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57-418: Los Lagos is a department located in the south of Neuquén Province , Argentina . The Department limits with Lácar Department at north, Rio Negro Province at the east and southeast, with Chile at southwest and east. 40°45′43″S 71°38′35″W  /  40.76194°S 71.64306°W  / -40.76194; -71.64306 Neuqu%C3%A9n Province The Neuquén Province receives its name from

114-564: A Jesuit priest established in Chiloé Archipelago , founded the mission Nuestra Señora de Nahuel Huapi on the northern shores of Nahuel Huapi Lake . The Jesuit missions lasted few years and the last mission in Neuquén was destroyed in 1717. The suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767 halted further missionary activity. During the independence wars initiated by José de San Martín

171-621: A high of 11 hours/day in January to a low of 3 hours in June. According to the 2022 Argentine national census, the Province of Neuquén has 726,590 inhabitants. Neuquen is one of Argentina's most prosperous provinces, its estimated 47.648 billion Peso (about US$ 10.495 billion) economy in 2012, or, 80,566 pesos (US$ 17,744) per capita. No province in Argentina, however, is as dependent on any one sector as

228-597: A number of dinosaurs in the area, of which the bones of a 95 million years old Argentinosaurus are in display at the Carmen Funes Museum in Plaza Huincul . The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court. The Constitution of Neuquén Province forms

285-503: A number of new systems with the goal of having a completely modernized and largely mechanized army by 2015. The military also modified its operational structure, creating armoured brigades throughout the entire territory and a new special operations brigade, while preserving the existing divisional scheme. In 2013, there were 3,900 officers, 17,300 NCOs, 3,600 professional soldiers, and 9,200 conscript soldiers. In military schools, 2,400 students. Civilian employees, 8,400. The Chilean Army

342-561: A playing of Preussischer Präsentiermarsch (first played in 2018) and Los viejos estandartes by a mounted band playing in the German tradition. Pickelhaubes have long been worn by the Military School, and later by the 1st Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Artillery Regiment. The stahlhelm is worn only by the NCO School. This is also the case for parades held on 18 September, Independence Day, in

399-684: A prosperous businessman born in Lebanon . Migrating to Argentina , the Sapag family arrived in Neuquén Territory around 1910 with the railroad, eventually making their home in Zapala , whose dry, fertile mountain valleys and orchards were reminiscent of their native Lebanon . Neuquén is rich in natural resources such as natural gas, petroleum, virgin forests and water resources suitable for electric power and tourism alike. These resources were formerly managed by

456-502: A small army of long-term service officers and soldiers. In 1900 Chile became the first country in Latin America to enforce a system of compulsory military service, whereby training, initially five to eighteen months (Germany: three years), took place in zones of divisional organization in order to create a solid military structure that could be easily doubled with well-trained and combat-ready reserve forces. Budgetary restrictions prevented

513-569: A transitional climate between the more arid east and the wetter climates to the west and has a Mediterranean like precipitation pattern, similar to central Chile. This is due to the seasonal migration of the South Pacific Anticyclone . Summer months are drier since the South Pacific high is more southwards, inhibiting rainfall. During the winter months, this high is displaced to the north, allowing frontal and low pressure systems from

570-496: Is Neuquen's. Roughly half its output is accounted for by its mining and extractive sector, mainly on account of its massive gas and petroleum production, the most important in Argentina. That dependency is only likely to increase: development of the province's huge unconventional hydrocarbon reserves is beginning, above all in the Vaca Muerta formation. The province generates a significant part of Patagonia's electric power through

627-868: Is famous for its elaborate drill, exhibited in large scale during the Día de las Glorias Navales on 21 May and the Parada Militar de Chile ( Great Military Parade of Chile ) on 19 September. The early armed forces adopted many Prussian military traditions, and it was during this period that the Chilean military had many of its most famous victories. As a result, the drill features many 19th and early 20th century Prussian and German patterns. Participating soldiers wear German-style stahlhelm , and pickelhaube spiked helmets, and march in unaltered goose step . Marching music consists of Central European marches, alongside several local compositions. Each Parada Militar on 19 September ends with

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684-859: Is home to the magnificent Arrayanes (Luma apiculata) forest at the Los Arrayanes National Park . Other National parks include Lanín National Park and the Lanín extinct volcano, the Nahuel Huapí National Park shared with Río Negro Province, and the Laguna Blanca National Park . Neuquén Province, being relatively far away from both the Atlantic coast and the Pacific ocean by the Andes mountains, which help to block most moisture coming from

741-602: Is the land arm of the Chilean Armed Forces . This 80,000-person army (9,200 of which are conscripts ) is organized into six divisions, a special operations brigade and an air brigade. In recent years, and after several major re-equipment programs, the Chilean Army has become the most technologically advanced and professional army in Latin America . The Chilean Army is mostly supplied with equipment from Germany ,

798-621: The Boroanos . In Varvarco , far from the de facto territory of the Republic of Chile and the United Provinces , the Pincheira brothers established a permanent encampment with thousands of settlers. From this and other bases the Pincheira brothers led numerous raids into the countryside of the newly established republics. In 1827 Chilean troops commanded by Jorge Beauchef retaliated by crossing

855-686: The Colorado River to the northeast, separating it from the Mendoza Province , the Limay River to the southeast toward the Río Negro Province , and the Andes mountains to the west, separating it from Chile . There are two main distinctive landscapes; the mountainous fertile valleys with forest on the west, and the arid plateau with fertile land only near the basins of the rivers on the east, mostly

912-584: The Conquest of the Desert ( Conquista del Desierto ) that finally broke the aboriginal resistance. In 1884 Patagonia's political divisions were restructured and the Territory of Neuquén acquired its current boundaries. The capital of the province moved several times to Norquín (1884–85), Campana Mahuida (current Loncopué ) (1885–1888), Chos Malal (1885–1901), and finally Confluencia currently known as Neuquén . At

969-628: The Netherlands , Switzerland , Sweden , the United States , Israel , France , and Spain . The National Army of Chile was created on December 2, 1810, by order of the First National Government Junta. The army was actively involved in the second Independence War, which was fought against royalist troops in battles such as Chacabuco and Maipú or others. During this period, national figures such as Bernardo O'Higgins commanded

1026-853: The Neuquén River . The term "Neuquén" derives from the Mapudungun a local dialect of the Mapuche language word "Nehuenken" meaning drafty , which the aborigines used for the river. The word (without the accentuation) is a palindrome . Lácar Department in Neuquén Province has the southernmost known remains of maize before it was further diffused by the Inca Empire . Maize remains were found as far south as 40°19' S in Melinquina, with it being found inside pottery dated to 730 ±80 BP and 920 ±60 BP. This maize

1083-427: The Andes and raided the royalist encampment. Chileans forced about three thousand people back across the Andes to repopulate Antuco . The Neuquén area came under Argentine influence after explorer Perito Francisco Moreno made several trips to Patagonia and made accurate descriptions of the area in his book "Viaje al Pais de las Manzanas", reaching Nahuel Huapi lake in 1875. In 1879 Julio Argentino Roca started

1140-734: The Armed Forces. Paul W. Drake and Ivan Jaksic state in The Struggle for Democracy in Chile : The Army, with now Captain General Augusto Pinochet, leader of the coup, as commander-in-chief of both the Army and the Armed Forces, led the national mobilization effort in 1978 as the Beagle conflict began to hit the country. The Army was on full alert status during the duration of the crisis. Patricio Aylwin

1197-627: The Army NCO School and the Bernardo O'Higgins Military Academy. Military bands in Chile have a Corps of Drums and the Turkish crescent percussion instrument, similarly to German military bands. Departing from the German tradition is the presence of an added Bugle section behind the Corps of Drums, a tradition inherited from France and in the buglers of Imperial Germany, with the band's conductor being assisted by

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1254-572: The Chilean Army refined existing strategic concepts and eventually formulated a plan to restructure its forces. Though wars were avoided, the threats from the 1970s and 1980s encouraged the army to address more effectively its major defense disadvantage: lack of strategic depth . Thus, in the early 1980s it looked outward for a model of army organization that would best advance defensive capabilities by restructuring forces into smaller, more mobile units instead of traditional divisions. The resulting Plan Alcázar envisions three military zones in Chile, with

1311-735: The Chilean legation in Berlin was instructed to find a training mission during the War of the Pacific in 1881. But large-scale emulation of the Prussian Army began in 1886 with the appointment of Captain Emil Körner , a graduate of the renowned Kriegsakademie in Berlin. Also appointed were 36 Prussian officers to train officer cadets in the Chilean Military Academy. The training occurred in three phases;

1368-679: The Limay River and Neuquén River . The lacustrine system includes other less-important rivers such as the Aluminé River , the Malleo, and the Picún Leufú River, and a series of lakes including Nahuel Huapi Lake (550 km ), shared with Río Negro Province, Aluminé Lake (58 km ), Lácar Lake (49 km ), Huechulaufquen Lake (110 km ), Lolog Lake (35 km ), Traful, Hermoso, Quillén, Ñorquinco, Tromen and Falkner. The province

1425-864: The Military Academy. It reports to the Chief of the Bands Service. In 2000, it appeared in Rome on the occasion of the Military Music Jubilee. In 2004 and 2012, it participated in the Quebec City International Festival of Military Bands in Canada. It has also visited Germany, Scotland, Uruguay, France and the United States. The Chilean Army has two mounted bands : Other bands include the band of

1482-652: The Pacific Ocean results in a climate that is the most continental in Patagonia with large diurnal ranges. Mean temperatures are relatively cold for its latitude due to the high altitude. The warmest region is the eastern parts of the province where mean annual temperatures range from 13 to 15 °C (55.4 to 59.0 °F). The coldest areas are located in the Andean region where mean annual temperatures are below 5 °C (41.0 °F) or even below 0 °C (32.0 °F) at

1539-628: The Santiago Garrison), which is involved every 19 September with the Great Military Parade of Chile . When it was formed it had up to 550 musicians; since 1980 it has been reduced to about 295 musicians, with an attached corps of drums . The main military band in the army is the Concert Band of the Chilean Army. It was founded in 1963, and is the most senior army band, but is more of a concert band , some of its musicians being seconded to

1596-558: The advantages of new methods of combat and new armaments." The best alumni were candidates for general staff service. By the mid-1890s Körner organized the courses for a Noncommissioned Officers' School ( Escuela de Suboficiales y Clases ). During the 1891 Chilean Civil War Körner was removed from duty by José Manuel Balmaceda . He and his followers set sail north to join the Congressional forces in Iquique . He became chief architect of

1653-449: The area (1550s) there is no record of agriculture being practised in northern Patagonia. The extensive Patagonian grasslands and an associated abundance of guanaco game may have contributed for the indigenous populations to favour a hunter-gathered lifestyle. Inhabited by Tehuelches and Pehuenche at the time of European contact, the territory was initially explored by conquistadores coming from Chile . In 1670 Nicolás Mascardi ,

1710-515: The army and José de San Martín was allied with O'Higgins. The Army's first commander-in-chief was José Miguel Carrera. After obtaining independence from Spain, the newly formed Republic reorganized its military structure by creating the Military Academy of Chile, which was founded by General O'Higgins in 1817. Diego Portales set up a civil militia, the Guardia Nacional, to end one of the worst stages of militarism in Chilean history. The militia

1767-624: The army was equipped with a variety of rifles, mostly French and Belgian origin. From 1892 to 1902, the Chilean-Argentine Arms Race, marked the peak of Chilean arms purchase. 100,000 Mauser rifles and new Krupp artillery was bought for 3 million German marks (ℳ︁) in 1893, 2 million marks in 1895 and 15 million marks in 1898. Ammunition factories and small arms manufacturing plants were established. Conscription : Like other armies in South America, Chile had had

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1824-448: The beginning of the 20th century the railway reached the city of Neuquén, and a new irrigation system was finished, facilitating the production and later transportation of crops. Petroleum was found in Plaza Huincul in 1918, giving Neuquén a new push forward. Local politics have long been dominated by a single political party, the MPN or Movimiento Popular Neuquino founded by Elias Sapag ,

1881-859: The bulk of forces concentrated in the north, and reinforces the center and south. The plan was implemented in stages, starting in 1994. Thus Alcázar, based on threat scenarios of the past, is one of the most durable "lessons" of the past. Even with the resolution of almost all remaining territorial disputes, the restructuring agenda continued, reinforcing a conflict-based mindset in the army. Army General Headquarters , in Santiago . Land Operations Command , headquartered in Concepcion . Training and Doctrine Command ( Comando de Institutos y Doctrina ) Force's Support Command ( Comando de Apoyo de la Fuerza ) Army Independent Commands Army General Staff ( Estado Mayor General del Ejército ) The Chilean Army acquired

1938-471: The central National Government, which resulted in little local benefit at the time. Because of social unrest, Elias Sapag and two younger brothers, Felipe and Amado, started the MPN, an active political movement rooted in federalism and greater local rights over the territory and its resources. The territory was made a province on June 15, 1955, and its constitution promulgated on November 28, 1957. Felipe Sapag soon became politically prominent. Although he

1995-414: The essence of Moltke 's German military system of continuous study of artillery, infantry, cartography, history, topography, logistics, tactics, etc., for a modern, professional and technically trained officer corps. In 1886, the "Academia de Guerra" (War Academy) was founded "to elevate the level of technical and scientific instruction of army officers, in order that they be able, in case of war, to utilize

2052-567: The first took place from 1885 to 1891 during the presidency of Domingo Santa María, the second was the post-civil-war phase, and the third was the 1906 reorganization. The emulation was focused in armaments, conscription, officer recruitment and instruction, and general staff organization as well as military doctrine (adopted 1906). It was extended also into military logistics and medical services, promotions, retirement, salary regulation and even uniforms (adopted 1904), marching styles, helmets, parades, and military music. Armaments : Prior to 1883,

2109-609: The formal law of the province. In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Neuquén Provincial Police. The province is divided into 16 departments ( Spanish : departamentos ). 38°57′06″S 68°04′28″W  /  38.95167°S 68.07444°W  / -38.95167; -68.07444 Chilean Army The Chilean Army ( Spanish : Ejército de Chile )

2166-412: The full impact of the law: the service fell disproportionately on the lower classes, no more than 20% of the contingent was incorporated annually, and former conscripts were not retrained periodically. Officer education and training : The beginning of the German mission was dedicated almost exclusively to the organization and implementation of a standardized, technically oriented military education with

2223-399: The highest peaks. During the summer months, mean December and January temperatures reach up to 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the eastern parts although during heat waves , temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F). In July, the mean temperature ranges from 7 °C (44.6 °F) in the east to 5 °C (41.0 °F) in the west at the foothills of the Andes. Humidity throughout

2280-560: The hydroelectric plants of Piedra del Águila , El Chocón , Pichi Picún Leufú , Planicie Banderita (in the Cerros Colorados Complex ), and Alicurá . The town of Arroyito hosts the only heavy water plant in the country. Another important activity is the production of apples , pears , peaches and others, specially in the Alto Valle area, shared with Río Negro . The piquetero movement (organizations of unemployed workers)

2337-403: The local level, whenever Army units take part. Several Army units wear on parade historical dress uniforms from the time of 19th-century battles, but do not march in the German manner: The Army Band Service is the military band department of the army, operating through the Welfare Command. The massed bands of the capital are known as the Gran Banda de la Guarnición de Santiago (Grand Band of

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2394-424: The local natives' rumored the imminent arrival of Spanish Crown Loyalist troops to Patagonia, either from the Chilean port of Chiloé coming from Alto Peru or by the Spanish settlemts in The Patagonian Islands , were common among Mapuches indigenous peoples and of the northern Patagonia Pampas of Argentina. The last royalist armed group in what is today Argentina and Chile, the Pincheira brothers , moved from

2451-406: The militia was disbanded. During the decades preceding the 1973 coup, the Chilean Army became influenced by the United States' anti-communist ideology in the context of various cooperation programs including the US Army School of the Americas . On 11 September 1973, in a watershed event of the Cold War and the history of Chile, president Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état by

2508-408: The need of good schools and technical departments for the military. Other factor that supported the emulation, the deliberate systematic imitation of the military technology, organisation, and doctrine of one country by another was the danger of war with Argentina. The emulation was backed by a broad coalition of civil and military leaders. Chile hired a French military training mission in 1858, and

2565-605: The new army and, though Estanislao del Canto formally was commander-in-chief, Körner led the rebel forces in the major clashes of the civil war. Chile had had a General Staff during the War of the Pacific. Körner turned his attention to a permanent institution in 1893-94 that should replace the old "Inspector General del Ejército", but with control over military affairs in peacetime and wartime. It had four sections: Instruction and Discipline, Military Schools, Scientific Works (strategic and operational planning), and Administration. The Guardia Republicana or Milicia Republicana

2622-424: The precipitation on its western slopes, most of the province is dry, averaging less than 200 mm (7.9 in) a year. Northern and eastern parts of the province have mean annual precipitation exceeding 300 mm (12 in). In the western parts of the province, precipitation ranges from 200 to 1,000 mm (7.9 to 39.4 in) from the Andes to areas 100 km (62 mi) east of it. This area represents

2679-489: The province arid by favoring evaporation. The predominant wind directions are from the west or southwest, which occur 40–50% of the time. In general, high altitude areas and flat areas receive stronger winds while summers tend to be windier than winters. Cloud cover in the province varies widely with the eastern parts receiving less cloud cover than the Andean region which tends to be cloudier. Winters tend to be cloudier than summers with mean daily sunshine hours ranging from

2736-434: The province varies significantly, depending on the location. The Andean region has a mean humidity exceeding 60% or even 70% due to lower temperatures while in the eastern parts, humidity is lower owing to higher temperatures. In all locations, humidity is significantly lower during the summer than in the winter. Because the Andes block most of the moisture from the Pacific Ocean from coming in, causing it to release most of

2793-401: The vicinities of Chillán across the Andes into northern Neuquén as patriots consolidated control of the Spanish Crown colony of Capitania of Chile. The Pincheira brothers was a large mounted outlaw gang made of European Spanish, American Spanish, Mestizos and local indigenous peoples. This group was able to move to Patagonia thanks to its alliance with two indigenous tribes, the Ranqueles and

2850-603: The violent March 1976 coup against Isabel Perón , Felipe Sapag was returned to office in 1983-87 and 1995-99. His emphasis on public works and political independence from Buenos Aires have helped him and his successors with the MPN win every province-wide election since. His brother Elias Sapag became senator in 1963-66, 1973–76 and from 1983 until his death in 1993, becoming the longest-serving senator in national history. The MPN also elected Governors Pedro Salvatori (1987–91), Jorge Sobisch (1991–95 and 1999–2007) and current Governor Jorge Sapag (2007–11). The province's limits are

2907-399: The west to come in, resulting in higher precipitation during this season. As such, most of the precipitation in this area falls during the winter months. In the southernmost parts of the province, some areas receive more than 3,000 mm (120 in) of precipitation a year. The winds in the province are moderately strong (slightly stronger in the south) and play a role in making most of

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2964-443: Was born in Neuquén in the 1990s, during the presidency of Carlos Menem . A destination of many Argentines and foreigners, the province has a number of year-round attractions, including: During the winter, there are the ski resorts in Chapelco , Cerro Bayo and Caviahue . Many hike or fish, mainly for river trout , the lake district region of Southwestern Neuquén that stretches into Río Negro and Chubut Provinces . There were

3021-405: Was created after the fall of the Socialist Republic of Chile in order to prevent another coup d'etat . On May 7, 1933, 20,000 militiamen marched past President Arturo Alessandri in the streets of Santiago. In the Las Mercedes' plot in 1933, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Pedro Vignola, called "to resist the Milicia Republicana by any means"; he was forced to resign from his post. In 1936,

3078-571: Was created in 2005. Portales developed this parallel army to compensate the army's might. The Chilean Conscription Law of 1900 marked the beginning of the end of the Guardia Nacional. During the War of the Pacific, many high-ranking officers won valuable insights into the state of the army and became aware that the army required rebuilding. Losses, material destruction, and organizational flaws regarding strategic planning and officer training, were noted by officers like Emilio Sotomayor and Patricio Lynch , who approached President Santa María arguing

3135-414: Was elected President of the Republic on December 14, 1989. Although Chile had officially become a democracy, the Chilean military continued to be very powerful during Aylwin's presidency, and the Chilean constitution had been amended by Pinochet's regime to ensure the continued influence of Pinochet and his commanders. As a result of tensions with neighbors during the conflict-prone 1970s and early 1980s,

3192-469: Was elected governor in 1962 representing the Movimiento Popular Neuquino , a coup against progressive President Arturo Frondizi that March prevented Sapag from taking office. Eventually becoming governor in 1963-66 and 1973–76, he presided over one of Argentina's fastest-growing provinces. The national government established the University of Neuquén in 1964, later incorporated into the new National University of Comahue in 1971. Removed as governor following

3249-420: Was probably brought across the Andes from Peru during the Inca Empire that also reached Chile . Agriculture was practised in Pre-Hispanic Argentina as far south as southern Mendoza Province just north of Neuquén Province. Agriculture was at times practised beyond this limit in nearby areas of Patagonia but populations reverted at times to non-agricultural lifestyles. By the time of the Spanish arrival to

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