish Kanclerz ( Chancellor ) and hetman Jan Zamoyski after the ousting of Ștefan Răzvan . Zamoyski's intervention had been prompted by Răzvan's acceptance of Imperial tutelage over Moldavia, after having received backing from Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory and Emperor Rudolf II . The potential conflict with

2444-457: Was exiled to the Byzantine Empire . In 1331, Kiev was once again taken by a member of the Siverski house (Olgovichi branch), the prince of Putivl. After Grand Duke Algirdas defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, he incorporated Kiev and its surrounding areas into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Ieremia Movil%C4%83 Ieremia Movilă ( Polish : Jeremi Mohyła Ukrainian : Єремія Могила ; c. 1555 – 10 July 1606)

2496-427: Was founded by Khazars or Magyars . Kiev is a Turkic place name ( Küi = riverbank + ev = settlement). At least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire (a hill-fortress, called Sambat , "high place" in Old Turkic ). According to Omeljan Pritsak , Constantine Zuckerman and other scholars, Khazars lost Kiev at the beginning of the 10th century. At some point, Rurik ,

2548-681: Was known while alive. The oldest surviving source available is Hilarion of Kiev 's Sermon on Law and Grace ( c. 1040s), which calls Volodimer a kagan (a Khazar title) rather than a knyaz . Some scholars have suggested that this indicates Kievan Rus' had won its independence from the Khazars in the early 10th century, and had inherited the title of kagan from them, before exchanging it for knyaz later. The Church Statute of Prince Volodimir starts with "Behold, I, Prince Vasilii, called Volodimir," ( Old East Slavic : Се аз, князь Василий, нарицаемыи Володимир , romanized:  Se yaz, knyaz' Vasilii, naritsayemy Volodimir, ), but later in

2600-403: Was lost by the Turks. Jan Sobieski would begin to occupy Khotyn with a Polish–Cossack army. Sobieski vividly described the battle: More than 60 guns were thundering non-stop, the sky was in flames and smothered in smoke, the earth was quaking, the walls were groaning, the rocks were splitting into pieces. That which my eyes captured throughout the day was indescribable. It is impossible to convey

2652-426: Was reconstructed using stone and extensively expanded. New walls were erected, measuring 5–6-meter (16–20 ft) wide and 40 meters (130 ft) tall. Three towers were added, and the courtyard was raised by 10 meters (33 ft). The courtyard itself was divided into sections for princes and soldiers, with deep basements serving as barracks. This reconstruction established the fortress's current structure. Throughout

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2704-469: Was regularly calling himself and being called the velikiy knyaz of Kiev, and the competing titles of kagan and tsar had decisively lost in favour of velikiy knyaz as the preferred appellation of the Kievan monarch. The velikiy knyaz was designated by genealogical seniority and given the right to reign from Kiev – the grand principality superior to all other principalities in the realm – over all other princes descended from Yaroslav. The reason why

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