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100-638: The Energy East pipeline was a proposed oil pipeline in Canada. It would have delivered diluted bitumen from Western Canada and North Western United States to Eastern Canada, from receipt points in Alberta , Saskatchewan and North Dakota to refineries and port terminals in New Brunswick and possibly Quebec . The TC PipeLines project would have converted about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of natural gas pipeline, which currently carries natural gas from Alberta to

200-730: A minority government led by the Conservative Party with Harper becoming prime minister of Canada. During his first term, Harper confronted the In and Out scandal , reduced the goods and services tax to five percent, and passed the Federal Accountability Act , the Québécois nation motion , and the Veterans' Bill of Rights . After the 2008 federal election , in which the Conservatives won

300-676: A no-confidence vote found his government to be in contempt of Parliament , triggering a federal election in which the Conservatives won a majority government . During his third term, Harper withdrew Canada from the Kyoto Protocol , launched Operation Impact in opposition to ISIL , privatized the Canadian Wheat Board , repealed the long-gun registry , passed the Anti-terrorism Act, 2015 , launched Canada's Global Markets Action Plan , and grappled with controversies surrounding

400-461: A price on carbon pollution." Other Harper-era approvals such as Northern Gateway had been sharply criticized and even called a "farce" by some public officials objecting to the lack of oral cross-examination. Northern Gateway was ultimately cancelled as well by the federal government in November 2016. Diluted bitumen Bitumen and heavy oils are often produced from remote deposits such as

500-493: A May 2005, budget vote. If the story had been proved true, the actions may have been grounds for charges as a criminal offence as under the Criminal Code , it is illegal to bribe an MP. When asked by Vancouver journalist Tom Zytaruk about the alleged life insurance offer then-opposition leader Stephen Harper states on an audio tape "I don't know the details. I know there were discussions" and goes on to say "The offer to Chuck

600-457: A Montreal hotel. On September 9, 2004, the three signed a letter addressed to the governor general , Adrienne Clarkson , stating, "We respectfully point out that the opposition parties, who together constitute a majority in the House, have been in close consultation. We believe that, should a request for dissolution arise this should give you cause, as constitutional practice has determined, to consult

700-583: A November 10, 2011 phone call, then-President Barack Obama told then Prime Minister Stephen Harper that the Keystone XL approval process was on hold. In response, Frank McKenna , who was then Canadian Ambassador to the U.S., wrote a Financial Post opinion piece suggesting a west-east pipeline. In June 2013, Irving Oil 's Arthur Irving and Frank McKenna discuss the TransCanada negotiations which have frustrated Irving and Irving and TransCanada finally reach

800-530: A candidate in the next federal election . He resigned his parliamentary seat on January 14, 1997, the same day that he was appointed as a vice-president of the National Citizens Coalition (NCC), a conservative think-tank and advocacy group. He was promoted to NCC president later in the year. In April 1997, Harper suggested that the Reform Party was drifting toward social conservatism and ignoring

900-597: A coalition government with the Bloc and NDP in response to Harper's allegations that the Liberals may form a coalition with the Bloc and the NDP. The Conservative Party's first policy convention was held from March 17 to 19, 2005, in Montreal . Harper had been rumoured to be shifting his ideology closer to that of a Blue Tory , and many thought he'd wanted to move the party's policies closer to

1000-542: A confidence vote the following week. Ultimately, the effort to bring down the Martin government failed following the decision of Conservative MP Belinda Stronach to cross the floor to the Liberal Party. The vote on the NDP amendment to the budget tied, and with the speaker of the House voting to continue the debate, the Liberals stayed in power. At the time, some considered the matter to be a constitutional crisis . Harper

1100-475: A deal. The July 6, 2013 the fire and explosion with a 1-kilometre (0.6 mi) blast radius in the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster , the deadliest rail accident since Canada's confederation in 1867 , took place. It was caused by the derailment of a freight train carrying Bakken Formation crude oil . Forty-two people died. About half of Lac-Mégantic , Quebec downtown area was destroyed immediately and almost all

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1200-547: A dilbit spill more difficult than a conventional oil spill , particularly if dredging is considered too ecologically damaging. During the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill , the heavier components combined with silt and sank to the bottom of the water column , making cleanup difficult. Cleanup of the spill was still underway three years after the event, and officials at the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Fishery Division stated that it will "be many more years before

1300-525: A divided opposition. Harper and Flanagan argued that federal conservative governments between 1917 and 1993 were founded on temporary alliances between Western populists and Quebec nationalists , and were unable to govern because of their fundamental contradictions. The authors called for an alliance of Canada's conservative parties, and suggested that meaningful political change might require electoral reforms such as proportional representation . "Our Benign Dictatorship" also commended Conrad Black 's purchase of

1400-454: A fluid that has much lower viscosity and will keep bitumen from precipitating out of the mixture. By 1985, Alberta Energy Company was operating dual pipelines to transport diluent from Edmonton to the Cold Lake oil sands and dilbit from Cold Lake to Edmonton. Dilbit is now also transported by rail. The most common diluent used to dilute bitumen is natural gas condensate (NGC), especially

1500-642: A former United Church of Canada moderator. Harper told a reporter during the campaign that he "despise[d]" Phipps, and declined to debate him. Harper officially became the leader of the Official Opposition in May 2002. Later in the same month, he said that the Atlantic Provinces were trapped in "a culture of defeat" which had to be overcome, the result of policies designed by Liberal and Progressive Conservative governments. Many Atlantic politicians condemned

1600-459: A lake. The results of these studies show greater than 70% reduction in most phytoplankton and zooplankton in response to oil spills, although nano- and microphytoplankton populations recovered as the oil sank to the bottom of the lake. Total insect emergence also decreased with increasing dilbit concentration, and the oil likely drove water strider immobility and death. Stephen Harper Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959)

1700-583: A larger minority, Harper prorogued Parliament to defeat a non-confidence motion by a potential coalition of opposition parties , passed the Economic Action Plan of major personal income tax cuts and infrastructure investments in response to the Great Recession , introduced the tax-free savings account , and ordered military intervention during the First Libyan Civil War . In March 2011,

1800-654: A letter to The Wall Street Journal in which they condemned the Canadian government's unwillingness to participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . As party leader, Harper sought to merge the Alliance with the Progressive Conservatives (PCs) to create a united right-of-centre party. The possibility of a united conservative party increased after Peter Mackay was elected Progressive Conservative leader in May 2003. On October 16, 2003, Harper and Mackay agreed to merge

1900-517: A marine oil export terminal in Cacouna, Quebec , but that configuration was abandoned due to the impact it would have on a beluga whale habitat. The project would have had a capacity of 1.1 million barrels (~200,000 tonnes) of crude oil per day. Irving Oil had announced plans to build a new $ 300-million terminal at its Canaport facility in Saint John to export the oil delivered from the pipeline. In

2000-425: A motion of no confidence on the Martin government, telling the House of Commons "that this government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons and needs to be removed". As the Liberals had lost NDP support in the house by refusing to accept an NDP plan to prevent health care privatization, the no-confidence motion was passed by a vote of 171–133. It was the first time that a Canadian government had been toppled by

2100-460: A province with 11% unemployment. Former Conservative Party of Canada Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper endorsed the project, as did the Government of Alberta . This endorsement was renewed by the former NDP Premier of Alberta Rachel Notley after her government's election in 2015 . The Saskatchewan Legislature unanimously endorsed a motion supporting the pipeline in November 2014, and

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2200-478: A result of a Government of Canada " sponsorship program" in the province of Quebec and involving the Liberal Party of Canada) and other scandals surrounding his government. The Liberals attempted to counter this with an early election call, as this would give the Conservatives less time to consolidate their merger. This, along with an unpopular provincial budget by Liberal Premier Dalton McGuinty in Ontario, moved

2300-415: A standard dilbit containing 33% condensate (resulting in product with "21.5 °API and sulphur content of 3.3 percent") and synbit containing 50% SCO. By selecting different diluent types and blend ratios, bitumen shippers attempt to lower component costs, increase blend value, and maintain pipeline transportability. The blend ratio may consist of 25 to 55% diluent by volume, depending on characteristics of

2400-453: A straight motion of no confidence proposed by the opposition. As a result, Parliament was dissolved and a general election was scheduled for January 23, 2006. On February 27, 2008, allegations surfaced that two Conservative Party officials offered terminally ill, independent MP Chuck Cadman a million-dollar life insurance policy in exchange for his vote to bring down the Liberal government in

2500-453: Is a Canadian politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. He was the first, and to date, only prime minister to come from the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada , serving as the party's first leader from 2004 to 2015. Harper studied economics, earning a bachelor's degree in 1985 and a master's degree in 1991 at the University of Calgary . He was one of

2600-556: Is an active area of research , and much remains unknown. In coastal marine ecosystems , such as those found in British Columbia, Canada , dilbit floats on the surface because it is too light to sink , unless it is significantly weathered. Weathering breaks down the lighter components. Dilbit is harmful to a wide range of marine animals, including sea otters , baleen whales , fish embryos, and juvenile salmon . The effects of dilbit on freshwater ecosystems have come into focus in

2700-623: Is not a coalition, but this is a co-operative effort." On October 4, Mike Duffy , who was later appointed as a Conservative senator by Harper, said: "It is possible that you could change prime minister without having an election." He added that some Conservatives wanted Harper to temporarily become prime minister without holding an election. The next day, Layton walked out on talks with Harper and Duceppe, accusing them of trying to replace Paul Martin with Harper as prime minister. Both Bloc and Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations. On March 26, 2011, Duceppe stated that Harper had tried to form

2800-453: Is the Parliament that's supposed to run the country, not just the largest party and the single leader of that party. That's a criticism I've had and that we've had and that most Canadians have had for a long, long time now so this is an opportunity to start to change that." At the time, Harper and the two other opposition leaders denied trying to form a coalition government . Harper said, "This

2900-479: The 1993 federal election and defeated Jim Hawkes amid a significant Reform breakthrough in Western Canada. The National Citizens Coalition (NCC) ran a $ 50,000 print and television campaign against Hawkes but did not endorse Harper directly. Harper emerged a prominent member of the Reform Party caucus. He was active on constitutional issues and played a prominent role in drafting the Reform Party's strategy for

3000-618: The 1995 Quebec referendum . A long-standing opponent of centralized federalism , he stood with Preston Manning in Montreal to introduce a twenty-point plan to "decentralize and modernize" Canada in the event of a "no" victory. Harper later argued that the "no" side's narrow plurality was a worst-case scenario, in that no-one had won a mandate for change. Harper has expressed some socially conservative views on certain issues. In 1994, he opposed plans by federal Justice Minister Allan Rock to introduce spousal benefits for same-sex couples. Citing

3100-553: The 2001 Alberta provincial election , Harper led the NCC in a "Vote Anything but Liberal" campaign. Some articles from this period described him as a possible successor to Klein. Harper and the NCC endorsed a private school tax credit proposed by Ontario's Progressive Conservative government in 2001, arguing that it would "save about $ 7,000 for each student who does not attend a union -run public school". Education Minister Janet Ecker criticized this, saying that her government's intent

Energy East - Misplaced Pages Continue

3200-601: The Athabasca oil sands in Alberta , Canada and the Orinoco tar sands in Venezuela . Before 1980, most produced bitumen was transported by truck, but trucking is seasonally restricted and relatively inefficient and expensive compared to pipeline transport . However, bitumen in its undiluted state is too viscous and dense to be transported by pipeline. To create a fluid capable of transportation by pipeline, bitumen must be mixed with

3300-610: The Canadian Firearms Registry at second reading in 1995, although he later voted against it at third reading stage. He said at the time that he initially voted for the registry because of a poll showing that most of his constituents supported it, and added that he changed his vote when a second poll showed the opposite result. It was reported in April 1995, that some Progressive Conservatives opposed to Jean Charest 's leadership wanted to remove both Charest and Manning, and unite

3400-679: The Canadian Senate expenses scandal and the Robocall scandal . In the 2015 federal election , the Conservative Party lost power to the Liberal Party led by Justin Trudeau . Harper officially stepped down as party leader on October 19, 2015, and resigned his seat on August 26, 2016. Since then, Harper has taken on a number of international business and leadership roles, founding a global consulting firm, appearing in US and British media, and being elected leader of

3500-515: The Charlottetown Accord . Harper opposed the accord on principle for ideological reasons, while Manning was initially more open to compromise. Harper also criticized Manning's decision to hire Rick Anderson as an adviser, believing that Anderson was not sufficiently committed to the Reform Party's principles. Harper resigned as the policy chief in October 1992. Harper stood for office again in

3600-631: The International Democracy Union . Harper was born and raised in Leaside , a neighbourhood of Toronto , Ontario, the first of three sons of Margaret (née Johnston) and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil . The Harper family traces its ancestral roots back to Sledmere , a village in Yorkshire , England , with Harper's 4th great-grandfather Christopher having emigrated to Nova Scotia in 1774, where he later served as justice of

3700-652: The National Energy Board . At the same time a number of groups announced their intention to oppose the pipeline. The project was cancelled on October 5, 2017 by TransCanada. The entire length would have been 4,600 kilometres (2,900 mi), with approximately 70 percent (3,000 kilometres; 1,900 mi) being existing pipeline that would have been converted from carrying natural gas to carrying diluted bitumen . The pipeline route would have run from Alberta to New Brunswick, crossing through Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The original project proposal included

3800-630: The Southam newspaper chain, arguing that his stewardship would provide for a "pluralistic" editorial view to counter the "monolithically liberal and feminist " approach of the previous management. Harper remained active in constitutional issues. He was a prominent opponent of the Calgary Declaration on national unity in late 1997, describing it as an "appeasement strategy" against Quebec nationalism. He called for federalist politicians to reject this strategy, and approach future constitutional talks from

3900-615: The naphtha component. Due to insufficient quantity of natural gas condensate in Alberta, bitumen shippers also use refined naptha and synthetic crude oil (SCO) as diluent, and import a considerable amount from the U.S. Although SCO requires a higher volume percentage to achieve the same viscosity, at least one study found that SCO provides better blend stability than NGC. Shippers dilute bitumen before shipment in order to meet viscosity and density requirements found in common carrier pipeline tariff rules. A National Energy Board study assumed

4000-451: The "best of Canada's heritage—a combination of American enterprise and individualism with the British traditions of order and co-operation" while Canada "appears content to become a second-tier socialistic country ... led by a second-world strongman appropriately suited for the task". He also called for a "stronger and much more autonomous Alberta", while rejecting calls for separatism . In

4100-461: The "moral authority to govern". Shortly thereafter, the Conservatives and Bloc Québécois united to defeat the government on a vote that some considered to be either a confidence motion or else a motion requiring an immediate test of the confidence of the House. The Martin government did not accept this interpretation and argued that vote had been on a procedural motion, although they also indicated that they would bring forward their revised budget for

Energy East - Misplaced Pages Continue

4200-633: The 2010 Enbridge spill of oil sands crude in Michigan that spills of diluted bitumen (dilbit) may require different response actions or equipment from response actions for conventional oil spills. These spills can also have different impacts than spills of conventional oil. ... We recommend that the Final EIS more clearly acknowledge that in the event of a spill to water, it is possible that large portions of dilbit will sink and that submerged oil significantly changes spill response and impacts. We also recommend that

4300-513: The Board's public hearings and were "forced to recuse themselves from further dealings with Energy East". They had held secret, private meetings in January 2015, with stakeholders, including Jean Charest , former Premier of Quebec who represented TransCanada at the time as a consultant. Board members were "supposed to handle all of their dealings with stakeholders in public." Conservative MP, Lisa Raitt said

4400-671: The Canadian Alliance was shifting "more towards being a party of the religious right ". After the death of Pierre Trudeau in 2000, Harper wrote an editorial criticizing Trudeau's policies as they affected Western Canada. He wrote that Trudeau "embraced the fashionable causes of his time, with variable enthusiasm and differing results", but "took a pass" on the issues that "truly defined his century". Harper subsequently accused Trudeau of promoting "unabashed socialism", and argued that Canadian governments between 1972 and 2002 had restricted economic growth through "state corporatism". After

4500-565: The Canadian Alliance's poor showing in the 2000 election , Harper joined with other Western conservatives in co-authoring a document called the " Alberta Agenda ". The letter called on Alberta to reform publicly funded health care, replace the Canada Pension Plan with a provincial plan and replace the Royal Canadian Mounted Police with a provincial police force. It became known as the "firewall letter", because it called on

4600-460: The Conservatives into a lead for a time. However, comments by Conservative MPs, leaked press releases accusing the then prime minister of supporting child pornography , as well as attack ads suggesting that the Conservatives had a secret agenda, caused Harper's party to lose some momentum. The Liberals were re-elected to power with a minority government, with the Conservatives coming in second place. The Conservatives managed to make inroads into

4700-591: The Energy East pipeline. Wall's (but not Notley's) position was that provincial equalization could be withheld from provinces that did not support the project. Ontario and Quebec had imposed approval conditions on Energy East but had dropped climate change concerns in December 2014. After the election of Justin Trudeau as Prime Minister in the 2015 Canadian federal election , and the replacement of Conservative pro-pipeline MPs with Liberal Party of Canada MPs along

4800-658: The Final EIS include means to address the additional risks of releases that may be greater for spills of dilbit than other crudes. For example, in the Enbridge spill, the local health department issued voluntary evacuation notices based on the level of benzene measured in the air." Pipelines are a major source of dilbit transportation and of revenue in Canada and the United States . The effects of dilbit spills on freshwater ecosystems

4900-417: The Liberals in the scandal, opinion polls placed the Conservatives ahead of Liberals. The Conservatives had earlier abstained from the vote on the 2005 budget to avoid forcing an election. With the collapse in Liberal support and a controversial NDP amendment to the budget, the party exerted significant pressure on Harper to bring down the government. In May, Harper announced that Martin's Liberals had lost

5000-463: The Liberals' Ontario stronghold, primarily in the province's socially conservative central region. However, they were shut out of Quebec, marking the first time that a centre-right party did not win any seats in that province. Harper, after some personal deliberation, decided to stay on as the party leader. Two months after the federal election, Harper privately met Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe and New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton in

5100-464: The NCC in several campaigns against the Canadian Wheat Board , and supported Finance Minister Paul Martin 's 2000 tax cuts as a positive first step toward tax reform. In 1997, Harper delivered a controversial speech on Canadian identity to the Council for National Policy , a conservative American think tank . He made comments such as "Canada is a Northern European welfare state in the worst sense of

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5200-568: The NCC presidency in August 2001, to prepare a campaign. Stockwell Day called a new Canadian Alliance leadership race for 2002, and soon declared himself a candidate. Harper emerged as Day's main rival, and declared his own candidacy on December 3, 2001. He eventually won the support of at least 28 Alliance MPs, including Scott Reid , James Rajotte and Keith Martin . During the campaign, Harper reprised his earlier warnings against an alliance with Quebec nationalists, and called for his party to become

5300-573: The Official Opposition . In 2003, Harper negotiated the merger of the Canadian Alliance with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to form the Conservative Party of Canada and was elected as the party's first leader in March 2004 . In the 2004 federal election , the new party lost its first election to the Liberal Party led by Paul Martin . The 2006 federal election resulted in

5400-546: The Ontario-Quebec border, to diluted bitumen transportation. New pipeline, pump stations, and tank facilities also would have been constructed. The CA$ 12 billion pipeline would have been the longest in North America when complete. The project was announced publicly on August 1, 2013, while the Keystone XL pipeline proposal was being debated. In October 2014, TransCanada Pipelines filed its formal project application with

5500-450: The Premier of Saskatchewan Brad Wall called on Prime Minister Harper "to take leadership in supporting TransCanada’s proposed Energy East pipeline". Accordingly, the provincial governments of Alberta, Saskatchewan and New Brunswick were in support. Wall and Notley had taken the position that Ontario and Quebec could not "veto" the pipeline. The Maliseet First Nations raised concerns about

5600-434: The Reform Party's national organization in his role as policy chief, encouraging the party to expand beyond its Western base and arguing that strictly regional parties were at risk of being taken over by radical elements. He delivered a speech at the Reform Party's 1991 national convention, in which he condemned extremist views. Harper's relationship with Manning became strained in 1992, because of conflicting strategies over

5700-461: The Reform and Progressive Conservative parties under Harper's leadership. Despite his prominent position in the party, Harper's relationship with the Reform Party leadership was frequently strained. In early 1994, he criticized a party decision to establish a personal expense account for Manning at a time when other Reform MPs had been asked to forego parliamentary perquisites. He was formally rebuked by

5800-585: The Reform executive council despite winning support from some MPs. His relationship with Manning grew increasingly fractious in the mid-1990s, and he pointedly declined to express any opinion on Manning's leadership during a 1996 interview. This friction was indicative of a fundamental divide between the two men: Harper was strongly committed to conservative principles and opposed Manning's inclinations toward populism , which Harper saw as leading to compromise on core ideological matters. These tensions culminated in late 1996 when Harper announced that he would not be

5900-708: The University of Calgary. Trained as an economist, Harper was the first prime minister with an economics degree since Pierre Trudeau and the first prime minister without a law degree since Joe Clark . Harper became involved in politics as a member of his high school's Young Liberals club . He later changed his political allegiance because he disagreed with the National Energy Program (NEP) of Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government. He became executive assistant to Progressive Conservative (PC) Member of Parliament (MP) Jim Hawkes in 1985 but later became disillusioned with

6000-453: The University of Toronto and then moved to Edmonton , Alberta, where he found work in the mail room at Imperial Oil. Later, he advanced to work on the company's computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary , where he completed a bachelor's degree in economics in 1985. He later returned there to earn a master's degree in economics, completed in 1991. Throughout his career, Harper has kept strong links to

6100-550: The age of sexual consent. He described his potential support base as "similar to what George Bush tapped". The tone of the leadership contest turned hostile in February 2002. Harper described Day's governance of the party as "amateurish", while his campaign team argued that Day was attempting to win re-election by building a narrow support base among different groups in the religious right. The Day campaign accused Harper of "attacking ethnic and religious minorities". In early March,

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6200-622: The agency can measure the full impact on fish and other animals' reproductive cycles." However, studies show that dilbit does not increase the risk of corrosion occurring within a pipeline or otherwise increase the risk of a release occurring. In 2013, opening on the Keystone XL pipeline proposal, the EPA recommended to the State Department that pipelines that carry dilbit (such as the proposed Keystone XL) should no longer be treated just like pipelines that carry any other oil. "We have learned from

6300-474: The bitumen and diluent, pipeline specifications, operating conditions, and refinery requirements. Froth treatment which removes heavy constituents rather than adding lighter ones is another method. Diluent can be removed from dilbit by distillation and reused. Alternatively, the entire dilbit can be refined. Dilbit and synbit are typically processed by refineries as heavy or medium crudes, respectively. Since dilbit contains hydrocarbons at extreme ends of

6400-421: The board members made a mistake with Energy East. "The NEB is there to make sure they do everything legally, by the book...If I were the minister in charge, I would read them the riot act." Prior to the 2015 general election, then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper renewed the mandates of all nineteen politically-appointed permanent NEB members. This prevented the "incoming government from making its own appointments to

6500-519: The book. Harper is credited with creating Reform's campaign slogan, "The West wants in!" Harper ran for the House of Commons in the 1988 federal election in Calgary West and losing by a wide margin to Hawkes, his former employer. After Reform candidate Deborah Grey was elected as the party's first MP in a 1989 by-election , Harper became Grey's executive assistant, serving as her chief adviser and speechwriter until 1993. He remained prominent in

6600-459: The centre. Any opposition to abortion or bilingualism was dropped from the Conservative platform. Harper received an 84% endorsement from delegates in the leadership review . Despite the party abandoning debate over the two controversial issues, they began a concerted drive against same-sex marriage. Harper was criticized by a group of law professors for arguing that the government could override

6700-582: The entire route of the pipeline in New Brunswick and part of the route in Quebec, the Canadian federal position became unclear. The Prime Minister had strongly condemned the Harper-era process of regulation, citing serious conflict of interest and mandate flaws, and had also promised to "work with the provinces to map out a plan to reduce Canada's collective carbon footprint within 90 days of taking office by putting

6800-590: The federalist option in Quebec. He argued that "the French language is not imperilled in Quebec", and opposed "special status" for the province in the Canadian constitution accordingly. He also endorsed greater provincial autonomy on Medicare , and said that he would not co-operate with the Progressive Conservatives as long as they were led by Joe Clark. On social issues, Harper argued for "parental rights" to use corporal punishment against their children and supported raising

6900-409: The founders of the Reform Party of Canada and was first elected in 1993 in Calgary West . He did not seek re-election in the 1997 federal election , instead joining and later leading the National Citizens Coalition , a conservative lobbyist group. In 2002 , he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance , the successor to the Reform Party, and returned to parliament as leader of

7000-429: The late 2010s, particularly by researchers at the Experimental Lakes Area and Queen’s University , both in Ontario, Canada . Environmental factors such as temperature and light change dilbit’s physical properties , so whole-lake ecosystem experiments are crucial in understanding the potential effects of dilbit leaks and spills. Oil spills were simulated in limnocorrals, which are effectively giant test tubes in

7100-484: The leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada. Harper was elected the first leader of the Conservative Party, with a first ballot majority against Belinda Stronach and Tony Clement on March 20, 2004. Harper's victory included strong showings outside of Western Canada. Harper led the Conservatives into the 2004 federal election. Initially, new prime minister Paul Martin held a large lead in polls, but this eroded because of infighting, Adscam (a scandal that came as

7200-481: The new party's leadership. He expressed reservations about Day's abilities, however, and accused Day of "[making] adherence to his social views a litmus test to determine whether you're in the party or not". Harper endorsed Tom Long for the leadership, arguing that Long was best suited to take support from the Progressive Conservative Party. When Day placed first on the first ballot, Harper said that

7300-423: The opposition leaders and consider all of your options before exercising your constitutional authority." On the same day the letter was written, the three party leaders held a joint press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, and to request that the governor general consult with them before deciding to call an election. At the news conference, Harper said, "It

7400-477: The party and the government of Brian Mulroney , citing the administration's economic policy. He left the PC Party the next year. Harper was then recommended by the University of Calgary's economist Bob Mansell to Preston Manning , the founder and leader of the right-wing populist Reform Party of Canada . At that time, Harper "didn't see himself as a politician", Mansell told CBC News in 2002, adding, "Politics

7500-646: The peace in the area that is now New Brunswick . Harper attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute , both in Etobicoke , Toronto. He graduated from high school in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiate's team on Reach for the Top , a televised academic quiz show for high school students. Harper studied at the University of Toronto's Trinity College before moving to Alberta. In an attempt to establish independence from his parents, Harper dropped out of

7600-570: The position that "Quebec separatists are the problem and they need to be fixed". In late 1999, Harper called for the federal government to establish clear rules for any future Quebec referendum on sovereignty. Some have identified Harper's views as an influence on the Chrétien government's Clarity Act . As president of the National Citizens Coalition (NCC) from 1998 to 2002, Harper launched an ultimately unsuccessful legal battle against federal election laws restricting third-party advertising. He led

7700-416: The principles of economic conservatism . The Liberal Party lost seats but managed to retain a narrow majority government in the 1997 federal election, while Reform made only modest gains. Soon after leaving Parliament, Harper and Tom Flanagan co-authored an opinion piece entitled "Our Benign Dictatorship ", which argued that the Liberal Party only retained power through a dysfunctional political system and

7800-460: The project during National Energy Board board hearings, but the six Maliseet first nations did not take a unified position on the project at that point, saying that they were reserving judgment pending the results of a traditional land use study and technical review. TransCanada said that it would "strive to reach consent" with the First Nations to avoid and mitigate any possible adverse effects of

7900-471: The project on greenhouse gases examined as part of the National Energy Board review process, but did not oppose the project in principle. The Ontario Energy Board also had right to assert its own conditions and jurisdiction, but did not before the project was cancelled. Another controversial aspect was a new supertanker complex at the eastern end of the pipeline near Quebec City . Exploratory work

8000-584: The provincial court rulings on same-sex marriage without using the " notwithstanding clause ", a provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . He also argued, in general, for lower taxes, an elected Senate , a tougher stance on crime, and closer relations with the United States. Following the April 2005 release of Jean Brault 's damaging testimony at the Gomery Commission , implicating

8100-496: The provincial government to "build firewalls around Alberta" to stop the federal government from redistributing its wealth to less affluent regions. Alberta Premier Ralph Klein agreed with some of the letter's recommendations, but distanced himself from the "firewall" comments. Harper also wrote an editorial in late 2000 arguing that Alberta and the rest of Canada were "embark[ing] on divergent and potentially hostile paths to defining their country". He said that Alberta had chosen

8200-560: The recent failure of a similar initiative in Ontario, he was quoted as saying, "What I hope they learn is not to get into it. There are more important social and economic issues, not to mention the unity question." Harper also spoke against the possibility of the Canadian Human Rights Commission or the Supreme Court changing federal policy in these and other matters. At the Reform Party's 1994 policy convention, Harper

8300-552: The regulator before the next federal election, scheduled for 2019." The proposed route crossed the "traditional territory of 180 different aboriginal communities", most of which were strongly against it. Each of the 180 may in law have had a veto under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples which Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau had previously vowed to sign and uphold. This veto right

8400-436: The remaining downtown buildings had to be demolished because of petroleum contamination. There were a number of factors that contributed to TransCanada's October 5, 2017 decision to cancel the Energy East project, including "politics, the energy market and the economics of the energy industry." In 2015, National Energy Board members—NEB's chief executive, Peter Watson, Lyne Mercier, Jacques Gauthier and Roland George "derailed"

8500-484: The remark as patronizing and insensitive. The Legislature of Nova Scotia unanimously approved a motion condemning Harper's comments, which were also criticized by New Brunswick premier , Bernard Lord , federal Progressive Conservative leader Joe Clark and others. Harper refused to apologize, and said that much of Canada was trapped by the same "can't-do" attitude. In March 2003, their speeches in favour gaining no traction in Parliament, Harper and Stockwell Day co-wrote

8600-411: The riding's Alliance candidate and declared that he would not stand aside for Harper; he later reconsidered. The Liberals did not field a candidate, following a parliamentary tradition of allowing opposition leaders to enter the House of Commons unopposed. The Progressive Conservative candidate, Jim Prentice , also chose to withdraw. Harper was elected without difficulty over |New Democrat Bill Phipps ,

8700-533: The speech was intended as humour, and not as serious analysis. Harper considered campaigning for the Progressive Conservative Party leadership in 1998, after Jean Charest left federal politics. Among those encouraging his candidacy were senior aides to Ontario Premier Mike Harris , including Tony Clement and Tom Long . He eventually decided against running, arguing that it would "burn bridges to those Reformers with whom I worked for many years" and prevent an alliance of right-wing parties from taking shape. Harper

8800-505: The term, and very proud of it", "if you're like all Americans, you know almost nothing except for your own country. Which makes you probably knowledgeable about one more country than most Canadians", and "the NDP [New Democratic Party] is kind of proof that the Devil lives and interferes in the affairs of men." These statements were made public and criticized during the 2006 election . Harper argued that

8900-502: The two candidates had an especially fractious debate on CBC Newsworld . The leadership vote was held on March 20, 2002. Harper was elected on the first ballot with 55% support, against 37% for Day. Two other candidates split the remainder. After winning the party leadership, Harper announced his intention to run for parliament in a by-election in Calgary Southwest, recently vacated by Preston Manning. Ezra Levant had been chosen as

9000-509: The two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada . After 95 percent of Alliance members voted in favour of merging with the PCs and 90 percent of 2,486 PC delegates voted in favour of merging with the Alliance, the Conservative Party of Canada was founded on December 7, 2003. On January 12, 2004, Harper announced his resignation as the leader of the Official Opposition in order to run for

9100-572: The viscosity range, it can be more difficult to process than typical crude oil. The Kalamazoo River oil spill was a major spill from a ruptured Enbridge dilbit pipeline in 2010. Cleanup took five years. The EPA ordered Enbridge to dredge the heavy bitumen out of hundreds of acres of Talmadge Creek and the Kalamazoo River . Unlike conventional crude , unstabilized dilbit floats briefly in water but heavier components sink as light components evaporate . The remaining bitumen can make cleaning up

9200-489: Was also criticized for supporting his caucus colleague MP Gurmant Grewal . Grewal had produced tapes of conversations with Tim Murphy , Paul Martin's chief of staff, in which Grewal claimed he had been offered a cabinet position in exchange for his defection. The Liberals' support dropped sharply after the first report from the Gomery Commission was issued, but rebounded soon after. Later that month, Harper introduced

9300-457: Was also strongly opposed by some Canadians on scientific grounds. The Pembina Institute released a report urging the National Energy Board to consider the impact on carbon emissions, estimating the project's upstream impact as being between 30 and 32 million tonnes of carbon emissions per year. This position was supported by the Governments of Ontario and Quebec , who had wanted the impact of

9400-544: Was not his first love." Manning invited him to participate in the party, and Harper gave a speech at Reform's 1987 founding convention in Winnipeg . He became the Reform Party's chief policy officer, and he played a major role in drafting the 1988 election platform, otherwise known as the Blue Book, which helped form the principles and policies of the party. Harper was influenced by his political mentor, Tom Flanagan , when writing

9500-460: Was not to save money at the expense of public education. Day's leadership of the Canadian Alliance became increasingly troubled throughout the summer of 2001, as several party MPs called for his resignation. In June, the National Post newspaper reported that former Reform MP Ian McClelland was organizing a possible leadership challenge on Harper's behalf. Harper announced his resignation from

9600-403: Was part of a small minority of delegates who voted against restricting the definition of marriage to "the union of one man and one woman". He opposed both same-sex marriage and mandated benefits for same-sex couples, but argued that political parties should refrain from taking official positions on these and other "issues of conscience". Harper was the only Reform MP to support the creation of

9700-603: Was put on hold for a month after the Quebec Superior Court found that the Quebec environment ministry had not considered the impact of the project on beluga whales in the area. A public opinion poll held in Quebec found only one-third of Québécois supported the pipeline, while it was supported by one-half of Canadians outside of Quebec. The project was endorsed by the Liberal Government of New Brunswick , which claimed it would create over 2000 construction jobs in

9800-520: Was sceptical about the Reform Party's United Alternative initiative in 1999, arguing that it would serve to consolidate Manning's hold on the party leadership. He also expressed concern that the UA would dilute Reform's ideological focus. When the United Alternative created the Canadian Alliance in 2000 as a successor party to Reform, Harper predicted that Stockwell Day would defeat Preston Manning for

9900-451: Was supported by some Canadian oil extraction corporations such as Suncor . Energy East had generated controversy in various areas. Some communities through which it was proposed to pass (notably North Bay , Kenora , and Thunder Bay ) opposed it categorically. In partial response to these concerns, the NEB had planned to hear aboriginal oral evidence from 70 specific intervenors. The project

10000-503: Was that it was only to replace financial considerations he might lose due to an election". Harper also stated that he had told the Conservative Party representatives that they were unlikely to succeed. "I told them they were wasting their time. I said Chuck had made up his mind." In February 2008, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) investigated the allegations that Section 119's provisions on bribery and corruption in

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