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71-504: The " Badonviller-Marsch " ( AM II, 256) is a Bavarian military march by composer Georg Fürst (1870–1936). After 1934, with its name Germanized to " Badenweiler Marsch " by the Nazis , it was used as the official march of Hitler in his role as Führer , to signal his arrival and therefore personal presence at public events. Fürst composed this tune as the Badonviller-Marsch for

142-409: A 1973 study, NVA leaders from the late 1950s through the 1960s came predominantly from working-class backgrounds, with few from middle-class or professional families and no representatives of the aristocracy present in the upper echelons. Excepting specialized military or political instruction, most NVA leaders reported primary school as their highest level of formal education. The NVA disbanded with

213-401: A Hemdbluse, worn without a shirt, trousers, and a visored service cap. The winter service uniform featured a tunic with four large buttoned-down patch pockets, a black waist belt, the service cap, breeches, shirt, tie, and pants belt; high boots were reserved for officers and NCOs. A long, heavy, belted greatcoat was also part of the winter uniform. With a few details, the semi-dress uniform was

284-399: A ceremonial dagger worn on the left side and fastened to a silver-gray parade belt. Officers in guards of honor, as well as officers of cadet schools when on parade, carried sabers. In winter, a greatcoat , scarf, and gloves were worn. Naval officers wore dark blue uniforms with a peaked cap while ratings wore sailor caps. The summer service uniform for officers was a bloused jacket , called

355-495: A graduate-student stipend. After the reform of 2005, service in the NVA became known as "served outside of the Bundeswehr ". Many former NVA officers feel bitter about their treatment after unification. While receiving only minimal pensions, few have been able to find jobs except as laborers or security guards. Former NVA officers are not permitted to append their NVA rank to their name as

426-628: A possible Soviet invasion, but the declaration of martial law in Poland (13 December 1981) averted the crisis. The NVA went into a state of heightened combat readiness on several occasions, including the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, and, for the last time, in late 1989 as protests swept through the GDR. The NVA operated as

497-665: A professional title; no such prohibition applies to rank attained in the Wehrmacht or in the Waffen-SS during the Nazi era. One of the few former NVA facilities to remain open was a base in Storkow near Berlin, which housed the NVA's camouflage and deception center. This became the Bundeswehr Unit for Camouflage and Deception . The NVA was, in relation to its equipment and training, one of

568-548: A professional volunteer army until 1962, when conscription was introduced. The GDR's National Defense Council controlled the armed forces, but the mobile forces came under the Warsaw Pact Unified Command. Political control of the armed forces took place through close integration with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which vetted all officers. Military training (provided by the school system) and

639-588: A quilted stone gray padded suit without a camouflage pattern was worn over the service uniform. Later winter uniforms were also of the same camouflage pattern as the summer variant. The winter uniform also included a fur pile cap or a steel helmet, boots, knitted gray gloves, belt, and suspenders. Seasonal considerations and weather governed the kind of work uniforms worn. Generally, reconditioned articles of service uniforms (field, semi-dress, and padded winter uniforms) were dyed black and issued for all types of fatigue and maintenance details. Coveralls are also used by

710-750: A selection of proven compositions for every regiment of infantry, cavalry and artillery: In order to assist the regiments of the army in the selection of good military music, I have had a number of well-proved pieces prepared, and a set of them is to be supplied to each regiment. As, in this way, the army will come into the possession of good music, I decree that on all ceremonial occasions, at grand parades, and reviews, and particularly those at which I am present, no other marches will be played. Friedrich Wilhelm III's initial collection consisted of 36 slow marches and 36 quick marches for infantry. This Army March Collection in time contained Prussian, Austrian and Russian marches, divided into three collections: Marches in

781-474: A total of 152 marches. The German Misplaced Pages article on the Armeemarschsammlung includes a comprehensive list based on Stephan ’s work de:Armeemarschsammlung . The only Luftwaffe march incorporated into the collection was Gustav Rath 's " Flieger-Parade " HM II, 143 (added in 1933). Rath 's march had won a competition in 1932 for army marches. Luftwaffenmusikinspizient (Chief of Music for

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852-1307: Is subtitled as "The Führer's favourite march" in Triumph of the Will during the massive street parade through Nuremberg at the end of which the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler marches off. Lyrics were subsequently added to the last section of the march by the German poet Oskar Sauer-Homburg after Hitler's rise to power in 1933. These lyrics were as follows: Vaterland, hör' deiner Söhne Schwur: Nimmer zurück! Vorwärts den Blick! Herzen empor! Großer Gott, schirme die Heimatflur, segne das Volk, segne den Mann, den es erkor! Rein und stolz tönet in Süd und Nord deutscher Sang wieder und deutsches Wort Waffengeweiht, friedensbereit, eilet zu Hauf! Flammendes Licht, Wolken durchbricht, Sonne glüht auf Glockenklang kündet des Reiches Ehr', Siegfrieds Geschlecht, rang um sein Recht, machte sich frei! Hakenkreuz leuchtet vom Fels zum Meer. Brüder, ans Werk, dem Führer treu! Fatherland, hear your sons' oath: Never back! Look ahead! Hearts up! Great God, shield

923-708: The Armeemarschsammlung . Of these famous march composers, in the Heeresmarsch collection only Blon (" Unter dem Siegesbanner ", HM II, 152) and " Victoria " (HM II, 153); Friedemann (" Kaiser Friederich ", HM II, 151); and Teike (" Alte Kameraden ", HM II, 150) are included. Reasons for their lack of inclusion are several: These composers not being in military service in their most productive years, their marches considered more suitable to concert rather than parade use, and finally their marches considered more technically difficult than those adopted for either

994-411: The Bundeswehr ) and all soldiers over the age of 55 were discharged. Until 1 March 2005, Germany listed time served in the NVA as time "served in a foreign military". Service in the NVA did not count for points towards federal pensions in the unified Germany . Retired NVA soldiers and officers received only minimal pensions after unification: a thirty-year veteran would receive a pension smaller than

1065-585: The Historische Märsche und sonstige Compositionen für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer (Historical Marches and Other Compositions for the Imperial and Royal Army) was ready in time for Franz Joseph I of Austria ’s fiftieth jubilee year of 1898. Included were 49 marches and military tunes, including 36 officially recognized regimental marches arranged numerically by regiment: from the 1er Regimentsmarsch "Trautenauer Gefechtsmarsch" by Ferdinand Preis to

1136-479: The Kasernierte Volkspolizei wore the same basic uniform. Several later modifications were introduced, but the style and cut remain fundamentally the same. There were a variety of uniforms worn according to the setting (work or social) and season (summer or winter). Most uniforms (service, semi-dress, and parade) were stone grey, a brownish-grey colour that was conspicuously different from the grey-green of

1207-770: The Wehrmacht . With the exceptions of the People's Navy, whose dark-blue uniforms were consistent with the styles of most navies around the world, and the Combat Groups of the Working Class ( Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse ), who wore their own olive-green fatigue uniforms, all NVA armed services, the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment, the Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic , and

1278-641: The Luftwaffe . After 1999, 22 of the 24 aircraft were given to Poland . Before the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, military service in the GDR was voluntary, though the Free German Youth and public schools mounted intensive recruitment drives, and service in the NVA was often a prerequisite for career advancement. Compulsory military service had been introduced in 1956 in West Germany , one year after

1349-490: The 79er Regimentsmarsch "Jellačić-Marsch" (Anon). The official branch marches of the artillery (" Artillerie-Marsch " composer unknown) and navy (" Tegetthoff-Marsch " by Anton Rosenkranz ) plus one of the military academy marches (" Jung Österreich Marsch " by Andreas Leonhardt ) were also included in the publication. By February 1914 there were assigned marches for the four Tiroler Kaiserjägerregiment s as well as 102 Infantry Regiments. A new Army March Collection

1420-455: The Berlin Wall where they were responsible for numerous deaths . The NVA was dissolved on 2 October 1990 with the GDR before German reunification , and its facilities and equipment were handed over to the Bundeswehr (the armed forces of West Germany ), which also absorbed most of its personnel below the rank of non-commissioned officer . The German Democratic Republic (GDR) established

1491-546: The Bundeswehr and private organizations are attempting to resolve this situation and keep this collection of marches from disappearing. Several recordings have been made of marches from the Armeemarschsammlung with particulars about the collections. These include: National People%27s Army The National People's Army ( German : Nationale Volksarmee , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlə ˈfɔlksʔaʁˌmeː] ; NVA [ɛn faʊ ˈʔaː] ) were

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1562-743: The German Cross in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. In its first six years the NVA operated as an all-volunteer force. ( West Germany , in contrast, re-introduced universal military service in 1956.) The GDR introduced conscription in 1962. According to the Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security: the NVA was incorporated in the Warsaw Pact and consisted of army, air force/air defense (Luftstreitkräfte/Luftverteidigung), and

1633-583: The Peaceful Revolution that led to the downfall of the GDR's communist government, some NVA forces were placed on alert but were never deployed against protesters. At the same time, the Soviet government ordered its troops in the GDR to remain in barracks. After the forced retirement of SED and state leader Erich Honecker and other conservatives from the ruling Politburo at the height of the crisis in October 1989,

1704-526: The People's Police . Officers' uniforms differed from those of enlisted personnel by better quality and texture cloth. The field and service uniforms were normal attire for most day-to-day functions. Several basic categories of uniforms were worn: The parade uniform for ground forces officers was the semi-dress/walking-out tunic with all authorized orders, awards and decorations attached, breeches and riding boots , steel helmet, white shirt, dark-gray necktie, and

1775-760: The Royal Bavarian Infantry Guard Regiment . The title refers to fighting on 12 August 1914 near Badonviller in Lorraine , where the Royal Bavarian Infantry Guard Regiment ( Königlich Bayerisches Infanterie-Leib-Regiment ) achieved a first victory against the French at the beginning of the First World War. The composer's lively two-tone entrance motif was by some accounts inspired by the duotonic sirens of field ambulances, with which

1846-958: The armed forces of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1956 to 1990. The NVA was organized into four branches: the Landstreitkräfte (Ground Forces), the Volksmarine (Navy), the Luftstreitkräfte (Air Force) and the Grenztruppen (Border Troops). The NVA belonged to the Ministry of National Defence and commanded by the National Defense Council of East Germany , headquartered in Strausberg 30 kilometers (19 mi) east of East Berlin . From 1962, conscription

1917-576: The 1960s most of these World War II veterans had retired. (The West German Bundeswehr was even more reliant on Wehrmacht veterans, who initially comprised the majority of its commissioned ranks.) The following list includes the NVA generals who were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. The following list includes the NVA generals who were awarded

1988-658: The 1990s, however. Orchestras of the Communist National People's Army started to adapt a broader range of traditional marches as early as in the 1960s, but Badonviller was left out, as were similarly the Fridericus-Rex-Grenadiermarsch and Preußens Gloria . Armeemarschsammlung The basis for the creation of an extensive set of scores for military brass bands lies in a highest cabinet order ( Allerhöchste Kabinettsorder ) of King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia on 10 February 1817 requesting

2059-776: The AM or HM collections. In the early 1960s, Wilhelm Stephan (1908-1994), a military musician in the Bundeswehr , was charged with yet another revision of the Heeresmarschsammlung . Stephan selected the most famous works from the historic collection and assigned a new numbering system, returning to the older AM nomenclature: The marches in Collection I are numbered 1-53, in Collection II 101-164, and in Collection III 201-235, for

2130-874: The Air Force 13 August 1936 – 1945) Hans Felix Husadel chose " Flieger-Parade " as Geschwindmärsche no. 47 for a collection of marches suitable for the new air force. At the same time, Carl Clewing and Husadel created a Liederbuch der Luftwaffe containing approved national hymns and song adapted to marches plus a new set of marches for military bands. Marches for the Reichsmarine and its later equivalent Kriegsmarine included HM I, 60 " Holländischer Ehrenmarsch " (i.e. " Präsentiermarsch der Marine ") of Jacob Rauscher; HM I, 61 " Marsch der I. Matrosendivision " of Prinz Heinrich von Preußen ; HM II, 145 " Unsere Marine " of Richard Thiele; and HM II, 156 " Panzerschiff Deutschland " of Erich Schumann. HM II, 130,

2201-487: The GDR's National Defence Council authorised the formation of Baueinheiten (construction units) for men of draft age who "refuse military service with weapons on the grounds of religious viewpoints or for similar reasons". The construction soldiers wore uniforms and lived in barracks under military discipline, but were not required to bear arms and received no combat training. In theory, they were to be used only for civilian construction projects. The GDR therefore became

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2272-679: The Leader! The march is often reported as Hitler's favourite. However, Hitler is quoted in Traudl Junge 's autobiography, Until the Final Hour , as denying that it was his favourite march, and was merely misconstrued as such because of a favourable remark he had made about it. In 1956, the first director of the Bundeswehr Militärmusikdienst , Friedrich Deisenroth, provided a „Fachdienstliche Anweisung“ (specific service directive) for

2343-505: The NVA had advisors in Algeria , Angola , Ethiopia , Guinea , Iraq , Libya , Mozambique , South Yemen , and Syria . When the Soviet Union prepared to occupy Czechoslovakia in 1968, the GDR government committed the 7th Panzer Division and the 11th Motorised Infantry Division to support the intervention (assigned to 20th Guards Army and 1st Guards Tank Army respectively), becoming

2414-590: The NVA was the Ministry for National Defense ( Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung ) headquartered in Strausberg near East Berlin . NVA administration was divided into the following commands: The National People's Army had a Military Intelligence Agency Whose Purpose was to “prevent surprise by the enemy.” The first military units of the Central Training Administration ( Hauptverwaltung Ausbildung – HVA ) were dressed in police blue. With

2485-609: The NVA's reserves would have nearly doubled its strength. GDR authorities also had at their disposal the internal security troops of the Ministry of the Interior (the Kasernierte Volkspolizei ) and the Ministry for State Security (the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment ) along with the 210,000 strong party auxiliary " Combat Groups of the Working Class " ( Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse ), who were available in times of war. The highest level of leadership for

2556-717: The National People's Army on 1 March 1956 (six months after the formation of the West German Bundeswehr ) from the Kasernierte Volkspolizei . This formation culminated years of preparation during which former Wehrmacht officers and communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War helped organize and train paramilitary units of the People's Police . Though the NVA featured a German appearance – including uniforms and ceremonies patterned after older German military traditions – its doctrine and structure showed

2627-618: The People’s Navy (Volksmarine). At its peak in 1987, the three NVA services had about 156,000 men under arms altogether. Between 1956 and 1990, about 2.5 million male GDR citizens performed army duty. Like the ruling communist parties of other Soviet satellites, the East German Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) assured control by appointing loyal party members to top positions and by organizing intensive political education for all ranks. The proportion of SED members in

2698-787: The Protection of the Workers and Farmers' Power". The NVA never took part in full-scale combat, although it participated in a support role in the suppression of the Prague Spring of 1968, provided medical support during the Soviet–Afghan War , and NVA officers often served as combat advisers in Africa. Some of the first NVA advisors went to the Republic of the Congo in 1973. During the 1980s at various times

2769-521: The West German Bundeswehr bands, to avoid playing the march except in concert settings with distinctive, educational reference to the historical background. The official title is still Badonviller-Marsch, using the French form of the name. Its connection with the Third Reich damaged the reputation of Georg Fürst as a composer in post-war Germany. A revival of his other compositions took place in

2840-621: The West German military was established, but the GDR held back from this step until 1962. The situation changed when the border was sealed in August 1961, and five months later the government announced a mandatory service term of 18 months for men. There was, at first, no alternative service for conscientious objectors . This changed in 1964 when, under pressure from the Protestant Church in Germany ,

2911-437: The classic "Gruß an Kiel" composed in 1864 by Friedrich Spohr , was also considered a navy march by the time it was adopted into the Heeresmarsch . Given the expansion of the fleet begun in 1890 under Kaiser Wilhelm II, " Gruß an Kiel " was often used as a greeting to ships entering and exiting the port of Kiel . All of these marches were adopted into the Heeresmarsch in 1933 except " Panzerschiff Deutschland " which

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2982-402: The dissolution of the East German government in October 1990. Under the process of "Army of Unity" ( Armee der Einheit ), NVA facilities and equipment were handed over to the Bundeswehr , the federal defense force of the unified Germany. Bundeswehr Eastern Command ( Bundeswehrkommando Ost ) was set up for the control of units or facilities in the territory of former East Germany, and

3053-402: The first deployment of German troops outside Germany for the first time since the Second World War . But the East German participation raised Czech ire, and the two divisions were "kept out of sight in the Bohemian forests " and allowed to travel only at night. In a few days they were withdrawn. In the early 1970s the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG) high command assigned to the NVA

3124-403: The first measures taken after the reunification was a survey and securing of weapons and devices by former members of the NVA. The federally operated Materiel Depot Service Gesellschaft (MDSG) was charged with taking custody of and warehousing this equipment. The MDSG employed 1,820 people who were primarily taken from the Bundeswehr . The MDSG was privatised in 1994. Much of the materiel

3195-556: The growing militarization of East German society bolstered popular support for the military establishment. From a Leninist perspective, the NVA stood as a symbol of Soviet-East German solidarity and became the model communist institution – ideological, hierarchical, and disciplined. The NVA synthesized communist and Prussian symbolism, naming its officers' academy, the Friedrich Engels Military Academy , after Karl Marx 's co-author Friedrich Engels , and its highest medal after Prussian Army General Gerhard von Scharnhorst . During

3266-411: The homeland, bless the people, bless the man they chose! Pure and proud sounds in south and north German song again and German word dedicated to arms, ready for peace, hurry up! Flaming light breaks through clouds, sun glows The ringing of the bell announces the honor of the empire, Siegfried 's race fought for his right, got free! HookedCross shines from the rock to the sea. Brethren, to work, faithful to

3337-486: The influence of the Soviet Army became one of the Warsaw Pact militaries opposing NATO during the Cold War . The majority of NATO officers rated the NVA the best military in the Warsaw Pact based on discipline , thoroughness of training, and the quality of officer leadership. The NVA did not see significant combat but participated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, deployed military advisors to communist governments in other countries, and manned

3408-475: The leader of the Nazi Party and head of the German state. Hitler claimed to be the sole source of power in Germany, similar to a Holy Roman emperor . The march had a similar formal role as the Pontifical Anthem for the Pope as the embodiment of the Holy See . Features from the National Socialist period or newsreels (e.g. " Deutsche Wochenschau ", etc.) had the march being pasted into the audio track as background music when appearances of Hitler were shown. However,

3479-601: The lower ranking states of the former Empire. Preparation of this collection ended in 1945. It was now divided into four subgroups: The collection continued to grow and be divided into new distinct groups: Group IV was added in 1929 and included two subdivisions: In 1933 Hermann Schmidt revised and renamed the collection to the Heeresmarschsammlung . Marches infrequently performed were eliminated and marches of Saxony were added. Trots and gallops were added which caused Collection III to be divided into IIIa slow marches and IIIb trots and gallops. The Heeresmarschsammlung

3550-618: The lower ranks, especially armor and air force personnel. Officers in technical branches supervising fatigue details wore a laboratory-style smock . High-ranking officers occasionally wore white uniforms (or white jackets), and staff officers were issued distinctive staff service uniforms. Women wore uniforms consisting of jackets, skirts or slacks, blouses, caps, boots or pumps, and other appropriate items according to season and occasion. Personnel, such as paratroopers , motorcyclists, and tank troops, wore additional items with their uniforms identifying them as such. NVA personnel initially wore

3621-400: The march was already often in use before the Nazis came to power. The German police order Polizeiverordnung gegen den Mißbrauch des Badenweiler Marsches of 17 May 1939 ordered that the Badenviller only be played when Hitler was present. The Germanized name Badenweiler-Marsch was introduced by the National Socialists, Badenweiler being an established, but disused exonym in standard German. It

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3692-485: The marches incorporated into the army march collection have an official number including a Roman numeral designation (denoting collection) and an Arabic number (list number in the collection). Some well known examples: A comprehensive and systematic collection of marches was also created for the Kaiserlich und Königliche Armee (Imperial and Royal Austrian Army). On March 24, 1894, the Imperial and Royal War Ministry issued an order ( Kriegsministerium no. 1157) to create

3763-402: The new SED leadership ruled out using armed force against the protesters. The manpower of the NVA consisted of some 85,000 soldiers in 1962, climbed to 127,000 by 1967, and remained essentially steady through 1970. In 1987, at the peak of its power, the NVA numbered 175,300 troops. Approximately 50% of this number were career soldiers, while the others were short-term conscripts. According to

3834-417: The officer corps rose steadily after the early 1960s, eventually reaching almost 95 percent. The NVA saw itself as the "instrument of power of the working class" ( Machtinstrument der Arbeiterklasse ). According to its doctrine, the NVA protected peace and secured the achievements of socialism by maintaining a convincing deterrent to imperialist aggression. The NVA's motto, inscribed on its flag, read: "For

3905-485: The only Warsaw Pact country to provide a non-combat alternative for conscientious objectors. However, fearing that other soldiers would be contaminated by pacifist ideas, the government took care to segregate the construction units from regular conscripts. Moreover, conscripts who chose the alternative service option often faced discrimination later in life, including denial of opportunities for higher education . The NVA had four main branches: In wartime, mobilization of

3976-492: The publication of a standardized list of marches. This order includes: "The Imperial War Ministry intends to revive and preserve the tradition of outstanding epochs in the history of our nation and army by compiling and publishing in uniform orchestrations the older historic marches which owe their fame to successes in war, as well as suitable marches that were dedicated to the memory of glorious regiments, famous generals, or regimental colonels-in-chief". The official codification,

4047-455: The restructuring of the Barracked Police (CIP) in 1952, khaki uniforms similar in shape and colour to those of the Soviet Army were introduced. The desire for a separate "German" and "socialist" military tradition, and the consequent founding of the NVA in 1956, introduced new uniforms which strongly resembled those of the Wehrmacht . They were of a similar cut and made of a brownish-gray, called stone gray , cloth. The dark high-necked collar

4118-429: The same for all ranks and was worn for walking-out purposes (i.e. off-duty and off-post). It consisted of a single-breasted tunic without belt, a silver-gray shirt with dark-gray tie, the service cap, long trousers, and black low-quarter shoes. Officers also wore the tunic with a white shirt. During periods of warm weather, there was the option of omitting the tunic, and furthermore omitting the tie. A double-breasted jacket

4189-406: The strong influence of the Soviet Armed Forces . During its first year, about 27 percent of the NVA's officer corps had formerly served in the Wehrmacht . Of the 82 highest command positions, ex- Wehrmacht officers held 61; however, very few of them had served in high ranks. The military knowledge and combat experience of these veterans were indispensable in the NVA's early years, although by

4260-427: The strongest armies in the Warsaw Pact. It was equipped with a large number of modern weapons systems, most of Soviet origin, from which a small portion were given back to the Soviet Union in 1990. The remaining equipment and materiel was still substantial, including large quantities of replacement parts, medical supplies, atomic, biological and chemical warfare equipment, training devices and simulators, etc. One of

4331-460: The third (cavalry) collection were first published by Schlesinger in Berlin beginning in 1824 and continued by Bote & Bock in Berlin and finally Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig (a project terminated at the end of World War I). This was titled Collection of Marches and Fanfares for Trumpet-Music for the Use of the Prussian Cavalry ( Sammlung von Marschen und Fanfaren für Trumpetenmusik zum Gebrauch der preußischen Kavallerie ). All

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4402-444: The wartime mission of capturing West Berlin . The NVA plan for the operation, designated "Operation Centre", called for some 32,000 troops in two divisions, accompanied by the GSFG's Soviet 6th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade . The plan was regularly updated until 1988, when a less ambitious plan that simply aimed at containing Berlin was substituted. In the autumn of 1981 the NVA stood ready to intervene in Poland in support of

4473-416: The wounded were removed. This march is included in the Heeresmarsch collection as HM II, 256. After the death of Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, the march was used as a personal "Führer-Marsch" for Hitler alongside his possession of a personalised standard . As mentioned in Henry Picker 's edition of Hitler's so-called "Table Talks", the march's role was to evoke the presence of Hitler as

4544-423: Was adopted in 1939. A collection of songs for sailors Blaujacken-Lieder (Blue Jacket Songs) was compiled by Gerhard Pallmann for the Kriegsmarine . Many works from the older AM collection are missing original editions or are fragmentary. Some of the composers of the marches are unknown. The destruction of the Prussian State Archives in Potsdam in 1945 is partly to blame. The military music sections of

4615-424: Was decreed by the Reichswehr -Ministerium on May 15, 1925, under the supervision of military musician Hermann Schmidt (who would serve as Heeresmusikinspizient - Chief of Music for the Armed Forces 1929–1945). Old and newly composed marches were incorporated. Marches of the former Royal Prussian, Royal Bavarian, Royal Saxon, and Royal Württemberg Armies were now merged into one collection, alongside those of

4686-536: Was denoted as HM (and also VDHM, for Verzeichnis Deutscher Heeresmärsche ). Some marches are noted as in both the AM and HM collections: Two famous marches newly added in the revised numbering scheme: Few of the most famed German march composers were incorporated in the Armeemarschsammlung or Heeresmarsch collections. Prolific and famed march composers Hermann Louis Blankenburg , Franz von Blon , Richard Eilenberg , Carl Friedemann , Ernst Stieberitz , and Carl Teike are not included in

4757-415: Was given free of charge to beneficiaries in the new federal states or other departments, to museums, or to friendly nations in the context of military support for developing countries . The German Federal Intelligence Service secretly sold NVA equipment to several countries, violating international and German laws as well as international treaties. The rest was destroyed. 24 modern MIG-29s became part of

4828-412: Was later removed, except on the coats from 1974 to 1979. Even the NVA's M-56 "gumdrop" army helmet , in spite of its easily noticeable resemblance to well-known Soviet designs, was actually based on a prototype "B / II" helmet that was initially developed for the Wehrmacht by the Institute for Defence Technical Materials Science in Berlin. The helmet had seen trials since 1943, but was not adopted by

4899-427: Was led by Lieutenant General Jörg Schönbohm . Most facilities closed, and equipment was either sold or given to other countries. Most of the NVA's 36,000 officers and NCOs were let go, including all officers above the rank of Oberstleutnant . The Bundeswehr retained only 3,200 – after a demotion of one rank. In addition, all female soldiers (at this point it was still prohibited for women to become soldiers in

4970-414: Was mandatory for all GDR males aged between 18 and 60 requiring an 18-month service, and it was the only Warsaw Pact military to offer non-combat roles to conscientious objectors , known as " construction soldiers " ( Bausoldat ). The NVA reached 175,300 personnel at its peak in 1987. The NVA was formed on 1 March 1956 to succeed the Kasernierte Volkspolizei (Barracked People's Police) and under

5041-425: Was optional for officers and warrant officers. The summer field uniform for both officers and enlisted consisted of a jacket and trousers originally in Flachtarnenmuster and then in Strichtarn , a dark-brown (later a forest green) raindrop camouflage pattern on a stone-gray background; a field cap, service cap, or steel helmet ; high black boots; and a gray webbing belt with y-strap suspenders. In winter,

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