Chinese Civil War
61-685: Border Troops may refer to: Soviet Border Troops Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic Tajik Border Troops Border Troops of the State Security Service of Uzbekistan Border Protection Troops See also [ edit ] Border Guard Border Patrol (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about military units and formations which are associated with
122-575: A coast guard ). The mission of the Border Troops included repulsing armed incursions into Soviet territory; preventing illegal crossings of the border or the transport of weapons, explosives, contraband or subversive literature across the border; monitoring the observance of established procedures at border crossing points; monitoring the observance by Soviet and foreign ships of navigation procedures in Soviet territorial waters; and assisting state agencies in
183-635: A skufia , a kamilavkion , or a klobuk . The term red hat , when used within the Roman Catholic Church , refers to the appointment of a Cardinal , a senior "Prince of the Church", who is a member of the electoral college that chooses the Pope . On being appointed to the cardinalate, he is said to have received the red hat , or cardinal's biretta. In Lutheranism, many clergy wear the ruff and in Anglicanism,
244-463: A crime. Masks which physically protect the wearer vary in design, from guard bars across the face in the case of ice hockey goalkeepers, to facial enclosures which purify or control the wearer's air supply, as in gas masks . Orthodontic headgear is used to control the growth of the maxillary and mandibular bones during orthodontic treatment. The most common treatment headgear is used to correct anteroposterior discrepancies. The headgear attaches to
305-468: A flimsy fabric such as muslin ; it was worn indoors or under a bonnet by married women, or older unmarried women who were "on the shelf" (e.g. mob-cap ). An ochipok is part of traditional Ukrainian costume. Some headgear, such as the crown , coronet , and tiara , have evolved into jewelry. These headgear are worn as a symbol of nobility or royal status. Kokoshnik is part of Russian traditional dress, often worn by nobility. A fillet or circlet
366-505: A frame which fashionable women wore over towering wigs or hairstyles to protect them from the elements (e.g. calash). A mask is worn over part or all of the face, frequently to disguise the wearer, but sometimes to protect the face. Masks are often worn for pleasure to disguise the wearer at fancy dress parties, masked balls, during Halloween or other festivals, or as part of an artistic performance. They may also be worn by criminals to prevent recognition or as camouflage while they commit
427-534: A larger garment, like an overcoat , shirt or cloak . Historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, or a separate form of headgear. In medieval Europe hoods with short capes, called chaperons in French, were extremely common, and later evolved into elaborate and adaptable hats. Women's hoods varied from close-fitting, soft headgear to stiffened, structured hoods (e.g. gable hoods , hennins or French hoods ) or very large coverings made of material over
488-400: A popular choice during chemotherapy treatment as an alternative to wigs, hats, headscarves and headbands. Sikh women also wear turbans as a religious practice. Turbans for women made in natural fabrics are both comfortable and functional. The Breast Cancer Care booklet, Breast Cancer and Hair Loss , suggests: "You may want to wear a soft hat or turban in bed to collect loose hairs." A veil
549-571: A skullcap called a " kufi " or taqiyah (cap) , especially during prayers. Headgear differs from culture to culture, and some Muslims' headgear is not related to their religion, such as the turbans worn in Saudi Arabia. The doppa , originating in the Caucasus , is worn by Kazan Tatars , Uzbeks and Uyghurs . Muslim men in Indonesia and Malaysia are often seen wearing a kopiah , but its use pre-dates
610-636: A small section of the Afghan-Soviet border along the Wakhan District , after which began the area of responsibility of the Central Asian Border District. Land units: Naval units: Air units: The Red Banner Central Asian Border District ( Russian : Краснознамённый Среднеазиатский пограничный округ ) had its headquarters in Ashgabad . It guarded the Afghan-Soviet (without the strip along
671-442: A veil in traditional wedding and funeral ceremonies. Wigs are headpieces made from natural or synthetic hair which may be worn to disguise baldness or thin hair, or as part of a costume . A toupee may be worn by a man to cover partial baldness. In most Commonwealth nations, special wigs are also worn by barristers , judges , and certain parliamentary officials as a symbol of the office. The dhari, also spelt dhoeri,
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#1732847805807732-444: A yarmulke. There is a common phrase that explains this, saying that "there's always something above" one who is wearing a yarmulke, helping one remember one is human and God is infinite. A Talmudic quote speaks of a righteous man who would "not walk (six feet) with an uncovered head, the (spirit of God) is always above him". Jews also may wear a fur hat or a black hat with a brim. In Islamic etiquette, wearing headgear, traditionally
793-546: Is a distinctive headdress worn by men of the Torres Strait Islands , which lie in the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea , for dance performances or cultural ceremonies. It is traditionally made with a pearl shell or turtle shell in the middle and decorated with white feathers, traditionally from the frigate bird or Torres Strait pigeon , although now made with a variety of materials. The head
854-464: Is a piece of sheer fabric that covers all or part of the face. For centuries women covered their hair, neck, ears, chin, and parts of the face with fabric. Each culture created elaborate head wraps for women and men using a shawl , headscarf , kerchief or veil. Very elaborate veiling practices are common in Islam , Africa and Eastern Europe . Women who do not cover their head on a regular basis, often use
915-437: Is a round band worn around the head and over the hair. Elaborate and costly versions of these eventually evolved into crowns , but fillets could be made from woven bands of fabric , leather , beads or metal . Fillets are unisex, and are especially prevalent in archaic to Renaissance dress. Hairnets are used to prevent loose hair from contaminating food or work areas. A snood is a net or fabric bag pinned or tied on at
976-534: Is now rare (they would normally be called caps today, except in Scotland where the "bunnet" is common in both civilian life and in the Royal Regiment of Scotland ). Caps are generally soft and often have no brim or just a peak (like on a baseball cap). For many centuries women wore a variety of head-coverings which were called caps. For example, in the 18th and 19th centuries a cap was a kind of head covering made of
1037-799: Is often shaken to produce a shimmering effect while dancing. Dhari , the word used in the eastern islands of the strait, is the Meriam Mir word for "headdress". In the central and western islands, it is known as dhoeri , in the Kala Lagaw Ya language of those islands. The dhari is today a potent symbol for Torres Strait Islander people , and used in the Torres Strait Islander flag . Torres Strait Islander artists such as Alick Tipoti and Ken Thaiday Snr create dhari as artworks. War bonnets , which usually include an array of feathers, are worn mostly by men in various Plains Indian cultures in
1098-465: Is usually frowned upon. Women, however, are required to wear a hat to cover the head in some churches based on 1 Corinthians 11:5 . In the Jewish tradition, the converse idea equally shows respect for the superior authority of God. Wearing a kippah or yarmulke means the wearer is acknowledging the vast gulf of power, wisdom, and authority that separates God from mankind. It is a sign of humility to wear
1159-619: Is worn for many purposes, including protection against the elements, decoration , or for religious or cultural reasons, including social conventions . Headgear may be worn for protection against cold (such as the Canadian tuque ), heat, rain and other precipitation , glare, sunburn , sunstroke , dust , contaminants, etc. Helmets are worn for protection in battle or against impact, for instance when riding bicycles or motor vehicles. Headgear can be an article of fashion , usually hats , caps or hoods . The formal man's black silk top hat
1220-555: Is worn for religious reasons. In Judaism , men cover their heads out of reverence for God . Jewish religious headgear for men include small cloth skull-caps, called kippahs or yarmulkes. Some men wear them at all times, others only in the synagogue . In Orthodox and Hasidic Judaism , the kippah may also be additionally covered by hats such as fedoras or shtreimels . Traditional married Jewish women cover their hair in various ways, such as with headscarfs, called tichels , snoods , shpitzels or wigs, called "sheitels", according to
1281-491: The Canterbury cap is popular among pastors. Male Sikhs are required to wear turbans . Some Sikh women also wear a turban; however it is not a requirement for female Sikhs. Turbans are also worn by Muslims , especially Shia Muslims , who regard turban-wearing as Sunnah Mu'akkadah (confirmed tradition). In Islam , the hijab , or headscarf, is worn by women because it is considered modest. Muslim men also sometimes wear
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#17328478058071342-771: The KGB . This made service in the troops privileged. The Border Troops had Landing Assault Manoeuvre Groups (sing. десантно-штурмовая маневренная группа ( ДШМГ )). The LAMGs of the KGB's Border Troops were temporary task forces, organised for a period of time by a Border Guard Detachment ( пограничный отряд ( ПОГО )), the border guard equivalent of an army brigade. The BG detachments formed temporary task forces, equivalent to battalions, for manoeuvre warfare. The land component units were called Motorised Manoeuvre Group ( мото-маневренная группа ( ммг )) and consisted of 3 or 4 Motorised Manoeuvre Border Outposts (sing. мото-маневренная пограничная застава ),
1403-802: The Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai . From there the district's AOR followed the coastline, the border with North Korea and the border with China to the place where the territory of the Primorsky Krai met the territory of the Khabarovsk Krai and the AOR of the Red Banner Far Eastern Border District. Land units: Naval units: Air units: The Red Banner Far Eastern Border District ( Russian : Краснознамённый Дальневосточный пограничный округ ) had its headquarters in Khabarovsk . It guarded
1464-606: The Soviet–Afghan War and a number of them were even awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union for their bravery during these conflicts. The Soviet border was the longest in the world (From Norway to North Korea) and it comprised harsh terrain and climates; accordingly the Border Troops employed significant manpower, intensive maritime presence, and a dense and sophisticated system of field engineering devices. The most notable in that system
1525-500: The border guard of the Soviet Union , subordinated to the Soviet state security agency: first to the Cheka / OGPU , then to NKVD / MGB and, finally, to the KGB . Accordingly, they were known as NKVD Border Security and KGB Border Troops . Unlike the border guards of many other countries, Soviet Border Troops also included the maritime border guarding units, and aviation units (i.e.,
1586-633: The mao-tzu , 帽子 Mandarin màozi ), the classic skullcap that is the most like the Jewish tradition. In Japan , the cap is more in the form of a pillbox and is called the boshi (帽子). Though not of ecclesiastical significance, the Buddhist skullcap does denote something about the priest's standing in the community. Headgear such as crowns and tiaras are worn in recognition of noble status especially among royalty. Wigs are worn traditionally by judges and barristers of Commonwealth nations. Feathered headpieces, such as
1647-497: The taqiyah (cap) , is permissible while saying prayers at a mosque . In the military , there are specific rules about when and where to wear a hat. Hats are generally worn outdoors only, at sea as well as on land; however, personnel carrying firearms typically also wear their hats indoors. Removing one's hat is also a form of salute . Many schools also have this rule due to the fact that many younger men tend to wear baseball caps and this being in relations to gangs depending on
1708-571: The war bonnet of Plains Indian cultures, are worn by various Native North American and South American indigenous peoples . Other purposes of headgear include: Bonnets , as worn by women and girls, were hats worn outdoors which were secured by tying under the chin, and often which had some kind of peak or visor. Some styles of bonnets had peaks so large that they effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Bonnets worn by men and boys are generally distinguished from hats by being soft and having no brim—this usage
1769-529: The 1920s, the distinctive part of Soviet Border Troops uniform was the medium-green colored parts of headwear and insignia (Russian Empire's Separate Corps of the Border Guard has it distinction since 1893). The color is also present on a maritime Border Troops ensign . After the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the Border Troops assisted the pacification of the newly acquired Soviet territory adjoining
1830-834: The Amur Oblast to Mongolia and the Mongol-Soviet border. At the Chinese-Mongol-Soviet border three-point in the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast near Khüiten Peak its AOR met the AOR of the Red Banner Eastern Border District. Land units: Naval units: Air units: The Red Banner Eastern Border District had its headquarters in Almaty . It guarded the western part of the Chinese-Soviet border and
1891-447: The Border Troops equivalent of a company). The 1st MMBO was armed with BMP-1 or BMP-2 , the 2nd MMBO was armed with BTR-70 and the 3rd MMBO was armed with BTR-60PB . Each MMBO had 5 BMPs or BTRs. The MMG also had a motorised mortar battery, an anti-tank platoon and additional support units for a total of ca. 300 men. The fire and service support units were motorised with GAZ-66 light trucks. The Landing Assault Manoeuvre Group formed
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1952-560: The Border Troops would become a frontline combat service. The Border Troops also saw combat in 1969 in border clashes with Chinese soldiers on islands in the Ussuri River . After the formation of the KGB , Soviet Border Troops became subordinated to this agency and remained so until the dissolution of the Soviet Union . As such, the Troops were concentrating on the tasks of preventing espionage infiltrations. The Border Guards were involved in
2013-769: The Chinese border in the Amur Oblast from the Primorsky Krai to the Zabaykalsky Krai where it met the AOR of the Red Banner Trans-Baikal Border District. Land units: Naval units: Air units: The Red Banner Trans-Baikal Border District ( Russian : Краснознамённый Забайкальский пограничный округ ) had its headquarters in Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai . It guarded the eastern part of the Soviet-Chinese border from
2074-681: The KGB Border Troops' own aviation assets. The legal status, duties, and rights of the Border Troops were set forth in the Law on the State Border, confirmed by the Supreme Soviet on November 24, 1982. Article 28 defined the basic duties of the Border Troops. Their duties included repulsing armed incursions into Soviet territory; preventing illegal crossings of the border or the transport of weapons, explosives, contraband, or subversive literature across
2135-798: The Main Directorate was the Border Troops Staff ( Штаб пограничных войск ) The Border Districts were combined arms formations of the KGB, which included border guards similar to motor-rifle infantry, border crossings and their organic aviation units (air regiments, squadrons and flights), signals (battalions and companies), combat engineers, construction engineers (battalions and companies), medical, repair and supply units. The districts bordering oceans and seas also included brigades of guard ships ( сторожевые корабли ( СКР ) - patrol frigates, corvettes and boats, which next to their patrol tasks also had substantial anti-submarine role). The personnel of
2196-573: The Ministry of Defense, and their induction and discharge were regulated by the 1967 Law on Universal Military Service, which covered all armed forces of the Soviet Union . On top of the Border Troops stood the Main Directorate of the Border Troops (MDBT, Russian : Главное управление пограничных войск ), which played a role similar to that of the General Staff for the armed forces. The Main Directorate
2257-601: The Naval Service within the Border Troops held navy style ranks. The Chief of the Naval Directorate within the Main Directorate of the Border Troops was the highest-ranking officer in the service with the rank of Rear admiral / Vice admiral . The Maritime Border Troops of the Russian Border Troops (Ru:Морские части Пограничных Войск КГБ СССР) operated within the twelve-mile limit of Soviet territorial waters. It
2318-813: The Soviet Union, the Soviet Border troops remained under the command of the Commonwealth of Independent States but later were divided between the Union's constituent republics. In 1934, under the NKVD, Border Troops were immediately subordinated to the GUPVO (abbreviated "Chief Directorate of Border and Internal Guard"). In 1939 they were reorganized into the GUPV ("Chief Directorate of Border Troops"). NKVD Border Troops consisted of infantry, cavalry, reconnaissance, naval and aviation units. Since
2379-656: The United States. They are linked to status, culture and ceremony, and have to be given as gifts as a mark of respect for the receiver. In the Western culture derived from Christian tradition, removing one's headgear is a sign of respect, especially indoors, making oneself more open, humble or vulnerable, much like bowing or kneeling. This is as if to say, "I acknowledge that you are more powerful than I am, I make myself vulnerable to show I pose no threat to you and respect you." Men's hats are removed in Church, and not removing them
2440-685: The Wakhan District) and the Iranian-Soviet border. The sea border of the district extended halfway along the southern line of Soviet territorial waters in the Caspian Sea until it met the AOR of the Red Banner Trans-Caucasus Border District. Headwear Headgear , headwear , or headdress is any element of clothing which is worn on one's head , including hats , helmets , turbans and many other types. Headgear
2501-719: The airmobile component, which operated in concert with the MMGs. While both types of units were commanded by Border Troops Lieutenant-Colonels, with manpower of less than 50 an LAMG number far fewer men than both the Border Troops's MMGs and the Landing Assault Battalions of the Ground Forces. An LAMG consisted of a command element and two Landing Assault Manoeuvre Border Outposts and had the following structure: Landing Assault Manoeuvre Group The LAMG relied on Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters and Mi-8MTV-1 assault helicopters from
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2562-521: The arrival of Islam in the region. The black satin headgear called or known as "fenta" or "topi" is a pillbox-shaped skullcap, worn by Zoroastrians . It is considered by some in the Zoroastrian religion to be of vital spiritual importance. In earlier times, a saucer-shaped, red-and-white-striped kipah was the hallmark of the Zoroastrian. Buddhist priests in China wear the bao-tzu (more commonly known as
2623-490: The back of a woman's head for holding the hair. Scarves are used to protect styled hair or keep it tidy. Shower caps and swim caps prevent hair from becoming wet or entangled during activity. Hats often have a brim all the way around the rim, and may be either placed on the head, or secured with hat-pins (which are pushed through the hat and the hair). Depending on the type of hat, they may be properly worn by men, by women or by both sexes. Helmets are designed to protect
2684-410: The border; monitoring the observance of established procedures at border crossing points; monitoring the observance by Soviet and foreign ships of navigation procedures in Soviet territorial waters; and assisting state agencies in the preservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment from pollution. Border guards were authorized to examine documents and possessions of persons crossing
2745-422: The borders and to confiscate articles; to conduct inquiries in cases of violations of the state border; and to take such actions as arrest, search, and interrogation of individuals suspected of border violations. The Border Troops strength was estimated in 1989 to be in the range of 230,000 men. Although under the operational authority of the KGB, the Border Troops were conscripted as part of the biannual call-up of
2806-431: The braces via metal hooks or a facebow. Straps or a head cap anchor the headgear to the back of the head or neck. In some situations, both are used. Elastic bands are used to apply pressure to the bow or hooks which is then transferred to the patients teeth and jaw. Its purpose is to slow or stop the upper jaw from growing, thereby preventing or correcting an overjet. Other forms of headgear treat reverse overjets, in which
2867-585: The defenders of the Brest Fortress . Border troops were involved in all major campaigns of the war. Notably, the 105th, 157th, and 333rd Border Troops regiments (operating like regular army units) took part in the Battle for Berlin in 1945. During and after the war, 150 border guards were awarded the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union and over 13,000 of them were decorated with different orders and medals. In wartime,
2928-776: The easternmost territories of the Soviet Union from Wrangel Island and Mys Shmidta on the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait, the coastline of the Chukotka and Kamchatka Peninsulas to the island of Simushir , where it met the Pacific Border District's AOR. The security of the Sea of Okhotsk was also within the tasks of the NEBD and from Simushir its AOR ran in a strait line to the northern tip of Sakhalin and from there it continued to
2989-504: The head, and sometimes the neck, from injury. They are usually rigid, and offer protection from blows. Helmets are commonly worn in battle , on construction sites and in many contact sports (most commonly being associated with American football ). In most of the United States they are required by law for anyone operating a range of vehicles including motorcycles, and sometimes extending to bicycles and skateboards. Modern hoods are generally soft headcoverings which are an integral part of
3050-469: The headcovering varies by region, though the early Church's Apostolic Tradition specifies that Christian headcovering is to be observed with an "opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen". With respect to Christian clergy , the zucchetto worn by Roman Catholic hierarchs is a skull-cap. Other forms of apostolic headgear include the mitre , biretta , tasselled cardinal's hat, and the papal tiara . Orthodox Christian clergy and monastics often wear
3111-517: The mainland and the village of Ayan, Russia . Land units: Naval units: Air units: The Red Banner Pacific Border District ( Russian : Краснознамённый Тихоокеанский пограничный округ ) had its headquarters in Vladivostok . It guarded the coastline of the larger southern Kuril Islands from Simushir to Kunashir , through the southern tip of Sakhalin it reached the Asian mainland at the border between
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#17328478058073172-399: The nearly 63,000 kilometers of the state border and additional smaller formations and independent units. Border district boundaries were distinct from civil or military district boundaries. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Border Troops included the following operational forces: Main Directorate of the Border Troops ( Главное управление пограничных войск ) Under
3233-409: The preservation of natural resources and the protection of the environment from pollution. Border guards were authorized to examine documents and possessions of persons crossing the borders and to confiscate articles; to conduct inquiries in cases of violations of the state border; and to take such actions as arrest, search and interrogation of individuals suspected of border violations. With the end of
3294-489: The principles and halacha of tzniut . Traditionally, Christian women are required to wear a headcovering as taught in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16 (the same text teaches that men are to pray and worship with their head uncovered), which has been practiced since the time of the early Church and continues to be observed universally in certain denominations, such as in Conservative Anabaptist churches. The style of
3355-765: The same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. [REDACTED] Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Border_Troops&oldid=1161752927 " Category : Military units and formations disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Soviet Border Troops Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Second World War Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Sino-Soviet border conflict The Soviet Border Troops ( Russian : Пограничные войска СССР , romanized : Pogranichnyye voyska SSSR ) were
3416-557: The state border. The mass execution of Romanian civilians known as the Fântâna Albă massacre happened at this time. Border Troops units on the western USSR frontier saw particularly fierce combat in the first weeks of the German invasion of the USSR (June–July 1941). They bore the brunt of the initial German assault, and due to this, suffered high casualty rates. Border Troop servicemen were among
3477-410: The top jaw is not forward enough. Turbans are headgear, mostly for males, made up from a single piece of cloth which is wrapped around the head in a wide variety of styles. Turban is the best known word in English for a large category of headgear and general head wraps traditionally worn in many parts of the world. All over the world Sikhs wear a turban as religious headgear. Turbans for women are
3538-499: Was equipped with frigates and corvettes, fast patrol boats, hydrofoils, helicopters, and light aircraft. In 1991 the Border Troops numbered ten Border Districts (singular: Пограничный округ, abbr. ПО ): Note: The border districts and their subordinated formations are listed clockwise, starting with the easternmost area of the Soviet Union. The Northeastern Border District (Russian: Северо-Восточный пограничный округ ) had its headquarters in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky . It guarded
3599-430: Was formerly an indispensable portion of the suit, and women's hats have, over the years, attained a fantastic number of shapes ranging from immense confections to no more than a few bits of cloth and decorations piled on top of the head. Some hats, such as Deep Blue Sea , are showpiece creations created more as works of art than as practical items of fashion, and may be worth thousands or millions of dollars. Some headgear
3660-613: Was subordinated to the First Deputy Chairman of the KGB (the second highest-ranking official in the committee). The Commander of the Border Troops normally held the rank of lieutenant general when he took over the position and later was promoted to Colonel general . Out of the three officers who commanded the troops the second one (Vadim Alexandrovich Matrosov) has reached the rank of Army general at that position. The Commander had several Lieutenant generals and Major generals as his deputies. The Main Directorate administered approximately nine border districts (pogranichnye okruga), which covered
3721-442: Was the trace-control strip ( Russian : контрольно-следовая полоса ) - a wide strip of plowed soil to make it apparent where a crossing had occurred. The Border Troops consisted of conscripts drafted by the same system as for the Soviet Army , and a small number of professional enlistees. Officers were trained in specialized academies. Both conscripts and officer candidates for Border Troops were carefully selected and checked by
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