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43-491: The Karagash (or as they call themselves, Qaragashly , and Qaragash-nogailar ) are one of the ethnic Nogay groups that live in the vicinity of Astrakhan , Russia . The largest Karagash settlement is the town of Rastopulovka . This article about ethnicity is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Nogais Their name comes from their eponymous founder, Nogai Khan ( lit. 'dog' in Mongolian ),

86-723: A Nogaysky District, Karachay-Cherkess Republic . A few thousand Nogais live in Dobruja (today in Romania ), in the town of Mihail Kogălniceanu (Karamurat) and villages of Lumina (Kocali), Valea Dacilor (Hendekkarakuyusu), Cobadin (Kubadin). A few thousand Bug-Nogais live in Budjak (today in Ukraine ), and they are concentrated mainly in southwest Budjak . They live in the villages of Kotlovyna, Kosa, Krynychne, Karakurt, Oksamytne, Ozerne, Topolyne, Tabaky, Zaliznychne, and Vladychen. They also inhabit

129-822: A general of the Golden Horde (also called the Kipchak Khanate ). The Mongol tribe called the Manghits ( Manghut ) constituted a core of the Nogai Horde . The Nogai Horde supported the Astrakhan Khanate , and after the conquest of Astrakhan in 1556 by Russians , they transferred their allegiance to the Crimean Khanate . The Nogais protected the northern borders of the Crimean Khanate, and through organized raids to

172-515: A grandson of Jochi . Nogai (d. 1299–1300) was de facto ruler, kingmaker, and briefly self-proclaimed khan of the Golden Horde . In the 1990s, 65,000 were still living in the Northern Caucasus, divided into Aq (White) Nogai and Qara (Black) Nogai tribal confederations. Nogais live in the territories of Dagestan , Chechnya , Stavropol district and Astrakhan Oblast . From 1928 there was a Nogaysky District, Republic of Dagestan and from 2007

215-786: A long period of raids and fighting between the Crimean Tatars and Nogai Horde on one side and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow on the other side, caused considerable devastation and depopulation in the area before the rise of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who periodically sailed down the Dnieper in dugouts from their base at Khortytsia and raided the coast of the Black Sea. The Turks built several fortress towns to defend

258-587: A new state of Cossack Hetmanate was established on the territory of the Wild Fields. Hetman Khmelnytsky made a triumphant entry into Kiev on Christmas 1648, where he was hailed as a liberator of the people from Polish captivity. As ruler of the Hetmanate, Khmelnytsky engaged in state-building across multiple spheres: military, administration, finance, economics, and culture. He invested the Zaporozhian Host under

301-548: A result of the treaty, the Zaporozhian Host became an autonomous Hetmanate within the Tsardom of Russia . The period of Hetmanate history known as "the Ruin ", lasting from 1657 to 1687, was marked by constant civil wars throughout the state. The newly re-installed Yurii Khmelnytsky signed the newly composed Pereyaslav Articles that were increasingly unfavorable for the Hetmanate and later led to introduction of serfdom rights. In 1667,

344-560: Is still spoken in some of the villages of Central Anatolia – mainly around Salt Lake, Eskişehir and Ceyhan . To this day, Nogais in Turkey have maintained their cuisine: Üken börek, kaşık börek, tabak börek, şır börek, köbete and Nogay şay (Nogai tea – a drink prepared by boiling milk and tea together with butter, salt and pepper). The Junior Juz or the Lesser Horde of the Kazakhs occupied

387-773: The Circassians in this period. Several other Nogai clans began to migrate to the Ottoman Empire in great numbers. The Nogais followed two routes. An estimated 7,000 Nogais of the Bucak and Cedsan Hordes settled in Dobruja before 1860. Most of these Nogais later migrated to Anatolia . However, the great exodus of the Nogais took place in 1860. Many clans from the Camboyluk and Kuban Hordes moved westwards to southern Ukraine, and wintered with their co-ethnics there in 1859. They emigrated either through

430-583: The Crimean Khanate , a political entity controlled by the expanding Ottoman Empire from the 16th century onward. The 14th and 15th centuries were particularly favorable for Ukrainians to settle the Wild Fields, when these lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Thus, the Wild Fields were partly inhabited by the Zaporizhian Cossacks , as reflected in works of the Polish theologian and Catholic bishop of Kiev Józef Wereszczyński, who settled there in

473-625: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania . As a result of the Battle of the Vorskla River in 1399, his successor Vytautas lost the territory to Temür Qutlugh , the khan of the Golden Horde. After the devastation of these lands by the Tatar-Mongols , the Black Sea steppes were called the "Wild Field" (wilderness) for a long time. In 1441, the western section of the Wild Fields, Yedisan , came to be dominated by

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516-598: The Great Northern War broke out between Russia and Sweden . Mazepa and some Zaporozhian Cossacks allied themselves with the Swedes on October 28, 1708. The decisive battle of Poltava (in 1709) was won by Russia, putting an end to Mazepa's goal of independence, promised in an earlier treaty with Sweden. The Liquidation of the autonomy of the Cossack Hetmanate has begun. During the reign of Catherine II of Russia ,

559-513: The Historical Dictionary of Ukraine , "The population consisted of military colonists from hussar and lancer regiments, Ukrainian and Russian peasants, Cossacks, Serbs, Montenegrins, Hungarians, and other foreigners who received land subsidies for settling in the area." In the 20th century, after the collapse of the USSR, the region was divided among Ukraine, Moldova , and Russia . In 1917,

602-722: The Oirats , migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River to the Lower Volga region. Various theories attempt to explain this move, but the generally accepted view is that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. They reached the Volga about 1630. That land, however, was not uncontested pasture, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde. The Kalmyks expelled

645-837: The Sich and razed it to the ground. The Russian troops disarmed the Cossacks, and the treasury archives were confiscated. This marked the end of the Zaporozhian Cossacks . After a series of Russo-Turkish wars waged by Catherine the Great , the area formerly controlled by the Ottomans and the Crimean Tatars was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 1780s, during which nomadic life in these territories ceased to exist in its ancient version. The Russian Empire started active colonization and built many of

688-671: The Southern Bug — Syniukha and Ingul in the north, to the Black and Azov Seas and Crimea in the south. In a broad sense, it is the name of the entire Great Eurasian Steppe , which was also called Great Scythia in ancient times or Great Tartary in the Middle Ages in European sources and Desht-i-Kipchak in Eastern (mainly Persian) sources. According to Ukrainian historian Vitaliy Shcherbak,

731-673: The Wild Fields inhibited Slavic settlement. Many Nogais migrated to the Crimean peninsula to serve as the Crimean Khans' cavalry. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of the Crimean Tatars . They raised various herds and migrated seasonally in search of better pastures for their animals. Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life. The recorded history of

774-499: The 15th century under the condition that they would fight off expansion by the Nogai Horde and the growing danger from attacks by the Crimean Khanate . And in 1552 the first Ukrainian proto-state Zaporozhian Sich was established. The Wild Fields were traversed by the Muravsky Trail and Izyumsky Trail , important warpaths used by the Crimean Tatars to invade and pillage the Grand Duchy of Moscow . The Crimean-Nogai Raids ,

817-505: The 16th century, after the fall of the Nogai Horde. They settled in the following cities: Şanlıurfa , Gaziantep , Kırşehir , Eskişehir , Adana , Kahramanmaraş , Afyon , Bursa . These Nogais do not speak the Nogai language anymore and some of them are not aware of their ancestry; however, their villages do have Nogai customs. At the beginning of the 17th century, the ancestors of the Kalmyks ,

860-588: The 17th century, the east part of the Wild Fields had been settled by runaway peasants and serfs , who made up the core of the Cossackdom . During the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Uprising (from 1648 to 1657) the north part of this area was settled by Cossacks from the Dnieper basin and came to be known as Sloboda Ukraine . After a successful uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky , in which he allied with Crimean Tatars ,

903-637: The Caucasus in the 13th century. They, in a language, are affected with the Nogais and belong with them to the same branch (Nogai). Wild Fields The Wild Fields is a historical term used in the Polish–Lithuanian documents of the 16th to 18th centuries to refer to the Pontic steppe in the territory of present-day Eastern and Southern Ukraine and Western Russia, north of the Black Sea and Azov Sea . It

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946-644: The Cossack Hetmanate's autonomy was progressively destroyed. After several earlier attempts, the office of hetman was finally abolished by the Russian government in 1764, and his functions were assumed by the Little Russian Collegium, thus fully incorporating the Hetmanate into the Russian Empire . On May 7, 1775, Empress Catherine II issued a direct order that the Zaporozhian Sich was to be destroyed . On June 5, 1775, Russian artillery and infantry surrounded

989-552: The Cossacks for the third time in 1653, Khmelnytsky realized he could no longer rely on Ottoman support against Poland, and he was forced to turn to Tsardom of Russia for help. Final attempts to negotiate took place in January 1654 in the town of Pereiaslav between Khmelnytsky with Cossack leaders and the Tsar's ambassador, Vasiliy Buturlin , in which the Pereiaslav agreement was signed. As

1032-629: The Nogais did not have permanent residence. In the 1770s and 1780s the Russian Empress Catherine the Great resettled approximately 120,000 Nogais from Bessarabia and areas northeast of the Sea of Azov to the Kuban and the Caucasus. In 1790, during the Russo-Turkish war , Prince Grigory Potemkin ordered the resettlement of some Nogai families from the Caucasus (where, he feared, they might defect to

1075-621: The Nogais first commenced when representatives of the Ottoman Empire reached the Terek–Kuma Lowland , where the Nogais were living as rogue clans and herders. There were two main chiefs: Yusuf Mirza and Ismail Mirza ( Bey of the Nogai Horde from 1555 to 1563). Yusuf Mirza supported joining the Ottomans. However, his brother Ismail Mirza, who was allied with the Russians, ambushed Yusuf and declared his chiefdom under Russian rule. After that,

1118-565: The Nogais, who fled to the Northern Caucasian Plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire . Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan . The remaining nomadic Turkic tribes became vassals of the Kalmyk khan. After the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783, Slavic and other settlers occupied the Nogai pastoral land, since

1161-761: The Ottomans) to the north shore of the Sea of Azov. With the 1792 Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) the Russian frontier expanded to the Dniester River and the Russian takeover of Yedisan was complete. The 1812 Treaty of Bucharest transferred Budjak to Russian control. After confiscating the land previously belonged to Nogais, the Russian government forced Nogais to settle through various methods, such as burning their tents and limiting their freedom of movement. The Russian general Alexander Suvorov slaughtered thousands of rebellious Kuban Nogais in 1783. Several Nogai tribes took refuge among

1204-789: The Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo , which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and was temporarily occupied by the Ottoman Empire in the period of 1672-1699. After the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, Poland managed to recover Right-bank Ukraine by 1690, except for

1247-462: The cities in the Wild Fields, including Odessa , Yekaterinoslav , and Nikolaev . The definition of Wild Fields does not include the Crimean Peninsula. The area was filled with Russian and Ukrainian settlers, and the name "Wild Fields" became outdated; it was instead referred to as New Russia ( Novorossiya ). At the end of the 18th century, the name "Wild Fields" ceased to be used. According to

1290-452: The city of Kiev , and reincorporated it into their respective voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while all the Hetmanate administration was abolished between 1699 and 1704. The period of the Ruin effectively ended when Ivan Mazepa was elected hetman, serving from 1687 to 1708. He brought stability to the Hetmanate, which was again united under a single hetman. During his reign,

1333-525: The lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan . A part of the Nogais joined the Kazakhs in the 17th and 18th centuries and formed a separate clan or tribe called as Kazakh-Nogais. Their estimated number is about 50,000. From the 16th century until their deportation in the mid-19th century, the Nogais living along the Black Sea northern coast were divided into the following sub-groups (west to east): The name Nogai derives from Nogai Khan (died 1299/1300, great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan ),

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1376-402: The leadership of its Hetman with supreme power in the new Ruthenian state, and he unified all the spheres of Ukrainian society under his authority. This involved building a government system and a developed military and civilian administration out of Cossack officers and Ruthenian nobles, as well as the establishment of an elite within the Cossack Hetman state. After the Crimean Tatars betrayed

1419-402: The least populated in Europe. However, from the beginning of the first millennium BC to the middle of the second millennium AD, it became an arena of intense struggle between settled agricultural tribes and steppe nomads. Since ancient times, the nomadic way of life has prevailed in the Wild Fields, and settled life (civilization) was established with great difficulty. For centuries, the region

1462-527: The littoral, including Kara Kerman and Khadjibey . What made the "wild field" so forbidding were the Tatars. Year after year, their swift raiding parties swept down on the towns and villages to pillage, kill the old and frail, and drive away thousands of captives to be sold as slaves in the Crimean port of Kaffa , a city often referred to by Russians as "the vampire that drinks the blood of Rus'...For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. Although estimates of

1505-523: The number of captives taken in a single raid reached as high as 30,000, the average figure was closer to 3000...In Podilia alone, about one-third of all the villages were devastated or abandoned between 1578 and 1583. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth considered the Ukrainian lands to the east and south of Bila Tserkva to be the Wild Fields, and distributed them to magnates and nobility as private property as uninhabited, although Ukrainians lived there. By

1548-427: The ports of Feodosia or Kerch , or by crossing via the Budjak steppes to Dobruja. 50,000 of the roughly 70,000 Nogais of the Kuban and adjacent Stavropol region left Russia for the Ottoman Empire during this period. They induced the Nogais of Crimea (who lived in the districts of Yevpatoria , Perekop and in the north of Simferopol ) to emigrate too. 300,000 Crimean Tatars (which included Nogais) left Crimea in

1591-409: The supporters of Yusuf Mirza migrated to Crimea and Yedisan , joining the Crimean Khanate. Supporters of Yusuf took the name Qara , later named by Crimeans as Kichi ( Lesser Nogai Horde founded in 1557 by Mirza Kazy). Those who remained in present-day West Kazakhstan and the North Caucasus (Greater Nogai Horde) took the name Uly (Strong). About 500,000 Nogais migrated to present-day Turkey around

1634-428: The term appeared sometime in the 15th century for territory between the Dniester and mid- Volga when colonization of the region by Zaporozhian Cossacks started. Shcherbak notes that the term's contemporaries, such as Michalo Lituanus , Blaise de Vigenère , and Józef Wereszczyński , wrote about the great natural riches of the steppes and the Dnieper basin . Due to its location, this region has long been among

1677-463: The towns of Bolhrad and Kubei. They also inhabit the cities of Izmail and Tatarbunary . Nogai minorities also live in Bulgaria, mainly in Northeast and Southeast planning regions. A minority also lives in Haskovo province . The number of Nogais living in Turkey today is disputed. Estimates claim there are 90,000-100,000 Nogais (Nogai Turks) in the country. They mainly settled in Ceyhan/Adana , Ankara and Eskisehir provinces. The Nogai language

1720-417: The year 1860. Similarly, 50,000 Nogais disappeared from southern Ukraine by 1861. Other Nogai clans emigrated directly from the Caucasus to Anatolia, together with the Circassians . Nogais lived alongside German-speaking Mennonites in the Molochna region of southern Ukraine from 1803, when the Mennonites first arrived there, until 1860, when the Nogais were deported. Kumyks, like the Nogais, appeared in

1763-429: Was only sparsely populated by various nomadic groups such as Scythians , Sarmatians , Alans , Huns , Cumans , Khazars , Bulgars , Pechenegs , Kipchaks , Turco-Mongols , Tatars and Nogais . There were Pontic Greek colonies on the Pontic steppes of the Wild Fields — Tanais , Olbia , Borysthenes , Nikonion , Tyras . The rule of Great Khazaria on these lands was replaced by Kievan Rus , and Kievan Rus

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1806-464: Was replaced by the Mongol Empire . The steppes of the Wild Fields were suitable for the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and crafts, which led to their colonization as early as the Kievan state. This was hindered by the raids of steppe nomads that roamed these lands in waves. After the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' , the territory was ruled by the Golden Horde until the Battle of Blue Waters (1362), which allowed Algirdas to claim it for

1849-404: Was the traditional name for the Black Sea steppes in the 16th and 17th centuries. In a narrow sense, it is the historical name for the demarcated and sparsely populated Black Sea steppes between the middle and lower reaches of the Dniester in the west, the lower reaches of the Don and the Siverskyi Donets in the east, from the left tributary of the Dnipro — Samara , and the upper reaches of

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