The Pamalayu campaign was a diplomatic and military expeditionary force sent by the Javanese King Kertanegara of Singhasari to conquer the Sumatran Melayu Kingdom . It was decreed in 1275, though perhaps not undertaken until later.
19-418: Little is known about the results of the expedition. The Padang Roco Inscription dated from 1286 states that a religious statue of Amoghapasa was established at Dharmasraya on the orders of Kertanagara, and that all the inhabitants of Melayu and especially their king, Tribhuwanaraja rejoiced at the presentation of the gifts. The expedition arguably established Javanese domination over Melayu and trade in
38-486: A river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar. In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect ( Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak 'our [people's] language') is often used and has become a kind of standard. The Tapan language , spoken in
57-836: Is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra ( Ranah Minang , Tanah Minang , or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan ; this Negeri Sembilan Malay , known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi , is now a distinct language, more closely related to Malay than to Minangkabau. More recent immigrants are known as Minang . The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by
76-460: Is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra , the western part of Riau , South Aceh Regency , the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi , also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau. The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra , and is even used in parts of Aceh , where the language
95-401: Is called Aneuk Jamee . Minangkabau is similar to Malay . The relationship between the languages is characterized in different ways. Some see Minangkabau as an early variety of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a distinct ( Malayic ) language. Minangkabau is one of a few languages that generally lacks verb forms and grammatical subject-object distinctions. Although Minangkabau
114-658: Is served as the base of the Amoghapasa statue. On the back side of the statue carved inscription called Amoghapasa inscription dated from a later period in 1347 CE(NBG 1911: 129, 20e). The inscriptions were carved in ancient Javanese letters, using two languages ( Old Malay and Sanskrit ) (Krom 1912, 1916; Moens 1924; dan Pitono 1966). Today the inscription is stored in the National Museum of Indonesia , Jakarta , with inventory code numbers D.198-6468 (the base or inscription part) and D.198-6469 (the statue part). The inscription
133-628: Is still commonly spoken amongst the Minangkabau people, education specific to the culture in urbanizing locations is slowly being erased as it is deemed less and less important in West Sumatra. The Minangkabau language is deemed as "informal" in the urban regions of Padang , with the Indonesian language being preferred instead in formal institutions. Youth in the city will frequently use a mixture of conversational Minang and Indonesian slang . Minangkabau
152-441: Is the native language of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra . There are approximately 5.5 million speakers of the language. It is also spoken in the western part of Riau , South Aceh Regency , the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi . Along the western coastal region of North Sumatra , the language is also a lingua franca . The language is used and called Aneuk Jamee in parts of Aceh . Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau
171-523: The Strait of Malacca . To cement the relationship between the two kingdoms, a political marriage was arranged. According to the Pararaton , two Malay princesses, Dara Petak and Dara Jingga , went to Java, originally intended for Kertanegara. However following his demise by Jayakatwang , princess Dara Petak would later be married to Kertanegara's successor, Raden Wijaya of Majapahit . The union would result in
190-403: The help of Siregar clan, Indrawarman then founded Silo kingdom with the port on Bah Bolon called Indrapura. Indrawarman Javanese forces adopted local Batak Simalungun clan surnames like Saragih-Silo, and Siregar as well as founding new ones like Damanik, Purba, and Girsang. In 1339, Majapahit forces came under the leadership of Adityawarman and destroyed Silo kingdom and Indrapura. Indrawarman
209-616: The inscription as translated by Slamet Muljana: In 1347, Adityawarman moved the statue further uphill to Rambahan site near Langsat River, the source of Batanghari river. He also added inscription inscribed on the back side of the statue, this inscription refer as Amoghapasa inscription dated 1347 CE. While the rectangular base refer as Padang Roco inscription remain in Padang Roco area. Minangkabau language Minangkabau (Minangkabau: Baso Minangkabau , Jawi script : بهاس منڠكربو ; Indonesian : Bahasa Minangkabau )
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#1732845190859228-468: The second king of Majapahit, Jayanegara . According to Kidung Panji Wijayakrama the leader of the expedition was Mahisa Anabrang ( lit. buffalo that crossed), while Batak sources named a figure called Indrawarman, and the Landak kingdom sources named Ratu Sang Nata Pulang Pali. The expedition ended when Kertanegara was killed in 1292, and the forces of Mahisa Anabrang decided to return to Java to bring
247-468: The town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup. The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group. The Minangic subgroup is characterized by
266-550: The trust and followers among local people by distributing salt, and with their help, he founded Landak kingdom, and crowned himself Ratu Sang Nata Pulang Pali I. Padang Roco Inscription The Padang Roco Inscription , in Indonesian Prasasti Padang Roco , is an inscription dated 1286 CE, discovered near the source of Batanghari river, Padangroco temple complex, Nagari Siguntur, Sitiung, Dharmasraya Regency , West Sumatra , Indonesia . The inscription
285-629: The two Malay princesses. Mongol forces left Java on 23 April 1293, while the expedition returned to Java on 3 May 1293. In turn, Dara Jingga would marry Adwayawarman or Adwayabrahma, a Javanese high official and gave birth to Adityawarman . Meanwhile, Indrawarman stayed behind and did not recognize Raden Wijaya as successor to Kertanegara . He controlled pepper producing regions of Dareh river in Dharmasraya, as well as port on Batang Hari river (modern day Jambi), and tried to secure North Sumatra region by having his base near Asahan river. Aru sultanate
304-538: Was dated 1208 Saka or 1286 CE, in the same period of Singhasari kingdom in Java and Melayu Kingdom Dharmasraya in Sumatra. The inscriptions tell that in the year 1208 Saka, under the order of King Kertanegara of Singhasari, a statue of Amoghapasa Lokeshvara was transported from Bhumijawa ( Java ) to Suvarnabhumi ( Sumatra ) to be erected at Dharmasraya. This gift made the people of Suvarnabhumi rejoice, especially their king Tribhuwanaraja Mauliwarmmadewa . The content of
323-464: Was founded in 1299 by Sultan Malikul Mansur and managed to take Kutu Kampar region in 1301 from Indrawarman. He and his forces then left Asahan and entered into Simalungun. At the time, between Silo and Bah Bolon river, was the region of the Siregar clan that came from Lottung/East Samosir which was under pressure from Sinaga clan. Siregar clan then asked for help with Indrawarman and his Javanese forces. With
342-748: Was killed but his descendants fled to Haranggaol and founded Dolok Silo Kingdom and Raya Kahean Kingdom. The formerly Silo region was taken over by Sinaga clan and founded Tanah Jawa ( lit. Javanese Land) kingdom. Sang Nata Pulang Pali, one of the noble leader of the expedition, diverted his forces to Tanjungpura instead of coming home to Java. In one version, from Ketapang they followed the Kapuas river before turning to Landak Kecil river and stopped at Kuala Mandor. In another version, they temporarily stayed at Padang Tikar before following Tenganap river and landed on Sekilap (modern day Sepatah). This place would eventually be known as Ningrat Batur or Anggrat Bator. He gained
361-477: Was named after the location where it was discovered; Padang Roco , which is the local Minangkabau language , translated to "field of statues". Padang means "field", while roco is equated to arca or murti , the image of Hindu-Buddhist deities. The inscription was discovered in 1911 near the source of the Batanghari River, Padangroco. The inscription was carved on four sides of rectangular-shaped stone
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