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50-660: Chrétien is a given name and surname. In the French language, Chrétien is the masculine form of "Christian", as noun, adjective or adverb. Notable people with the name include: Given name [ edit ] Chrétien de Troyes , 12th-century French poet Chrétien Le Clercq , 17th-century Roman Catholic missionary Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (1759–1845), French merchant-trader, diplomat and scholar Chrétien Urhan (1790–1845), French musician and composer Surname [ edit ] Gilles-Louis Chrétien (1754–1811) inventor of

100-560: A claim for his family, he sent his chancellor, Thomas Becket , to press for a marriage between Margaret and Henry's heir, Henry the Young King . Louis agreed to this proposal, and by the Treaty of Gisors (1158) betrothed the young pair, giving as a dowry the Norman city of Gisors and the surrounding county of Vexin . Louis was devastated when Constance died in childbirth on 4 October 1160. As he

150-424: A fever and returned to the Île-de-France. In 1154, Louis married Constance of Castile , daughter of King Alfonso VII of Castile . She also failed to supply him with a son and heir, bearing only two daughters, Margaret and Alys . By 1157, Henry II of England began to believe that Louis might never produce a male heir, and that the succession of France would consequently be left in question. Determined to secure

200-539: A male heir to the throne of France. On 18 May 1152, Eleanor married the Count of Anjou, the future King Henry II of England. She gave him the duchy of Aquitaine and bore him three daughters and five sons. Louis led an ineffective war against Henry for having married without the authorisation of his suzerain . The result was a humiliation for the enemies of Henry and Eleanor, who saw their troops routed, their lands ravaged, and their property stolen. Louis reacted by coming down with

250-520: A result, he became well learned and exceptionally devout, but his life course changed decisively after the accidental death of his older brother Philip in 1131, when Louis unexpectedly became the heir to the throne of France. In October 1131, his father had him anointed and crowned by Pope Innocent II in Reims Cathedral . He spent much of his youth in Saint-Denis , where he built a friendship with

300-421: A single battle scene, to a prologue, to a minimally cohesive tale with little to no chronological layout. Uitti argues that Yvain is Chrétien's "most carefully contrived romance… It has a beginning, a middle, and an end: we are in no doubt that Yvain's story is over." This very method of having three definite parts, including the build in the middle leading to the climax of the story, is in large part why Chrétien

350-491: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Chr%C3%A9tien de Troyes Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes or at least intimately connected with it. Between 1160 and 1172 he served (perhaps as herald-at-arms, as Gaston Paris speculated) at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne , daughter of King Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine , who married Count Henry I of Champagne in 1164. Later, he served

400-541: Is left to guess about Latin or French literary originals which are now lost, or upon continental lore that goes back to a Celtic source in the case of Béroul , an Anglo-Norman who wrote around 1150. For his Perceval, the Story of the Grail , the influence of the story is clearly tied to the story of Saint Galgano ( Galgano Guidotti ) who died in 1180–1181 and was canonized in 1185: a knight struck by god's vision, planted his sword in

450-513: Is marked by traits of the regional Champenois dialect (which is still fairly similar to the "standard" French of Paris). The immediate and specific sources for his romances are uncertain, as Chrétien speaks in the vaguest way of the materials he used. Geoffrey of Monmouth or Wace might have supplied some of the names, but neither author mentioned Erec , Lancelot , Gornemant and many others who play an important role in Chrétien's narratives. One

500-545: Is seen to be a writer of novels five centuries before novels, as we know them, existed. This article incorporates material from an essay by W. W. Comfort, published in 1914. [REDACTED] Category Louis VII of France Louis VII (1120 – 18 September 1180), called the Younger or the Young (French: le Jeune ) to differentiate him from his father Louis VI , was king of France from 1137 to 1180. His first marriage

550-499: Is the only one of his four poems based on Ovid 's Metamorphoses that has survived. Two short-lyric chansons on the subject of love are also very likely his, but the attribution of the pious romance Guillaume d'Angleterre to him is now widely doubted. It has also been suggested that Chrétien might be the author of two short verse romances titled Le Chevalier à l'épée and La Mule sans frein , but this theory has not found much support. Chrétien names his treatments of Ovid in

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600-551: The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He was also portrayed by Charles Kay in the 1978 BBC TV drama series The Devil's Crown . He has a role in Sharon Kay Penman 's novels When Christ and His Saints Slept and Devil's Brood . The early part of Norah Lofts ' biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine deals considerably with Louis, seen through Eleanor's eyes and giving her side in their problematic relationship. Louis

650-526: The Latin races between the close of the Empire and the arrival of Dante ." Chrétien's writing was very popular, as evidenced by the high number of surviving copies of his romances and their many adaptations into other languages. Three of Middle High German literature's finest examples, Wolfram von Eschenbach 's Parzival and Hartmann von Aue 's Erec and Iwein , were based on Perceval , Erec , and Yvain ;

700-637: The Second Crusade , Louis and his queen set out from the Basilica of Saint-Denis , first stopping in Metz on the overland route to Syria . Soon they arrived in the Kingdom of Hungary , where they were welcomed by the king Géza II of Hungary , who was already waiting with King Conrad III of Germany . Due to his good relationships with Louis, Géza II asked the French king to be his son Stephen 's godfather. Relations between

750-414: The archbishopric of Bourges became vacant. The king supported the chancellor Cadurc as a candidate to fill the vacancy against the pope's nominee Pierre de la Chatre , swearing upon relics that so long as he lived, Pierre should never enter Bourges. The pope thus imposed an interdict upon the king. Louis then became involved in a war with Theobald II of Champagne by permitting Raoul I of Vermandois ,

800-1055: The physionotrace Henri Chrétien , (1879–1956), French astronomer and inventor Jean Chrétien (born 1934), 20th prime minister of Canada (serving 1993–2003), and former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada (serving 1990–2003) also: Aline Chrétien (1936–2020), his wife Michel Chrétien (born 1936), his brother Raymond Chrétien (born 1942), former Canadian ambassador to the United States, his nephew Jean-Guy Chrétien (born 1946), Canadian politician Jean-Louis Chrétien , (1952–2019), French philosopher Jean-Loup Chrétien (born 1938), French astronaut Paul Chrétien , (1862–1948), French general Pierre Chrétien (1846–1934), French entomologist Todd Chretien (born 1969), contemporary U.S. activist See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Chrétien [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Chrétien at Wiktionary Chrétien (crater) , on

850-464: The seneschal of France, to repudiate his wife, Theobald II's sister, and to marry Petronilla of Aquitaine , sister of the queen of France. As a result, Champagne decided to side with the pope in the dispute over Bourges. The war lasted two years (1142–44) and ended with the occupation of Champagne by the royal army. Louis was personally involved in the assault and burning of the town of Vitry-en-Perthois . At least 1,500 people who had sought refuge in

900-549: The 1150s". Foster Guyer argues that specifically Yvain, the Knight of the Lion contains definite Ovidian influence: "Yvain was filled with grief and showed the Ovidian love symptoms of weeping and sighing so bitterly that he could scarcely speak. He declared that he would never stay away a full year. Using words like those of Leander in the seventeenth of Ovid's Epistles he said: 'If only I had

950-462: The Angevin realms. His second marriage to Constance of Castile also produced two daughters, but his third wife, Adela of Champagne , gave birth to a son, Philip Augustus . Louis died in 1180 and was succeeded by his son, Philip II. Louis was born in 1120, the second son of Louis VI of France and Adelaide of Maurienne . The early education of the young Louis anticipated an ecclesiastical career. As

1000-483: The Aquitaine with which Eleanor was familiar. Louis and Eleanor had two daughters, Marie and Alix . In the first part of his reign, Louis was vigorous and zealous in the exercise of his prerogatives . His accession was marked by no disturbances other than uprisings by the burgesses of Orléans and Poitiers , who wished to organise communes . He soon came into violent conflict with Pope Innocent II , however, when

1050-632: The French throne and was crowned as his father's co-ruler. In 1137, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine and shortly thereafter became sole king following his father's death. During his march, as part of the Second Crusade in 1147, Louis stayed at the court of King Géza II of Hungary on the way to Jerusalem . During his stay in the Holy Land , disagreements with Eleanor led to a deterioration in their marriage. She persuaded him to stay in Antioch but Louis instead wanted to fulfil his vows of pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He

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1100-524: The Knight of the Lion ; and Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart , the latter two written simultaneously between 1177 and 1181. Yvain is generally considered Chrétien's most masterful work. The last romance commonly attributed to Chrétien, Perceval, the Story of the Grail , was written between 1181 and 1190, but left unfinished. It is dedicated to Philip, Count of Flanders , to whom Chrétien may have been attached in his last years. He finished only 9,000 lines of

1150-528: The Moon [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrétien&oldid=1212103558 " Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

1200-665: The Three Welsh Romances associated with the Mabinogion ( Peredur, son of Efrawg , Geraint and Enid , and Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain ) are derived from the same trio. Especially in the case of Peredur , however, the connection between the Welsh romances and their source is probably not direct and has never been satisfactorily delineated. Chrétien also has the distinction of being

1250-492: The abbot Suger, an advisor to his father who also served Louis during his early years as king. Following the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine , Louis VI moved quickly to have his son married to Eleanor of Aquitaine (who had inherited William's territory) on 25 July 1137. In this way, Louis VI sought to add the large, sprawling territory of the duchy of Aquitaine to his family's holdings in France. On 1 August 1137, shortly after

1300-455: The archbishop, asking when Becket refused Henry's conciliations, "Do you wish to be more than a Saint?" Louis also tried to weaken Henry by supporting his rebellious sons, and encouraged Plantagenet disunity by making Henry's sons, rather than Henry himself, the feudal overlords of the Angevin territories in France. But the rivalry among Henry's sons and Louis's own indecisiveness broke up the coalition (1173–1174) between them. Finally, in 1177,

1350-678: The arrows, and to prevent himself from being captured he defended the crag with his bloody sword, cutting off many heads and hands. Louis and his army finally reached the Holy Land in 1148. His queen Eleanor supported her uncle, Raymond of Poitiers , and prevailed upon Louis to help Antioch against Aleppo. But Louis's interest lay in Jerusalem, and so he slipped out of Antioch in secret. He united with King Conrad III of Germany and King Baldwin III of Jerusalem to lay siege to Damascus ; this ended in disaster and

1400-467: The cause of Alexander III, who lived at Sens from 1163 to 1165. In return for his loyal support, the pope bestowed upon Louis the Golden Rose . More important for English history would be Louis's support for Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury , whom he tried to reconcile with Henry II. Louis sided with Becket as much to damage Henry as out of piety—yet even he grew irritated with the stubbornness of

1450-449: The church died in the flames. Condemned by the ecclesiastical authorities, Louis removed his armies from Champagne and returned them to Theobald. He accepted Pierre de la Chatre as archbishop of Bourges and shunned Raoul and Petronilla. Desiring to atone for his sins, he declared his intention of mounting a crusade on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges. Bernard of Clairvaux assured its popularity by his preaching at Vezelay on Easter 1146. In

1500-469: The couple had produced two daughters, but no male heir. Immediately after their annulment, Eleanor married Henry , Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou , to whom she conveyed Aquitaine . Following Henry's accession as King Henry II of England, these territories formed the Angevin Empire . Later, Louis supported Henry and Eleanor's sons in their rebellion against their father to foment further disunity in

1550-462: The court of Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders . As proposed by Urban T. Holmes III , Chrétien's name, meaning literally "Christian from Troyes", might be a pen name moniker of a Jewish convert from Judaism to Christianity, also known as Crestien li Gois . Chrétien's works include five major poems in rhyming eight-syllable couplets. Four of these are complete: Erec and Enide ( c.  1170 ); Cligès ( c.  1176 ); Yvain,

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1600-651: The first writer to mention the Holy Grail ( Perceval ), Camelot ( Lancelot ), and the love affair between Queen Guinevere and Lancelot ( Lancelot ), subjects of household recognition even today. There is a specific Classical influence in Chrétien's romances, the likes of which (the Iliad , the Aeneid , the Metamorphoses ) were "translated into the Old French vernacular during

1650-535: The ground that immediately solidified (kept in Abbey San Galgano ). However, Chrétien found his sources immediately at hand, without much understanding of its primitive spirit, but appreciating it as a setting for the ideal society dreamed of, although not realized, in his own day. And Chrétien's five romances together form the most complete expression from a single author of the ideals of French chivalry . Though so far there has been little critical attention paid to

1700-468: The introduction to Cligès , where he also mentions his work about King Mark and Iseult . The latter is presumably related to the legend of Tristan and Iseult , though Tristan is not named. Chrétien's take on Tristan has not survived, though in the introduction of Cligès, Chrétien himself says that his treatment of Tristan was not well received, possibly explaining why it does not survive. Chrétien's works are written in vernacular Old French , although it

1750-557: The kingdoms of France and Hungary remained cordial long after this time: decades later, Louis's daughter Margaret was taken as wife by Géza's son Béla III of Hungary . After receiving provisions from Géza, the armies continued the march to the East. Just beyond Laodicea at Honaz , the French army was ambushed by Turks. In the resulting battle of Mount Cadmus , the Turks first bombarded the French with arrows and heavy stones, then swarmed down from

1800-426: The marriage, Louis VI died, and Louis became king. The pairing of the monkish Louis and the high-spirited Eleanor was doomed to failure; she reportedly once declared that she had thought to marry a king, only to find she had married a monk. There was a marked difference between the frosty, reserved culture of the northern court in the Île-de-France , where Louis had been raised, and the rich, free-wheeling court life of

1850-405: The meantime, Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou , completed his conquest of Normandy in 1144. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by Louis, Geoffrey surrendered half of the county of Vexin—a region vital to Norman security—to Louis. Considered a clever move by Louis at the time, it would later prove yet another step towards Angevin rule. In June 1147, in fulfillment of his vow to mount

1900-507: The mountains and massacred them. The historian Odo of Deuil gives this account: During the fighting the King Louis lost his small and famous royal guard, but he remained in good heart and nimbly and courageously scaled the side of the mountain by gripping the tree roots [...] The enemy climbed after him, hoping to capture him, and the enemy in the distance continued to fire arrows at him. But God willed that his cuirass should protect him from

1950-464: The next day at Barbeau Abbey , which he had founded. His remains were moved to the Basilica of Saint-Denis in 1817. Louis' children by his three marriages: With Eleanor of Aquitaine : With Constance of Castile : With Adela of Champagne : Louis is a character in Jean Anouilh 's 1959 play Becket . In the 1964 film adaptation , he was portrayed by John Gielgud , who was nominated for

2000-499: The pope intervened to bring the two kings to terms at Vitry-en-Perthois . In 1165, Louis's third wife bore him a son and heir, Philip . Louis had him crowned at Reims in 1179, in the Capetian tradition (Philip would in fact be the last king so crowned). Already stricken with paralysis, Louis himself could not be present at the ceremony. He died on 18 September 1180 in Paris and was buried

2050-436: The project was abandoned. Louis decided to leave the Holy Land, despite the protests of Eleanor, who still wanted to help her doomed uncle Raymond. Louis and the French army returned home in 1149. The expedition to the Holy Land came at a great cost to the royal treasury and military. It also precipitated a conflict with Eleanor that led to the annulment of their marriage. Perhaps the marriage to Eleanor might have continued if

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2100-453: The royal couple had produced a male heir, but this had not occurred. The Council of Beaugency found an exit clause, declaring that Louis and Eleanor were too closely related for their marriage to be legal, thus the marriage was annulled on 21 March 1152. The pretext of kinship was the basis for annulment, but in fact, it owed more to the state of hostility between Louis and Eleanor, with a decreasing likelihood that their marriage would produce

2150-473: The subject, it is not inaccurate to say that Chrétien was influenced by the changing face of secular and canonical law in the 12th century. This is particularly relevant for his Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart , which makes repeated use of the customary law prevalent in Chrétien's day. William Wistar Comfort praised de Troyes' "significance as a literary artist and as the founder of a precious literary tradition [which] distinguishes him from all other poets of

2200-409: The wings of a dove/to fly back to you at will/Many and many a time I would come'." Chrétien has been termed "the inventor of the modern novel ". Karl Uitti argues: "With [Chrétien's work] a new era opens in the history of European story telling… this poem reinvents the genre we call narrative romance; in some important respects it also initiates the vernacular novel." A "story" could be anything from

2250-736: The work, but four successors of varying talents added 54,000 additional lines in what are known as the Four Continuations . Similarly, the last thousand lines of Lancelot were written by Godefroi de Leigni , apparently by arrangement with Chrétien. In the case of Perceval , one continuer says the poet's death prevented him from completing the work; in the case of Lancelot , no reason is given. This has not stopped speculation that Chrétien did not approve of Lancelot ' s adulterous subject (in which case he seems unlikely to have invented Lancelot). There are also several lesser works, not all of which can be securely ascribed to Chrétien. Philomela

2300-504: Was a trip to Toulouse in 1159 to aid Raymond V, Count of Toulouse , who had been attacked by Henry II: Louis entered into the city with a small escort, claiming to be visiting his sister, the countess. Henry declared that he could not attack the city while his liege lord was inside, and went home. In 1169, Louis was petitioned by the bishop of Le Puy to stop the Viscount of Polignac from attacking travelers through Auvergne . The viscount

2350-454: Was besieged by Louis at Nonette and the county was turned into a prévôt . Louis' reign saw Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I press his claims to Arles , in southeastern France. When a papal schism broke out in 1159, Louis took the side of Pope Alexander III , the enemy of Frederick I, and after two comical failures of Frederick I to meet Louis at Saint-Jean-de-Losne (on 29 August and 22 September 1162), Louis definitely gave himself up to

2400-478: Was desperate for a son, he married Adela of Champagne just 5 weeks later. To counterbalance the advantage this would give the king of France, Henry II had the marriage of their children (Henry "the Young King" and Margaret) celebrated at once. Louis understood the danger of the growing Angevin power; however, through indecision and a lack of fiscal and military resources in comparison to Henry II, he failed to oppose Angevin hegemony effectively. One of his few successes

2450-462: Was later involved in the failed siege of Damascus and eventually returned to France in 1149. Louis' reign saw the founding of the University of Paris . He and his counsellor, Abbot Suger , pushed for greater centralisation of the state and favoured the development of French Gothic architecture , notably the construction of Notre-Dame de Paris . Louis' marriage to Eleanor was annulled in 1152 after

2500-555: Was to Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine , one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The marriage temporarily extended the Capetian lands to the Pyrenees . Louis was the second son of Louis VI of France and Adelaide of Maurienne , and was initially prepared for a career in the Church . Following the death of his older brother, Philip , in 1131, Louis became heir apparent to

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