31-529: A cart or dray (Australia and New Zealand) is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by draught animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen, or even smaller animals such as goats or large dogs. A handcart is pulled or pushed by one or more people. Over time, the word "cart" has expanded to mean nearly any small conveyance, including shopping carts , golf carts , go-karts , and UTVs , without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion. The history of
62-943: A draught or draft animals . Others may be used as pack animals , for animal-powered transport , the movement of people and goods. Together, these are sometimes called beasts of burden . Some animals are ridden by people on their backs and are known as mounts . Alternatively, one or more animals in harness may be used to pull vehicles. Riding animals are animals that people use as mounts in order to perform tasks such as traversing across long distances or over rugged terrain, hunting on horseback or with some other riding animal, patrolling around rural and/or wilderness areas, rounding up and/or herding livestock or even for recreational enjoyment. They mainly include equines such as horses , donkeys , and mules ; bovines such as cattle , water buffalo , and yak . In some places, elephants , llamas and camels are also used. Dromedary camels are in arid areas of Australia, North Africa and
93-483: A metaphorical meaning in relation to online purchases (here, British English uses the metaphor of the shopping basket). Shopping carts first made their appearance in Oklahoma City in 1937. In golf, both manual push or pull and electric golf trolleys are designed to carry a golfer's bag, clubs and other equipment. Also, the golf cart, car, or buggy, is a powered vehicle that carries golfers and their equipment around
124-408: A sedan chair or an infant walker . Other carts: Larger carts may be drawn by animals, such as horses, mules, and oxen. They have been in continuous use since the invention of the wheel, in the 4th millennium BC. Carts may be named for the animal that pulls them, such as horsecart or oxcart . In modern times, horsecarts are used in competition while draft horse showing . A dogcart , however,
155-464: A treadmill and have been used throughout history to power a winch to raise water from a well. Turnspit dogs were formerly used to power roasting jacks for roasting meat. Working as a form of biological treatment for the environment. Animals such as Asian carps were imported to the U.S. in 1970s to control algae, weed, and parasite growth in aquatic farms, weeds in canal systems, and as one form of sewage treatment . Animals can be used to detect
186-413: A "distinct legal persona with corresponding rights, duties, and liabilities of a living person" and humans are "loco parentis" while laying out the norms for animal welfare, veterinary treatment, fodder and shelter, e.g. animal drawn carriages must not have more than four humans, and load carrying animals must not be loaded beyond the specified limits and those limits must be halved when animals have to carry
217-464: A billy cart, go-cart, trolley etc.) is a popular children's construction project on wheels, usually pedaled, but also intended for a test race. Similar, but more sophisticated are modern-day pedal cart toys used in general recreation and racing. The term "go-kart" (also shortened as "kart", an alternative spelling of "cart"), has existed since 1959, and refers to a tiny race car with a frame and two-stroke engine . The old term go-cart originally meant
248-473: A golf course faster and with less effort than walking. A Porter's trolley is a type of small, hand-propelled wheeled platform. This can also be called a baggage cart . Autocarts are a type of small, hand-propelled wheeled utility carts having a pivoting base for collapsible storage in vehicles. They eliminate the need for plastic or paper shopping bags and are also used by tradespersons to carry tools, equipment or supplies. A soap-box cart (also known as
279-429: A harness on dogs or other light animals. Traces are made from a range of materials depending on the load and frequency of use. Heavy draught traces are made from iron or steel chain. Lighter traces are often leather and sometimes hemp rope , but plaited horse-hair and other similar decorative materials can be used. The dray is often associated with the transport of barrels . Draught animal A working animal
310-399: A horse, pony or dog. Examples include: The builder of a cart may be known as a cartwright ; the surname "Carter" also derives from the occupation of transporting goods by cart or wagon. Carts have many different shapes, but the basic idea of transporting material (or maintaining a collection of materials in a portable fashion) remains. Carts may have a pair of shafts, one along each side of
341-453: A mobile stage elevating the condemned on the way to the guillotine: this was simply a continuation of earlier practice when they were used as the removable support in the gallows, before Albert Pierrepoint calculated the precise drop needed for instant severance of the spinal column . Of the cart types not animal-drawn, perhaps the most common example today is the shopping cart ( British English : shopping trolley), which has also come to have
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#1732837203631372-477: A sprung driving seat. Starting in the late-1700s in England, taxes were assessed on horses, wagons , carts, carriages and coaches . Conveyances with springs were taxed as luxury goods, while crude agricultural vehicles were taxed the least, leading to creative vehicle construction to avoid or lessen taxes. The so-called taxed cart was the cheapest and crudest of carts, rating the lowest possible taxed category; it
403-479: Is police dogs and military dogs , which are often afforded additional protections and the same memorial services as human officers and soldiers. India law have provision for the in loco parentis for implementing animal welfare laws. Under the Indian law the non-human entities such as animals, deities, trusts, charitable organizations, corporate, managing bodies, etc. and several other non-human entitles have been given
434-536: Is smell , hence such dogs are also commonly known as 'sniffer dogs'. For this task, dogs may sometimes be used remotely from the suspect item, for example via the Remote Air Sampling for Canine Olfaction (RASCO) system. The defensive and offensive capabilities of animals (such as fangs and claws) can be used to protect or to attack humans. In some jurisdictions, certain working animals are afforded greater legal rights than other animals. One such common example
465-507: Is an animal, usually domesticated , that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products . Some are used for their physical strength (e.g. oxen and draft horses ) or for transportation (e.g. riding horses and camels ), while others are service animals trained to execute certain specialized tasks (e.g. hunting and guide dogs , messenger pigeons , and fishing cormorants ). They may also be used for milking or herding . Some, at
496-807: Is as draft animals, harnessed singly or in teams , to pull sleds , wheeled vehicles or ploughs . Assorted wild animals have, on occasion, been tamed and trained to harness, including zebras and even moose . As some domesticated animals display extremely protective or territorial behavior, certain breeds and species have been utilized to guard people and/or property such as homes , public buildings , businesses , crops , livestock and even venues of criminal activity . Guard animals can either act as alarms to alert their owners of danger or they can be used to actively scare off and/or even attack encroaching intruders or dangerous animals. Well known examples of guard animals include dogs , geese and llamas . Working draught animals may power fixed machinery using
527-436: Is usually a cart designed to carry hunting dogs : an open cart with two cross-seats back to back; the dogs could be penned between the rear-facing seat and the back end. The term "cart" (synonymous in this sense with chair ) is also used for various kinds of lightweight, two-wheeled carriages, some of them sprung carts (or spring carts ), especially those used as open pleasure or sporting vehicles. They could be drawn by
558-610: The Middle East; the less common Bactrian camel inhabits central and East Asia; both are used as working animals. On occasion, reindeer , though usually driven, may be ridden. Certain wild animals have been tamed and used for riding, usually for novelty purposes, including the zebra and the ostrich . Some mythical creatures are believed to act as divine mounts, such as garuda in Hinduism (See vahana for divine mounts in Hinduism) and
589-494: The cart is closely tied to the history of the wheel . Carts have been mentioned in literature as far back as the second millennium B.C. The first people to use the cart may have been Mesopotamians or early Eastern Europeans, such as the Yamnaya Culture (See history of the wheel for more information). Handcarts pushed by humans have been used around the world. Carts were often used for judicial punishments, both to transport
620-527: The condemned – a public humiliation in itself (in Ancient Rome defeated leaders were often carried in the victorious general's triumph ) – and even, in England until its substitution by the whipping post under Queen Elizabeth I , to tie the condemned to the cart-tail (the back part of a cart) and administer him or her a public whipping. Tumbrils were commonly associated with the French Revolution as
651-418: The draught animal that supports the forward-balanced load in the cart. The shafts are supported by a saddle on the horse. Alternatively (and normally where the animals are oxen or buffalo), the cart may have a single pole between a pair of animals. The draught traces attach to the axle of the vehicle or to the shafts. The traces are attached to a collar (on horses), to a yoke (on other heavy draught animals) or to
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#1732837203631682-454: The end of their working lives, may also be used for meat or leather . The history of working animals may predate agriculture as dogs were used by hunter-gatherer ancestors; around the world, millions of animals work in relationship with their owners. Domesticated species are often bred for different uses and conditions, especially horses and working dogs . Working animals are usually raised on farms , though some are still captured from
713-408: The freight and dray vehicles such as lorries and trollies . A vehicle without springs was also called a dead axle . The bandy of India is an unsprung cart. Constructing with springs adds to the cost of the vehicle. A vehicle would be sprung if it was to be used at faster speeds, carrying certain loads, or carrying passengers. Milk floats were usually sprung. The Australian spring cart
744-576: The load up a slope. A court while deciding the Animal Welfare Board of India vs Nagaraja case in 2014 mandated that animals are also entitled to the fundamental right to freedom enshrined in the Article 21 of Constitution of India i.e. right to life, personal liberty and the right to die with dignity ( passive euthanasia ). In another case, a court in Uttarakhand state mandated that animals have
775-697: The presence of pathogens and patients carrying infectious diseases. Dogs and pigs, with a better sense of smell than humans, can assist with gathering by finding valuable products, such as truffles (a very expensive subterranean fungus). The French typically use truffle hogs , while Italians mainly use dogs. Monkeys are trained to pick coconuts from palm trees, a job many human workers consider as too dangerous. Detection dogs , commonly employed by law enforcement authorities, are trained to use their senses to detect illegal drugs , explosives , currency, and contraband electronics such as illicit mobile phones, among other things. The sense most used by detection dogs
806-652: The same rights as humans. Sprung cart Sprung cart and unsprung cart are terms used mainly in Britain and Australia to denote a utilitarian type of two-wheeled horse-drawn cart , and indicating whether or not springs were used to support the body of the cart. Unsprung vehicles, meaning without any springs, were simple sturdy two-wheeled vehicle used by roadmen, farmers and tradesmen. They would be used at slower speeds or carrying heavier loads, such as farm carts, those carrying coal or peat, and some heavy delivery vehicles. Farm wagons were usually unsprung, as were most of
837-546: The status of the " legal person " with legal rights and duties, such as to sue and be sued, to own and transfer the property, to pay taxes, etc. In court cases regarding animals, the animals have the status of "legal person" and humans have the legal duty to act as "loco parentis" towards animals welfare like a parent has towards the minor children. In a case of cow-smuggling , the Punjab and Haryana High Court mandated that "entire animal kingdom including avian and aquatic" species has
868-694: The trustworthiness and mild temper of true domesticated working animals. Conversely, not all domesticated animals are working animals. For example, while cats may catch mice, it is an instinctive behavior, not one that can be trained by human intervention. Other domesticated animals, such as sheep or rabbits, may have agricultural uses for meat, hides and wool , but are not suitable for work. Finally, small domestic pets, such as most small birds (other than certain types of pigeon ) are generally incapable of performing work other than providing companionship. Some animals are used due to sheer physical strength in tasks such as ploughing or logging. Such animals are grouped as
899-804: The wild, such as dolphins and some Asian elephants . People have found uses for a wide variety of abilities in animals, and even industrialized societies use many animals for work. People use the strength of horses, elephants, and oxen to pull carts and move loads. Police forces use dogs for finding illegal substances and assisting in apprehending wanted persons, others use dogs to find game or search for missing or trapped people. People use various animals— camels , donkeys , horses, dogs, etc.—for transport, either for riding or to pull wagons and sleds. Other animals, including dogs and monkeys , help disabled people. On rare occasions, wild animals are not only tamed, but trained to perform work—though often solely for novelty or entertainment, as such animals tend to lack
930-633: The winged horse Pegasus in Greek mythology . Pack animals may be of the same species as mounts or harness animals, though animals such as horses , mules , donkeys , reindeer and both types of camel may have individual bloodlines or breeds that have been selectively bred for packing. Additional species are only used to carry loads, including llamas in the Andes . Domesticated cattle and yaks are also used as pack animals. Other species used to carry cargo include dogs and pack goats . An intermediate use
961-473: Was a simple cart designed for carrying goods and did not have seating for driver or passengers. Two-wheeled carriages such as gigs and dogcarts were not usually referred to as "carts", though they would be described as "sprung". Most of the utilitarian carts did not have a seat for the driver. The driver would either stand in the cart, sit on the load, or walk beside the horse. In America, many vehicles had unsprung bodies, but instead were constructed with