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The Bunguran Islands are an archipelago in Riau Islands province, Indonesia , located in the Natuna Sea , the southern portion of the South China Sea . The archipelago forms the central part of the Natuna Regency , an archipelago of 272 islands in total, which is in turn included in the Tudjuh Archipelago , off the northwest coast of Borneo . The largest island of the archipelago is Bunguran or Pulau Natuna Besar (Great Natuna Island), situated in the Middle Natuna Archipelago . The group covers a land area of 1,698.6 km and had a population of 52,013 at the 2010 Census. It is divided into nine districts ( kecamatan ) – seven of which are tabulated below from north to south with their areas and 2010 Census populations, plus the number of administrative villages within that district (after the creation of two additional districts since 2010) and the postcode:

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109-540: Two additional districts have been created since 2010 out of the existing districts - Bunguran Batubi (split from Bunguran Barat district) and Pulau Tiga Barat (split from Pulau Tiga district). 4°00′00″N 108°15′00″E  /  4.0000°N 108.2500°E  / 4.0000; 108.2500 This Riau Islands location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Riau Islands The Riau Islands ( Indonesian : Kepulauan Riau , Jawi : كڤولاوان رياو ‎, Chinese : 廖內群島)

218-411: A Balinese slave lady and a Bugis commoner. Tengku Abdul Rahman had a similarly lowborn mother, Cik Halimah. The only unquestionably royal wife and consort of Mahmud Shah was Engku Puteri Hamidah, whose only child had died an hour after birth. In the following chaos, Engku Puteri was expected to install Tengku Hussein as the next sultan, because he had been preferred by the late Mahmud Shah. Based on

327-538: A Parliament. After establishing itself in Tanjung Pinang, the group formed a new organisation known as Djawatan Koewasa Pengoeroes Rakjat Riow (The Council of Riau People Administration), with the members hailing from Tudjuh Archipelago, Great Karimun , Lingga and Singkep . The group strongly advocated the restoration of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate after the status of Indonesia became official. The leader of

436-580: A Portuguese counterattack forced him to flee to Sumatra where he died in 1528. Sultan Alauddin succeeded his father and set up a new capital in the south. The archipelago became the part of the "war triangle" between the Portuguese, the Johor Sultanate and the Acheh Sultanate of northern Sumatra. Bintan saw many rulers during the time, as the three countries grew and declined in power. Subsequently,

545-482: A dialect of Malay by its speakers; its minor dialect is typically called Bukit Malay). Speakers of unintelligible Malay dialects speak standard Indonesian as a lingua franca. Besides the proper Malay languages, there are several languages closely related to Malay such as Minangkabau , Kerinci , Kubu and others. These languages are closely related to Malay , but their speakers do not consider their languages to be Malay . There are many Malay-based creoles spoken in

654-492: A king. It is also said that it was he who gave name to Singapore. Upon landing on Temasek , the old name of Singapore, he spotted an animal, which he thought was a lion, and renamed Temasek as Singapura (Lion City). He also proclaimed himself as a king of Singapore. According to the Malay Annals , Sri Tri Buana , fleeing from the sacking of Palembang, stayed on Bintan for several years, gathering his strength before founding

763-626: A much higher value. Malayan money was withdrawn from 1 November 1963. The Riau rupiah was exchangeable as a foreign currency with the Indonesian rupiah. Since 1 July 1964, the Riau rupiah is no longer valid, being replaced by the Indonesian rupiah at a rate of 1 Riau rupiah = 14.7 Indonesian rupiah. Due to its proximity to Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia , the Riau Islands area became the focus point during

872-558: A prince of Palembang origin, Sang Nila Utama established the Kingdom of Singapura in Temasek . His dynasty ruled the island kingdom until the end of the 14th century, when the polity once again faced the wrath of Javanese invaders. In 1400, his great-great-grandson, Parameswara , headed north and established the Malacca Sultanate . The new kingdom succeeded Srivijaya and inherited much of

981-503: Is a province of Indonesia —not to be confused with neighbouring Riau Province from which the Riau Islands Province were separated in 2002. The capital of the province is Tanjung Pinang , while the largest city is Batam . It shares a maritime border with Riau and Jambi to the west, Bangka Belitung Islands to the south, Singapore to the northeast, Malaysia and West Kalimantan to the east, and Vietnam and Cambodia to

1090-643: Is headed by a regent ( bupati ), while each district is headed by a district chief ( camat ) and each village headed by a village chief (known as a kepala desa or penghulu ) for each village in the district. During the Dutch East Indies era, the Riau Islands was included in the Residency of Riau and Dependencies ( Dutch : R esidentie Riouw en Onderhoorigheden ), which is also based in Tanjung Pinang . The Dutch Residency consisted of Tanjung Pinang , Lingga ,

1199-623: Is now Indonesia, mainly on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra . These included Srivijaya , the Melayu Kingdom , Dharmasraya , the Sultanate of Deli , the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , the Riau-Lingga Sultanate , the Sultanate of Bulungan , Pontianak Sultanate , and the Sultanate of Sambas . The 2010 census states that there are 8 million Malays in Indonesia; this number comes from

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1308-589: Is only recognised as one of myriad Indonesian ethnic groups , which enjoy equal status with other Indonesians such as Javanese , Sundanese , Minangkabau , Dayak , Buginese , Ambonese and Papuan . There are various kingdoms and sultanates related to the history of the Malay people and other ethnicities on the island of Sumatra , such as Melayu Kingdom , Srivijaya , Dharmasraya , Sultanate of Deli , Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura , Asahan Sultanate , Riau-Lingga Sultanate , Riau Sultanate , Palembang Sultanate and

1417-501: Is the country 's official language and lingua franca , was based on Riau Malay, which despite its common name is not based on the vernacular Malay dialects of the Riau Islands , rather it represents a form of Classical Malay as used in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Riau-Lingga Sultanate . The Malay language has a long history, which has a literary record as far back as the 7th century AD. A famous early Malay inscription,

1526-735: The Batang Hari River in Jambi . The term is thought to be derived from the Malay word melaju , a combination of the verbal prefix 'me' and the root word 'laju', meaning "to accelerate", used to describe the accelerating strong current of the river. The beginning of the Common Era saw the rise of Malay states in the coastal areas of the Sumatra and Malay Peninsula ; Srivijaya , Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , Gangga Negara , Langkasuka , Kedah , Pahang ,

1635-616: The Classical Malay language, the Islamic faith, and the Malay Muslim culture; the three core values of Kemelayuan (" Malayness "). the course of history, the term "Malay" has been extended to other ethnic groups within the " Malay world "; this usage is nowadays largely confined to Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore, where descendants of immigrants from these ethnic group are termed as anak dagang ("traders") and who are predominantly from

1744-788: The Dipertuan Muda/Yamtuan Muda (deputy ruler or Viceroy), a position held by the Bugis ruling elite, served as the Head of Government . The sultan's royal palace was located in Penyengat Inderasakti , while the Yang Dipertuan Muda resided in Daik , Lingga. After becoming a Dutch protectorate, a Dutch resident was installed as an adviser to the sultan. For the hereditary position of the Sultan,

1853-679: The Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies that the Sultan was an opponent to the Dutch and immersed with a group of hardcore resistance. Later, on 1 January 1903, the Dutch Colonial Resident found that the Dutch flag was not being raised during his visit to the royal palace. In his report to the governor he wrote; "it seems that he (Sultan Abdul Rahman II) acted as if he was a sovereign king and he raises his own flag". Based on several records in

1962-489: The Indonesian National Archive , there were some reports that the Sultan then apologized to the governor over the "flag incident". On 18 May 1905, the Dutch demanded a new agreement with the sultan, stipulating further limits on the powers of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate, requiring that the Dutch flag must be raised higher than the flag of Riau, and specifying that Dutch officials should be given supreme honor in

2071-485: The Indonesian archipelago . Contrary to Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, Malayness has no special position in Indonesian state ideology, except as one of the constituent regional cultures — which tend to be represented on a province-by-province basis. Loyalty for a certain ethnic group was overshadowed with the new inter-ethnic loyalty, advocating the importance of the national unity and national identity of Bangsa Indonesia ("Indonesian nation") instead. Ethnic Malay

2180-834: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , the Japanese massacred most of the Malay elite and beheaded all of the Malay Sultans in Kalimantan. During the Fall of Suharto , there was a resurgence in Malay nationalism and identity in Kalimantan and ethnic Malays and Dayaks in Sambas massacred Madurese during the Sambas riots . Sumatra is the homeland of the Malay languages , which today spans all corners of Southeast Asia . The Indonesian language , which

2289-949: The Kedukan Bukit Inscription , was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920, at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , on the banks of the Tatang river, a tributary of the Musi River . It is a small stone of 45 by 80 cm. It is written in Old Malay , a possible ancestor of today's Malay language and its variants. Most Malay languages and dialects spoken in Indonesia are mutually unintelligible with Standard Indonesian . The most widely spoken are Palembang Malay (3.2 million), Jambi Malay (1 million), Bengkulu Malay (1.6 million) and Banjarese (4 million) (although not considered to be

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2398-399: The Kingdom of Singapura (Singapore). During the rule of Sultan Mansur Shah (1459–1466), the Riau archipelago became part of the Malacca Sultanate . The fall of Malacca Empire in 1511 when Malacca fell to the Portuguese. Sultan Mahmud Shah fled to Pahang and then to Johor and Bintan in 1521. There, he held out against Portuguese attacks, he even laid siege on Malacca in 1524, before

2507-515: The Lingga Sultanate , etc. There are various kingdoms and sultanates related to the history of the Malay people and other ethnicities on the island of Kalimantan (a.k.a. Borneo), such as Sanggau Kingdom , Pontianak Sultanate , Bulungan Sultanate , Berau Sultanate , Gunung Tabur Sultanate , Sambaliung Sultanate , Paser Sultanate , Kutai Sultanate , etc. In the Pontianak incidents during

2616-458: The Malacca Sultanate in the early 16th century, the remaining Malaccan nobles and subjects fled from Malacca to mainland Sumatra while being pursued by the Portuguese. The Portuguese is believed to have reached as far as the Siak River . The second version claims that riau comes from the word riahi which means sea water. The word is allegedly derived from the figure of Sinbad al-Bahar in

2725-626: The Malaya and British Borneo dollar used in British Malaya was the principal currency in the region. To affirm its fiscal stake in the region, a decree was passed on 15 October 1963 to replace the Malaya and British Borneo dollar (the circulating currency) with an Indonesian-issued currency, the Riau rupiah , which replaced the dollar at par. Although the rupiah resembled the Indonesian rupiah in appearance, having

2834-513: The Melayu Kingdom and Chi Tu . Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many of these small, often prosperous peninsula and Sumatran maritime trading states, became part of the mandala of Srivijaya, a great confederation of city-states centred in Palembang . Srivijaya's influence spread over all the coastal areas of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, western Java and western Borneo , as well as

2943-597: The Ottoman Empire in 1883, 1895 and in 1905 to secure the liberation of the kingdom by Raja Ali Kelana, accompanied by a renowned Pattani -born Ulema , Syeikh Wan Ahmad Fatani. The Dutch Colonial Office in Tanjung Pinang labelled the organisation as a left-leaning party. The organisation also won support from the Mohakamah (Malay Judiciary) and the Dewan Kerajaan (Sultanate Administrative Board). Its activities outraged

3052-583: The Pan-Islamism brotherhood, the Riau Malay intelligentsia established the Roesidijah (Club) Riouw in 1895. The association was born as a literary circle to develop the religious, cultural and intellectual needs of the sultanate, but as it matured, it changed into a more critical organisation and began to address the fight against Dutch rule in the kingdom. The late 19th century was marked by growing awareness among

3161-519: The People's Representative Council . The Riau Islands Electoral District consists of all of the 5 regencies in the province, together with the cities of Batam and Tanjung Pinang, and elects 4 members to the People's Representative Council. The total area of the Riau Islands is 8,269.71 km (3,192.95 sq mi) (3,192.95 sq miles), making it the 31st largest province in Indonesia, slightly smaller than

3270-657: The Riau mainland and Indragiri , while the Tudjuh Archipelago was administered separately as part of the Pulau-Tujuh Division ( Dutch : Afdeeling Poelau-Toedjoeh ). The regencies ( kabupaten ) and the city ( kota ) are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 census and according to the official estimates for mid 2023, together with the 2021 Human Development Index of each administrative divisions. The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to

3379-595: The Royal Netherlands Navy anchored in Penyengat Island and deployed hundreds of native soldiers ( Dutch : marechausse ) to lay siege to the royal court. This was followed by the arrival of Dutch official K.M Voematra from Tanjung Pinang at the Roesidijah Club headquarters to announce the deposition of Abdul Rahman II. The Dutch then seized the official coronation regalia, and to prevent their seizure by

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3488-674: The occupation of the Japanese Empire (1942–1945) and the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The Riau Islands separated from the province of Riau in September 2002, becoming Indonesia 's third-youngest province. A free trade zone of the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle , the Riau Islands has experienced rapid industrialisation since the 1970s. The Riau Islands is one of

3597-479: The 12th century. Even after several centuries, the Riau archipelago, especially Bintan , is still referred to as the "Pirate Island". During the 12th to 13th century, the Riau archipelago was a part of the Srivijaya Empire. Sri Tri Buana, a member of the royal family of Palembang , visited Riau in 1290. The Queen of Bintan met him, and he combined flotilla of 800 vessels sailed for Bintan where he later became

3706-652: The Advisor on Native Affairs, Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje . Hurgronje wrote a secret letter to the Raad van Indie , advocating that the sultanate and association be crushed as resistance in the earlier Aceh War had been. Hurgronje justified this with several arguments, among which were that since 1902 the members of the Roesidijah Klub would gather around the royal court and refuse to raise the Dutch flag on government vessels. The Dutch Colonial Resident in Riau, A.L. Van Hasselt advised

3815-684: The Bangka Council, the Belitung Council, and the Riau Council merged to form the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation which in the following year was admitted as part of the United States of Indonesia - with seats in the federal People's Representative Council and Senate. The call for revival of the sultanate continued throughout the period of autonomous rule under the Riau Council, although

3924-592: The British, and decided to shelve the restoration plan. In the aftermath of the war and the struggle against Dutch rule, several exile associations collectively known as the Gerakan Kesultanan Riau (Riau Sultanate Movement) emerged in Singapore, planning for a restoration. Some of the groups dated from as early as the dissolution of the sultanate, but started to gain momentum following the post-world war chaos. From

4033-503: The British, both the Dutch and Yang Dipertuan Muda then desperately tried to win the royal regalia from Engku Puteri. The reluctant Abdul Rahman, believing he was not the rightful heir, decided to move from Lingga to Terengganu , claiming that he wanted to celebrate his marriage. The Dutch, who desired to control the Johor-Riau Empire, feared losing momentum because of the absence of mere regalia. They therefore ordered Timmerman Tyssen,

4142-417: The British, was installed as the Sultan of Johor and ruled over Singapore and Peninsular Johor. He later ceded Singapore to the British in return for their support during the dispute. Both sultans of Johor and Riau acted mainly as Puppet monarchs under the colonial powers. The globalization of the 19th century opened new opportunities for the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. Proximity Singapore, 40 miles away, shaped

4251-567: The Bugis as a dangerous rival to Dutch trade in the region, drawing away trade from their ports in Malacca and Batavia (Jakarta). A Dutch fleet attacked Riau in 1784 but failed to hold the islands. Another attempt later the same year also failed before they managed to break the Bugis blockade of Malacca in June 1784. The Bugis commander, Raja Haji was killed during battle and the Bugis units retreated, which opened

4360-576: The Dutch Governor of Malacca, to seize Penyengat in October 1822 and remove the royal regalia from Tengku Hamidah by force. The regalia was then stored in the crown prince's fort in Tanjung Pinang. Engku Puteri was reported to have written a letter to Van Der Capellen , the Dutch Governor in Batavia, about this issue. With the royal regalia in Dutch hands, Abdul Rahman was invited from Terengganu and proclaimed as

4469-510: The Dutch Resident. After the Dutch fully annexed the sultanate, a Dutch resident was posted in Tanjung Pinang, heading the Residency of Riau and Dependencies. During the 3 years of Japanese occupation , Japanese military officers and local Indonesian nationalist leaders headed the region. This province is divided into five regencies ( kabupaten ) and two autonomous cities ( kota ). These are subdivided into 70 districts ( kecamatan ) and then into 256 villages ( desa or kelurahan ). Each regency

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4578-405: The Dutch initially seemed reluctant to defend their territories in the East Indies . This led the British to consider creating a buffer state in Riau. They discussed prospects for a restoration with Tengku Omar and Tengku Besar, descendants of the sultans, who were then based in Terengganu . However, as the war approached Southeast Asia, the Dutch actively engaged in the defensive system alongside

4687-401: The Dutch, many official buildings were deliberately razed by members of the court themselves. A mass exodus of civilians and officials to Johor and Singapore then took place. To avoid violence and the death of civilians in Pulau Penyengat, the sultan and his officials decided not to fight the Dutch troops. The sultan and Tengku Ampuan (the Queen) left Pulau Penyengat and sailed to Singapore in

4796-455: The Dutch. The movement was an early form of Malay nationalism . Non-violent and passive resistance measures were adopted by the association. The main method of the movement was to hold symbolic boycotts. The Dutch then branded the movement as a passive resistance ( Dutch : leidelek verset ), and passive acts such as ignoring the raising of the Dutch flag were met with anger by the Batavia -based Raad van Indie (Dutch East Indies Council) and

4905-402: The East Indies on 12 July 1947, was inaugurated on 4 August 1947, and represented a major step forward in the revival of the monarchy system. Several key members of the PMRS were elected to the Riau Council alongside their BKRI rivals, the Chinese kapitans from Tanjung Pinang and Pulau Tujuh, local Malay leaders of Lingga and Dutch Officials in Tanjung Pinang. On 23 January 1948, the states of

5014-494: The Indian Ocean into pirate harbors and to attack those who resisted. Large quantities of Chinese ceramics have been recovered on Bintan, some date back to the early Song dynasty (960–1127). An Arabian explorer, Ibnu Battuta , wrote about Riau in the 13th century: " Here there are little islands, from which armed black pirates with poised arrows emerged, possessing armed warships; they plunder people but do not enslave them ." Log records of Chinese ships testify these incidents in

5123-541: The Indian Subcontinent and Arabia were housed in special religious hostels, while devotees of Sufism could seek initiation into one of the many Tariqah (Sufi Brotherhood) which flourished in Riau. On the northern part of Sumatra around the same period, the Aceh Sultanate was beginning to gain substantial influence over the Straits of Malacca . With the fall of Malacca Muslim traders often skipped Malacca in favour of Aceh or Johor's capital Johor Lama (Kota Batu). Therefore, Malacca and Aceh became direct competitors. With

5232-411: The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation. During this period, the territorial waters of the Riau Islands began to be visited by many Indonesian military forces who were members of the Indonesian Operations Command Corps or better known as the Indonesian Marine Corps . The city of Batam became one of the staging point of Indonesian troops during the confrontation, with the construction of military bases around

5341-460: The Malay civilization, which is the precursor of the Malay ethnic group scattered along the east coast of Sumatra , Singapore , the Malay Peninsula , and the coast of Kalimantan . The epic literature, the Malay Annals , associates the etymological origin of "Melayu" to a small river named Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') in Sumatra . The epic incorrectly stated that the river flowed to the Musi River in Palembang , while in reality it flowed to

5450-485: The Portuguese and Johor frequently in conflict, Aceh launched multiple raids against both sides to tighten its grip over the straits. The rise and expansion of Aceh encouraged the Portuguese and Johor to sign a truce and divert their attention to Aceh. The truce, however, was short-lived and with Aceh severely weakened, Johor and the Portuguese had each other in their sights again. During the rule of Sultan Iskandar Muda , Aceh attacked Johor in 1613 and again in 1615. With

5559-481: The Portuguese attacked Johor in 1587. The Siege of Johor , resulted in a Portuguese victory. The forces of Johor were unable to prevent the heavy Portuguese infantry from landing and storming the city after a naval bombardment, its Sultan was forced to retreat into the jungle in a rout. The Portuguese captured ample spoils, which included over 1000 cannon, the great majority of them of small caliber, 1500 firearms, and burned upwards to 2000 craft of many sizes. Following

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5668-412: The Regent of Johor were fighting for power. Bugis aristocrats from Sulawesi was asked to assist the Regent of Johor, and managed to achieve control of Riau due to the internal struggle between the members of the Johor Sultanate. The Bugis made Bintan a major trading center. Riau and Bintan also attracted British, Chinese, Dutch , Arab and Indian traders. The Dutch however started to look upon Riau and

5777-433: The Riau Archipelago began in 1913, and the province was administered as part of the Residency of Riau and Dependencies ( Dutch : Residentie Riouw en Onderhoorigheden ). The Dutch Residency consisted of Tanjung Pinang, Lingga, the Riau mainland and Indragiri , while the Tudjuh Archipelago was administered separately as part of the Pulau-Tujuh Division ( Dutch : Afdeeling Poelau-Toedjoeh ). When World War II broke out,

5886-434: The Riau Archipelago had molded her nationalist position to be sandwiched between the kindred monarchist Peninsular Malay Nationalist observed across the border in British Malaya with the pro-republic and pan-ethnic Indonesian Nationalism manifested in her own Dutch East Indies domain. After the war, from 1950 the Riau archipelago was a duty-free zone till the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1963. During this period,

5995-400: The Riau Island government is the Riau Islands Regional People's Representatives Assembly ( Indonesian : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kepulauan Riau – DPRD Kepri ), which is considered as a unicameral legislative body. Both governors and the members of the assembly are elected by citizens every five years by universal suffrage . Prior to this, the local executives had been elected by a vote of

6104-434: The Riau Islands has been disrupted. Hostilities ceased in 1966 after the 30 September Movement attempted a coup d'état, resulting in the overthrow of the Sukarno regime which leads to a peace agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia that was signed on 28 May 1966 at Bangkok , Thailand . With the initial aim of making Batam an Indonesian version of Singapore, according to Presidential Decree number 41 of 1973, Batam Island

6213-480: The Riau Islands is heterogeneous and is highly diverse in ethnicity, culture, language and religion. The province is home to different ethnic groups such as the Malays , Tionghoa , Javanese , Minangkabau and others. Economic rise in the region has attracted many immigrants and workers from other parts of Indonesia . The area around Batam is also home to many expatriates from different countries. Approximately 80% of these are from other Asian countries, with most of

6322-412: The Riau Islands, around Batam, Tanjung Balai Asahan and the surrounding area. They usually used small boats with outboard motors and disguise themselves as local residents who usually have relatives on the Malay Peninsula and Singapore. The coastline of Batam and the surrounding islands were heavily fortified to deter possible British and Malaysian invasion. The end of the Indonesia-Singapore trade during

6431-400: The Sultan of Johor, Riau-Lingga and Pahang on 27 November 1822. Hence, the legitimate ruler of the Johor-Riau Empire was now Abdul Rahman, rather than the British-backed Hussein. This led to the partition of Johor-Riau under the Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1824, by which the region north of the Singapore Strait including the island of Singapore and Johor were to be under British influence, while

6540-461: The archipelago was still retained by the Dutch. BKRI hoped that the new administration under Sukarno would give the pribumis a fair chance to run the local government. The royalist association would not give any public support to the Indonesian movement, as is evident in its refusal to display the Bendera Merah-Putih ( Indonesian Flag ) during the Indonesian Independence Day celebration on 17 August 1947 in Singapore. This led republicans to call

6649-456: The ashes of political uncertainty and fragility in the East Indies following the World War II , a royalist faction known as the Association of the Indigenous Riau Malays ( Malay : Persatoean Melayu Riouw Sedjati ) (PMRS) emerged to call for the restoration of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate. The council was financially backed by rich Riau Malay émigrés and Chinese merchants who hoped to obtain tin concession. Initially founded in High Street, Singapore,

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6758-401: The assembly, scattered in several political parties. The majority (8 seats) are currently held by Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP) after the 2019 general election . Prior to Dutch colonization, most of the modern-day province of Riau Islands is part of the Riau-Lingga Sultanate . The sultanate was headed by a Sultan .The Sultan, who was a Malay, acted as Head of State while

6867-439: The assembly. The governor office and the province assembly are located in Basuki Rahmat Road at Pulau Dompak, Tanjung Pinang . The number of members of the assembly is at least thirty-five people and at most one hundred people with a term of office of five years and ends when the new assembly member takes an oath. Assembly membership was formalized by a decision of the Ministry of Home Affairs . As of 2019, there are 45 seats in

6976-407: The association moved to Tanjung Pinang, Riau with the unprecedented approval by the Dutch administrators. Based in Tanjung Pinang, the group managed to gain the consent of the Dutch for self-governance in the region with the foundation of the Riouw Council ( Dutch : Riouw Raad , Malay : Dewan Riouw ). The Riouw Council was the devolved national unicameral legislature of Riau, a position equivalent to

7085-408: The attack, Dom Pedro de Lima (brother of Dom Paulo de Lima) also sacked Bintan, then a vassal of Johor. After the fall of Malacca in 1511, the Riau islands became the centre of political power of the mighty Sultanate of Johor or Johor-Riau, based on Bintan Island, and were for long considered the centre of Malay culture. Riau was a centre of Islamic studies and teaching. Many orthodox scholars from

7194-416: The book of the One Thousand and One Nights . Another version is that riau is derived from the Malay word riuh, which means crowded, frenzied working people. This word is believed used to reflect the nature of the Malay people in present-day Bintan . The name is likely to have become famous since Raja Kecil moved the Malay kingdom center from Johor to Ulu Riau in 1719. This name was used as one of

7303-452: The city. Anti-Malaysian guerrillas were gathered at Tanjung Balai Karimun to be trained and then sent to Sambu Island for briefing before operation. These guerrillas aimed to sabotage and spread information to help Indonesia fight the British in Malaysia, disrupting the economy around the Riau Islands, especially Tanjung Balai Karimun. At that time, KOPASKA special forces of the Indonesian Navy infiltrated Singapore from military bases in

7412-400: The classification of Malays in East Sumatra and the coast of Kalimantan which is recognized by the Indonesian government . This classification is different from the Malaysia and Singapore census which includes all ethnic Muslims from the Indonesian archipelago (inc. Acehnese , Banjarese , Bugis , Mandailing , Minangkabau and Javanese ) as Malays. Indonesia is the birthplace of

7521-445: The confrontation had made the disnurmud the economic conditions of the Riau Islands and Singapore. The inhabitants of Riau Islands could no longer barter or sell their produce to Singapore so they couldn't get basic necessities such as rice. Usually the basic needs of the Riau Islands population were brought in more from Singapore instead of the rest of Indonesia. Even some of the some needs of Singapore residents were usually imported from

7630-405: The council, Raja Abdullah, claimed that Riau Malays were neglected at the expense of the non-Riau Indonesians who dominated the upper ranks of the Riau civil administration. By restoring the monarch, they believed the position of Riau Malays would be guarded. The royalist association met with resistance from the republican group led by Dr. Iljas Datuk Batuah that sent delegates to Singapore to counter

7739-451: The country especially in eastern Indonesia due to contacts from the western part of Indonesia and during colonial rule where Malay replaced Dutch as a lingua franca . The most well-known Malay creoles in Indonesia are Ambonese Malay , Betawi , Manado Malay and Papuan Malay . The Malay people in Indonesia fall into various sub-ethnicities with each having its own distinct linguistic variety, history, clothing, traditions, and

7848-447: The country's most prosperous provinces, having a GDP per capita of Rp  72,571,750 ( US$ 8,300.82) as of 2011, the fourth highest among all provinces in Indonesia after East Kalimantan , Jakarta and Riau . In addition, as of 2018, the Riau Islands has a Human Development Index of 0.748, also the fourth highest among all provinces in Indonesia after Jakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta and East Kalimantan. The population of

7957-495: The elite and rulers of the importance of watan (homeland) and one's duty towards their native soil. It was also viewed that the penetration of the west in the state was slowly tearing apart the fabric of the Malay-Muslim identity. By the dawn of the 20th century, the association had become a political tool against colonial power, with Raja Muhammad Thahir and Raja Ali Kelana acting as its backbone. Diplomatic missions were sent to

8066-519: The evolution of a common Malay identity. The Malaccan era witnessed the close association of Islam with Malay society and how it developed into a definitive marker of Malay identity. Over time, this common Malay cultural idiom came to characterise much of the Malay Archipelago through the Malayisation process. The expansion of Malaccan influence through trade and Dawah brought with it together

8175-515: The fall of Portuguese Malacca in 1641 and the decline of Aceh due to the growing power of the Dutch, Johor started to re-established itself as a power along the Straits of Malacca during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III (1623–1677). Its influence extended to Pahang , Sungei Ujong , Malacca, Klang and the Riau Archipelago . In the early 18th century, the descendants of the Sultan and

8284-709: The fall of Srivijaya in 1025 CE, the Malayu kingdom of Jambi, Sumatra, became the most dominant Malay state of the region. By the end of the 13th century, the remnants of the Malay empire in Sumatra was finally destroyed by the Javanese invaders during the Pamalayu expedition ( Pamalayu means "war against the Malays"). In 1299, through the support of the loyal servants of the empire, the Orang laut ,

8393-897: The four main sultanates that formed the kingdoms of Riau, Lingga, Johor and Pahang. However, as the consequences of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 between the Netherlands and United Kingdom, the Johor-Pahang sultanates fell under British influence, while the Riau-Lingga sultanates fell under Dutch influence. [REDACTED] Sultanate of Johore 1528–1823 [REDACTED] Sultanate of Riau-Lingga 1823–1911 [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies 1911–1942; 1945–1949 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1945 [REDACTED] United States of Indonesia 1949–1950 [REDACTED] Republic of Indonesia 1950–present Riau has for centuries been

8502-623: The government and community administration and supports the development carried out by the Batam Authority (BP Batam). Some level of unity returned in the Riau region for the first time after 150 years, with the creation of the Sijori Growth Triangle in 1989. But while bringing back some wealth to Riau, the Sijori Growth Triangle somewhat further broke the cultural unity within the islands. With Batam island receiving most of

8611-612: The home of Malay and Orang Laut people (sea nomads). Later migrants came from southern China and Indochina , today people from a large region of Asia has settled on the Islands. The Riau archipelago is located between the China-India maritime trading route, and was early in the 14th century, together with Temasek (Singapore). Chinese maritime records one of Riau archipelago's islands was inhabited by Malay pirates. As many as three hundred ships were used to force Chinese ships returning from

8720-462: The immigrants have felt politically and financially suppressed. Both of these causes have led to increased violence. Piracy in the archipelago is also an issue. Dissatisfied with the provincial government's policy in Pekanbaru and to avoid Riau mainland Minangkabau domination, the Riau islanders demanded to secede. In 2002, after a short effort by the peoples of the archipelago, Riau Islands Province

8829-470: The industrial investments and dramatically developing into a regional industrial centre, it attracted hundreds of thousands of non-Malay Indonesian migrants, changing the demographic balance in the archipelago. As the Malay, who were once the dominant ethnic group in the islands, have been reduced to about a third of the population, primarily as a result of immigration from elsewhere in Indonesia, they feel that their traditional rights are threatened. Similarly,

8938-534: The influence of republicanism also continued to strengthen. The appeal of revival began to subside following the dissolution of the Bangka Belitung and Riau Federation on 4 April 1950. After the official withdrawal by the Dutch in 1950, the Riau Archipelago became Keresidenan Riau under Central Sumatra Province under the United States of Indonesia. Being one of the last territories merged into Indonesia, Riau

9047-460: The land. The agreement further stipulated that the Riau-Lingga Sultanate was a mere loan from the Dutch Government. The agreement was drawn up due to the fact that the appointment of Sultan Abdul Rahman II had not been made with the consent of the Dutch and he was also clearly against colonial rule. The Dutch insisted that the sultan sign the agreement, but after consulting the fellow rulers of

9156-641: The north. It comprises a total of 2.408 islands (1,798 having names) scattered between Sumatra , Malay Peninsula , and Borneo including the Riau Archipelago . Situated on one of the world's busiest shipping lanes along the Malacca Strait and the Natuna Sea ( South China Sea ), the province shares water borders with neighboring countries such as Singapore , Malaysia , and Brunei . The Riau Islands also have relatively large potential mineral resources and energy, as well as marine resources. The Riau archipelago

9265-486: The paramount leaders of the Johor-Riau Sultanate and that only Dutch people could engage in trade with the kingdom. A Dutch garrison was then stationed in Riau. The Dutch also secured an agreement that Dutch consent was required for all future appointments of Johor-Riau Sultans. This agreement was signed by Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Jaafar representing Abdul Rahman, without the sultan's consent or knowledge. Just as

9374-529: The political climate of the kingdom, giving Riau Malays an opportunity to familiarize themselves with new ideas from the Middle East. The opening of Suez Canal meant a journey to Mecca via Port Said , Egypt and Singapore could take no more than a fortnight; thus these cities became major ports for the Hajj pilgrimage. Inspired by the experience and intellectual progress attained in the Middle East and influenced by

9483-509: The propaganda of sultanate supporters. Based on Indonesian archival records, Dr. Iljas gained approvals from non-Malay newcomers to Riau, including Minangkabau , Javanese , Palembang , and Batak . He later formed a group known as the Badan Kedaulatan Indonesia Riouw (BKRI) (Indonesian Riau Sovereign Body) on 8 October 1945. The organisation sought to absorb the Riau Archipelago into the then- newly independent Indonesia , as

9592-470: The province of Banten in Java . 96% of the total area of the province is encompassed of ocean and only 4% of it is encompassed of land. The province shares maritime borders with Vietnam and Cambodia to the north, the province of Bangka Belitung Islands and Jambi in the south, East Malaysia , Brunei and the province of West Kalimantan in the east and Peninsular Malaysia , Singapore and mainland Riau in

9701-457: The region by the British, the Dutch responded by crowning Tengku Abdul Rahman as sultan instead. They also obtained, at the Congress of Vienna , a withdrawal of British recognition of Johor-Riau sovereignty. To further curtail the British domination over the region, the Dutch entered into an agreement with the Johor-Riau Sultanate on 27 November 1818. The agreement stipulated that the Dutch were to be

9810-533: The rest of the Malay Archipelago . Enjoying both Indian and Chinese patronage, its wealth was gained mostly through trade. At its height, the Old Malay language was used as its official language and became the lingua franca of the region, replacing Sanskrit, the language of Hinduism. The glory of Srivijaya however began to wane after the series of raids by the Tamil Chola dynasty in the 11th century. After

9919-469: The royal adat (customary observance), the consent of Engku Puteri was crucial as she was the holder of the Cogan ( Royal Regalia ) of Johor-Riau, and the installation of a new sultan was only valid if it took place with the regalia. The regalia was fundamental to the installation of the sultan; it was a symbol of power, legitimacy and the sovereignty of the state. Yang Dipertuan Muda Jaafar (then- viceroy of

10028-469: The royal and cultural traditions, including a large part of the territories of its predecessor. By the 15th century, the Malacca Sultanate , whose hegemony reached over much of the western Malay Archipelago , had become the centre of Islamisation in the east. As a Malaccan state religion, Islam brought many great transformation into the Malaccan society and culture, and It became the primary instrument in

10137-540: The royal vessel Sri Daik , while Crown Prince Raja Ali Kelana, Khalid Hitam and the resistance movement in Bukit Bahjah followed a couple of days later. The deposed Abdul Rahman II was forced to live in exile in Singapore, where he died there in 1930 and was buried in Keramat Bukit Kasita, Kampung Bahru Road. The Dutch officially annexed the sultanate to avoid future claims from the monarchy. Dutch direct rule over

10246-507: The royalists 'pro-Dutch'. The royalists however, maintained that Riau was a Dutch territory and that only the Dutch could support it. The Dutch countered the claims of the BKRI by granting autonomous rule to the Riau Council, in which links with the Dutch would be maintained while a restored sultanate would play a secondary role. The council, created following the decree of the Governor General of

10355-452: The south of the strait along with Riau and Lingga were to be controlled by the Dutch. By installing two sultans from the same kingdom, both the British and the Dutch effectively destroyed the Johor-Riau Sultanate. Under the treaty, Tengku Abdul Rahman was crowned as the Sultan of Riau-Lingga, bearing the name of Sultan Abdul Rahman, with the royal seat in Daik, Lingga. Tengku Hussein , backed by

10464-507: The state, Engku Kelana, Raja Ali, Raja Hitam and other members of the ruling elite, he refused, and decided to form a military regiment under the leadership of the prince regent, Tengku Umar. During a visit of the Dutch Resident's visit to Penyengat, the sultan then, on his own authority and without Dutch approval, summoned the rulers of Reteh, Gaung and Mandah, making the Resident feel as if he

10573-545: The succeeding sultan must be present at his predecessor's deathbed. However at the time Mahmud Shah III died, the eldest prince, Tengku Hussein, was in Pahang to celebrate his marriage to the daughter of the Bendahara (governor). The other candidate was Tengku Hussein's half-brother, Tengku Abdul Rahman. To complicate matters, neither of the candidates was of full royal blood. The mother of Tengku Hussein, Cik Mariam, owed her origin to

10682-468: The sultan was fully subjected under the influence of the Dutch East Indies authority. Albeit he is de jure on the apex of the monarchy system, he is under the direct control of the Dutch Resident in Tanjung Pinang . All matters pertaining the administration of the sultanate including the appointment of the Sultan and the Yang Dipertuan Muda, must be made within the knowledge and even the consent of

10791-471: The sultanate) supported the reluctant Tengku Abdul Rahman, adhering to the rules of royal protocol, as he had been present at the late Sultan's deathbed. Rivalry between the British and the Dutch intensified. The British had earlier gained Malacca from the Dutch under the Treaty of The Hague in 1795 and saw an opportunity to increase their regional influence. They crowned Tengku Hussein in Singapore, and he took

10900-568: The title Hussein Shah of Johor . The British were actively involved in the Johor-Riau administration between 1812 and 1818, and their intervention further strengthened their dominance in the Strait of Malacca. The British recognised Johor-Riau as a sovereign state and offered to pay Engku Puteri 50,000 Ringgits ( Spanish Coins ) for the royal regalia, which she refused. Seeing the diplomatic advantage gained in

11009-541: The two parties was finally reached in 1803. Around this time Sultan Mahmud gave Penyengat Island as a wedding gift to his bride, Raja Hamidah, Raja Ali Haji 's daughter. Penyengat became for a period a center of government, Islamic religion and the Malay culture. In 1812, the Johor-Riau Sultanate experienced a succession crisis. The death of the Mahmud Shah III in Lingga left no heir apparent . Royal custom required that

11118-415: The way for a Dutch counterattack on Riau. The Bugis was expelled from Bintan and Riau, and a treaty between the Dutch and the Malay sultans granted Dutch control over the area. The treaty caused much anger among Malay rulers, and again in 1787 a force that was offered refuge by Sultan Mahmud drove out the Dutch. This also led to the return of the Bugis and the rivalry between the Bugis and Malay. Peace between

11227-513: The west. Malay Indonesians Malay Indonesians ( Malay / Indonesian : Orang Melayu Indonesia ; Jawi : اورڠ ملايو ايندونيسيا ‎) are ethnic Malays living throughout Indonesia . They are one of the indigenous peoples of the country. Indonesian , the national language of Indonesia, is a standardized form of Riau Malay . There were numerous kingdoms associated with the Indonesian Malays along with other ethnicities in what

11336-512: The westerners coming from the United Kingdom , rest of Europe , as well as Australia and the United States . The province also has the second largest number of foreign tourist arrivals in Indonesia , after Bali . There are several possible origins of the word riau. The first possible origins is that riau is derived from the Portuguese word rio , which means river. After the fall of

11445-460: Was being intimidated by the sultanate. The affiliates of the Roesidijah Klub, mainly the members of the administrative class, were thus able to slowly maneuver Abdul Rahman, once a supporter of Dutch rule, to act against the colonial power's wishes. On the morning of 11 February 1911, when the sultan and the court officials were in Daik to perform the Mandi Safar (a ritual purifying bath), ships of

11554-515: Was created by an act of the People's Consultative Assembly with the capital of the former sultanate, Tanjung Pinang, as provincial capital. The province of Riau Island is led by a governor ( gubernur ) who is elected directly by the people. The Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010. The legislative branch of

11663-746: Was designated as an industrial working area. This was supported by the Batam Island Industrial Area Development Authority, better known as the Batam Authority Agency (BOB) which is now the Batam Development Board ( Indonesian : Badan Pengusahan Batam or BP Batam ). In the 1980s, based on Government Regulation No. 34 of 1983, the Batam District was upgraded to the Batam Municipality. This body runs

11772-520: Was known as the daerah-daerah pulihan (recovered regions), and the Riau area became a province in August 1957 - composed of both the islands and parts of the mainland, formerly part of the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura . The leader of Riau forces, Major Raja Muhammad Yunus, who led the bid to reestablish the sultanate apart from Indonesia fled into exile in Johor after his ill attempt. The Geopolitical roots of

11881-427: Was once part of the Johor Sultanate , which was later partitioned between the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 , in which the archipelago fell under Dutch influence. A Dutch protectorate, the Riau-Lingga Sultanate , was established in the region between 1824 and 1911 before being directly ruled by the Dutch East Indies. The archipelago became a part of Indonesia following

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