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86-502: Mendoza ( Spanish pronunciation: [menˈdosa] ), officially Province of Mendoza , is a province of Argentina , in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders San Juan to the north, La Pampa and Neuquén to the south, San Luis to the east, and the republic of Chile to the west; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range. Its capital city

172-576: A Congress dominated by the Peronist Party , he took an active part in the Public Works, Hygiene and Medical Assistance Commissions. The election held on 7 July 1963 marked a return to constitutional government in Argentina after a period of political instability and internal strife following the military overthrow of President Arturo Frondizi on 29 March 1962. Illia's predecessor, José María Guido ,

258-574: A Deliberative Department (legislature) to run local services. The mayor is elected by a simple majority of the popular vote every four years, while half of the Deliberative body is renewed every two years (re-election is allowed in both cases). The departments can make regulations in accordance with the provincial constitution and the Organic Law of Municipalities, but financially cannot levy taxes, but only charge for services. The most populous cities within

344-523: A department may have citizens' committees appointed by the municipal government to perform certain functions. Provinces of Argentina During the War of Independence the main cities and their surrounding countryside became provinces though the intervention of their cabildos . The Anarchy of the Year XX completed this process, shaping the original thirteen provinces. Jujuy seceded from Salta in 1834, and

430-585: A free, open and public university system less influenced by the Catholic Church . This development changing the concept and administration of higher education in Argentina, and in a good portion of Latin America. As a part of his medical studies, Illia begun working in the San Juan de Dios Hospital in the city of La Plata , obtaining his degree in 1927. In 1928 he had an interview with President Hipólito Yrigoyen ,

516-912: A general put in charge of the Federal District Police , though he confirmed Onganía as head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and named numerous "Blue" generals to key posts. Illia started his presidency with an attempt to promote reconciliation and stability. His inaugural address included both praise for the armed forces and a call to reduce poverty and income inequality, citing encyclicals issued by then-Pope John XIII, Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris . Countering military objections, however, he made political rights an early policy centerpiece with an emphasis on constitutionality. His first act consisted in eliminating all restrictions over Peronism and its allied political parties, causing anger and surprise among

602-524: A head in April 1972, however, when violent protests forced the newly unpopular Gabrielli to resign. Upon the return to democracy in March 1973, Mendoza voters turned to a left-leaning Peronist , Alberto Martínez Baca. Quickly enacting needed labor and land reforms, Martínez Baca, however, made the mistake of appointing affiliates of the extreme-left Montoneros movement, an organization whose armed wing had perpetrated

688-520: A joint session of Congress. Domestically, Illia pursued a pragmatic course, restoring Frondizi's vigorous public works and lending policies, but with more emphasis on the social aspect and with a marked, nationalist shift away from Frondizi's support for foreign investment . This shift was most dramatic in Illia's controversial petroleum policy. Yet Illia struggled to reconcile the adversarial social forces that prevailed in Argentina during his term. The UCRP

774-476: A military dictatorship. Like in most elections after 1955, Peronists were banned from running in the 1963 election. The UCR had been divided since their contentious 1956 convention into the mainstream "People's UCR" (UCRP) and the center-left UCRI . The leader of the UCRP, Ricardo Balbín , withdrew his name from the March 10 nominating convention and instead supported a less conservative, less anti-Peronist choice, and

860-454: A negative impact on capital investment. By 1965, imports of capital goods had fallen to only a quarter of the level seen during the 1960-1961 investment boom under Frondizi. Given the constant pressures on the country's balance of payments, Illia's administration tightly controlled access to foreign currency, required exporters to convert their earnings into pesos, and introduced measures to prevent capital flight. Yet Illia's exchange rate policy

946-540: A string of violent crimes since 1970 (and would continue to do so). Alarmed by this move from the otherwise pragmatic Martínez Baca, President Perón had him removed in June 1974. Becoming more politically independent-minded following these two disappointments, Mendoza voters elected centrist Radical Civic Union as well as populist Justicialist Party lawmakers since Argentina's return to democracy in 1983. Though Mendoza has generally prospered since then, its critical wine industry

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1032-563: A supreme court, a governor , an autonomous police force , and a congress ; in eight provinces, the legislature is bicameral , comprising an upper chamber (the Senate) and a lower chamber (the House of Deputies), while in the remaining fifteen provinces and in Buenos Aires City, it is unicameral . In case of sedition, insurrection, territorial invasion, or any other emerging threats against

1118-744: Is a significant, and not uncommon, problem in the regional viticulture . There are fertile lands surrounding the basins of the many rivers born in the glaciers of the Cordillera. The lowlands have very hot summers (30 °C to 33 °C during the day, or 86 °F to 91 °F) with warm nights in the north (18 °C, or 64 °F) and cooler evenings in the south (15 °C, 59 °F). Precipitation falls mainly as very scarce, but often severe thunderstorms that bring hail and high winds. Falls are pleasant and dry, and winters are cool with daytime highs around 14 °C (57 °F) and nighttime lows of 2 °C (35F). When Zonda winds blow downslope from

1204-570: Is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court. The legislative branch is a bicameral body composed of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing local laws. The Constitution of Mendoza Province forms the formal law of

1290-450: Is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and not accumulative. The foreign residents enjoy this right, with the correlative obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in this district, in the terms established by the law ." Arturo Illia Arturo Umberto Illia ( Spanish pronunciation: [aɾˈtuɾo wmˈbeɾto ˈilja] ; 4 August 1900 – 18 January 1983) was an Argentine politician and physician , who

1376-508: Is not easy to find a president more denigrated and attacked during the exercise of power than Arturo Umberto Illia. Until the end, he remained calm and prudent in governing an intense country." Under the preceding Guido administration, Argentina had endured a sharp two-year recession under an orthodox stabilization program. Once in office, Illia implemented a pro-growth policy characterized by expansionary fiscal and monetary policy and deepening of import substituting industrialization. The result

1462-408: Is the homonymous city of Mendoza . Covering an area of 148,827 km, it is the seventh biggest province of Argentina with 5.35% of the country's total area. The population for 2022 is 2,014,533 inhabitants, which makes it the fifth most populated region of the country, or 4.38% of the total national population. Archeological studies have determined that the first inhabitants in the area date from

1548-519: The Argentine Senate , currently María Perceval , Ernesto Sanz and Mónica Troadello . Mendoza is represented by 10 deputies in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies . On 16 July 2008, Vice President Cobos stunned observers by casting the tie-breaking vote against a presidentially-sponsored measure in the Senate that would have raised export taxes on an array of agricultural goods. His faction of

1634-539: The Desaguadero River . Other important rivers include Mendoza River , Tunuyán River , Diamante River and Atuel River . The climate is continental, sunny and dry in the entire territory of the province, with warm summers and relatively cold winters. The arid soil due to the scant precipitation and the great temperature difference between day and night allows mainly xerophytes and few trees to grow. The annual precipitation lies between 150 and 350mm, and hail

1720-647: The Eastern Bloc , and started exporting industrial products, including a small but symbolically important number of motor vehicles to Paraguay, Ecuador, and Guatemala. Illia promoted regional integration with Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) members, issuing Decree 1188 in February 1965 to allow increased imports of auto parts in exchange for compensatory exports to the same countries. However, Argentina's balance of payments were burdened by

1806-627: The Holocene , but there are few remains of those people to know their habits. The earliest sites of human occupation in Mendoza Province, Agua de la Cueva and Gruta del Indio , are 12,000–13,000 years old. In the basins of the Atuel River , in 300 BC, lived a group of people that lived via hunting and the cultivation of maize, pumpkins and beans . Those valleys saw the rise of the Agrelo culture, ancestor of

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1892-782: The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank . During his election campaign, Illia had denounced the IMF in particular as an economic intruder and refused a meeting with IMF officials upon assuming office. Relations with the Inter-American Development Bank were more constructive. The Inter-American Development Bank granted Illia's government a USD $ 92.6 million credit for development and educational projects shortly after his inauguration in October 1963, and in early 1965

1978-533: The Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province in 1990. Argentina is a federation of twenty-three provinces and one autonomous city , Buenos Aires . Provinces are divided for administration purposes into departments and municipalities , except for Buenos Aires Province , which is divided into partidos and localidades . Buenos Aires City itself is divided into communes ( comuna ) and non-official neighbourhoods ( barrios ). Provinces hold all

2064-561: The governorates of Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. The agreement about a frontier dispute with Chile in 1900 created the National Territory of Los Andes ; its lands were incorporated into Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca in 1943. La Pampa and Chaco became provinces in 1951. Misiones did so in 1953, and Formosa , Neuquén , Río Negro , Chubut and Santa Cruz , in 1955. The last national territory, Tierra del Fuego, became

2150-626: The 1963 elections. The 1963 elections were made possible due to support from the moderate "Blue" faction ( Azules in Spanish) of the Argentine military led by the head of the Joint Chiefs, General Juan Carlos Onganía and by the Internal Affairs Minister, General Osiris Villegas. The Azules defeated an attempted revolt in late 1962 and early 1963 by the rival "Red" faction ( Colorados in Spanish), which consisted of hard-liners who favored

2236-736: The 20th century, some provinces have had governments that were traditionally controlled by a single family (i.e. the Saadi family in Catamarca, or the Sapag family in Neuquén); in one case, it is still the same situation as of 2009: the province of San Luis was ruled almost without a break by the Rodríguez Saá family since December 1983. Article 61 of the Constitution of the city of Buenos Aires states that " Suffrage

2322-826: The Andes are dry and sunny; however, precipitation increases as one approaches the border with Chile, especially toward the south, where some areas receive over 600 mm (24 in), falling exclusively in the winter, and mostly as snow. Altitudes over 2,600 m in the north and over 2,000 m in the far south usually have ample snow cover. Summer days may be warm and sunny, but nights are always cold, whereas winter temperatures tend to be moderate, with long stretches of sunny (but very windy) weather alternating with very intense snowstorms where several meters of snow may pile up, providing excellent skiing conditions in resorts like Las Lenas, Penitentes and Vallecitos. Mountains often surpass 5,000 meters, and Aconcagua reaches 6,959 meters: at these altitudes,

2408-426: The Andes, temperatures may soar to 30 °C (86 °F); however, Pampero winds can keep day temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) and nighttime lows of −8 °C (18 °F) can be recorded. Snow is uncommon in the north, and occasional in the south. The area around Malargue is located at higher elevation (1400 meters) and thus the weather is significantly colder: summers average 28 °C (82 °F) during

2494-646: The Argentine market) are apples, pears, tomatoes, onions, plums , olives , cherries , peaches and quince . Apiculture , with 30,000 beehives , is another growing activity favoured by Mendoza's dry weather. Mining is important to the Mendoza economy and has grown sharply in recent years, now accounting for 22% of output in 2005 (nearly 5 times the national average). Fourteen percent of the national reserves of petroleum are in Mendoza, also home to large-scale mining of lime and uranium . Manufacturing has long contributed to

2580-483: The Bank approved USD $ 30 million in funding for Argentine industry. The expansion of heavy industry during Illia's time in office, while impressive at face value, created new burdens on Argentina's balance of payments. Import substitution in many cases simply replaced imports of finished goods with imports of capital and intermediate goods. Foreign direct investment brought an influx of external capital (although frequently in

2666-764: The Department of Cruz del Eje, in the elections that took place on 17 November. In the Provincial Senate, he actively participated in the approval of the Law of Agrarian Reform , which was passed in the Córdoba Legislature but rejected in the National Congress. He was also head of the Budget and Treasury Commission, and pressed for the construction of dams, namely Nuevo San Roque, La Viña , Cruz del Eje and Los Alazanes. In

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2752-543: The Houses' immediate reassembly. Once the intervention is declared the compromised district's government is immediately dissolved—in whole or in part depending on Congressional decision—and the President appoints a representative or intervenor, who will serve for a short time until the emergency is solved. Since 1983 four provinces were intervened, namely Catamarca, Corrientes (twice), Santiago del Estero (twice), and Tucumán. During

2838-669: The Huarpes. They were later influenced greatly by the Inca empire during the 15th century. The first Spanish conquerors came around 1550, from the Viceroyalty of Peru . In 1561, Mendoza was founded by the conquistador Pedro del Castillo . Until the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, the area of what is now Mendoza Province belonged to the Captaincy General of Chile . With

2924-549: The Investment Guarantee Agreement, as well as the oil contracts that were made during the Arturo Frondizi government without complying with legal regulations. Once in power, Illia announced that contracts that had been made illegally would be annulled, on 15 November 1963, Illia issued the decrees 744/63 and 745/63, which rendered said oil contracts null and void, for being considered "illegitimate and harmful to

3010-504: The Law of Supplies was passed, destined to control prices of basic foodstuffs and setting minimum standards for pensions. Since Perón's exile, the labor movement functioned as the representation of Peronism in the country. Led by the leader of the powerful metalworkers' union UOM, Augusto Vandor , the unions deployed a large-scale "Plan de Lucha" (Plan of Struggle). Between May and July of 1964, 3.9 million workers occupied more than 11,000 industrial establishments. Given his sympathy for

3096-457: The Mendoza economy (Argentina's fifth largest) is, however, quite diversified. Its 2013 output was estimated at US$ 18.8 billion, or, US$ 10,758 per capita below the national average, at a level similar to Turkey and above Mexico. Agriculture, to be sure (though 7% of the total economy), has long accounted for much of Mendoza's foreign exchange earnings (followed closely by tourism, mainly from Chile). Besides wine, other important crops (mainly for

3182-604: The UCR won a significant victory in the 2009 mid-term elections in Mendoza. The geography of the province descends from 6,960.8 metres (22,837 ft) at the summit of Aconcagua to the semi-flat lands of the east. A series of longitudinal valles, such as the Uspallata, separate the Andes from the Precordillera lower mountains. To the east, the Cuyean plains are crossed by tributaries of

3268-532: The climate is extremely cold and windy year round, with temperatures down to −40 °C. Different wind fronts affect the landscape, mainly the Zonda wind , but also the mild Pampero , the warm Viento Norte and, in winter, the very rare Sudestada from the Southeast. The latter wind mostly affects the pampas. Famed worldwide for its viticulture (with 70% of the 1.5 billion liters in Argentine wine production),

3354-629: The conservative Democratic Party , which secured the Vice Governor's post in 1958. Increasing their presence in the Mendoza Legislature, the Democrats became an obstacle to progressive Governor Ernesto Ueltschi , an ally of president Arturo Frondizi 's. With majorities in both houses by 1961, they had Gov. Ueltschi removed and Democrat Vice-governor Francisco Gabrielli appointed in his stead. Elected governor in his own right in 1963, Gov. Gabrielli

3440-407: The country of a critical source of foreign currency. On 15 June 1964, the Law 16.459 was passed, establishing a minimum wage for the country. " Avoiding the exploitation of workers in those sectors in which an excess of workforce may exist ", " Securing an adequate minimum wage " and " Improving the income of the poorest workers " were listed among the objectives of the project. With the same aims,

3526-582: The country's external debt . Although Illia reduced external debt from USD $ 3.4 billion to USD $ 2.7 billion, annual servicing costs remained high and were equivalent to 40% of annual exports. Scheduled repayments caused Argentina's foreign reserves to fall from USD $ 280 million in 1963 to only USD $ 70 million in 1965, requiring negotiations with the Paris Club group of creditors to refinance and defer payments. Resolution of Argentina's balance of payments issues were complicated by Illia's strained relationship with

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3612-576: The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , its 30,000 inhabitants became part of the intendency of Cuyo de Córdoba del Tucumán , but in 1813, the intendency was separated and the Province of Cuyo created, with José de San Martín as its first Governor. He received important support from Mendoza when he led his Army of the Andes from Plumerillo to the 1817 crossing of the Andes , in his campaign to end Spanish rule in Chile . The Province of Cuyo

3698-527: The day, but only 11 °C (53F) at night, and winters range from 10 °C (50 °F) to −2 °C (28 °F). Here, precipitation is somewhat higher (350 mm) and winter is stormier than the summer, with 45 mm (1.8 in) falling in July. Snow is much more common, and falls several times every year: on occasion, it can be heavy. Temperatures often fall to −12 °C (10 °F) and up to −23 °C (-9 °F) have been recorded. The first slopes of

3784-470: The economy. Industrial production grew by 18.7% in 1964 and 13.8% in 1965, led by capital intensive sectors such as steel, plastics, and chemicals. Motor vehicle production, which increased from 105,000 units in 1963 to 195,000 in 1965, became a highly visible symbol of Argentina's industrialization. Agriculture returned to growth after two decades of stagnation. Cereals production and cattle stock increased by 60% and 25% respectively between 1963 and 1965,

3870-478: The elections that took place on 10 March 1940, he was elected Vice-Governor of Córdoba Province , with Santiago del Castillo, who became governor. He occupied this post until the provincial government was replaced by the newly installed dictatorship of General Pedro Ramírez , in 1943. From 1948 to 1952, Illia served in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and frequently spoke out against the Peronist regime. Working in

3956-580: The end of 1965. Illia modestly expanded Argentina's welfare state. The most significant program was the increase in value and coverage of family allowances. The government also opened approximately 250 maternal and infant health care centers and started planning for the Villa Lugano public housing development to replace what was then one of the largest villa miseria slums in Buenos Aires. During Illia's government, education acquired an important presence in

4042-503: The end of his administration. However, production stagnated under Illia and oil imports resumed. The annulment of oil contracts created tensions with the United States, which placed a hold on Argentina's requests for multilateral assistance, including financing for aircraft imports, housing, and agricultural equipment. As a result, American aid to Argentina decreased from USD $ 135 million in 1963 to only USD $ 21 million in 1964, depriving

4128-470: The expansionary fiscal policy that dated back to the Perón administration. The budget deficit increased by 60% in 1964 to 5.8% of GDP due to his freezing of public utility rates, which reduced government revenue in real terms. Limited progress was made to balance the budget in 1965 with a fiscal deficit of 3.8% of GDP; a steep increase in tax revenue due to the economic recovery and elimination of many tax deductions

4214-406: The fiscal deficit was financed primarily by printing money. The money supply grew by 61% during Illia's first 18 months in office alone, contributing to an inflation rate that averaged 25% per year during his presidency. Due to record agricultural exports, Argentina enjoyed a substantial current account surplus during Illia's presidency. The country penetrated new markets such as Italy, Japan, and

4300-599: The form of second-hand equipment rather than cash investment), technology, and know-how, but subsequently led to capital outflows (profit repatriation, transfer pricing, and royalty payments) from Argentine subsidiaries to U.S. and European parent companies. As result, the Central Bank of Argentina in 1965 estimated that the motor vehicle industry imposed a foreign exchange burden of USD $ 200 million per year. Illia's administration therefore maintained Argentina's current account surplus through strict controls on imports, which had

4386-430: The late 1980s, Argentina's Ministry of Public Works found that this system resulted in an additional USD $ 2 billion in spending per year. Deteriorating provincial finances similarly consumed a growing proportion of central government resources. Transfers to provincial governments represented 22% of central government revenue in 1964 vs. less than 15% in the mid-1950s. With the government avoiding additional foreign debt,

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4472-452: The laws of the nation on any province or the federal capital, the Congress has the authority to declare a federal intervention on the compromised district, even in the absence of a formal request by the affected part. When Congress is in recess and thus unable to intervene, the President is entitled to decree such intervention, but this executive order is subject to Congressional override upon

4558-481: The longtime leader of the centrist UCR, and the first freely-elected President of Argentina. Illia offered him his services as a physician, and Yrigoyen, in turn, offered him a post as railroad physician in different parts of the country, upon which Illia decided to move to scenic Cruz del Eje , in Cordoba Province . He worked there as a physician from 1929 until 1963, except for three years (1940–1943) in which he

4644-553: The military (particularly the right-wing "Red" faction). Political demonstrations from the Peronist party were forbidden after the 1955 coup, by the Presidential Decree 4161/56 , however, five days after Illia's inaugural, a Peronist commemorative act for the 17 October (in honor of the date in 1945 when labor demonstrations propelled Perón to power) took place in Buenos Aires' Plaza Miserere without any official restrictions. Illia similarly lifted electoral restrictions, allowing

4730-574: The national budget. In 1963, it represented 12% of the budget, rising to 17% in 1964 and to 23% in 1965. On November 5, 1964, the National Literacy Plan was started, with the purpose of diminishing and eliminating illiteracy (At the time, nearly 10% of the adult population was still illiterate). By June 1965, the program comprised 12,500 educational centers and was assisting more than 350,000 adults of all ages. Law 16.462, also known as 'Oñativia Law' (in honor of Minister of Health Arturo Oñativia),

4816-717: The national industry was promoted, 23% of the national budget was allocated to education (the highest figure in the history of the country), unemployment fell, the external debt decreased, a literacy plan was carried out and sanctioned the Minimum, Vital and Mobile Salary law and the Medications Laws. He was noted for his honesty and trustworthiness, an example of this being the fact that Illia lived almost all his life in his humble home in Cruz del Eje , where he devoted himself to medicine , and that he never used his influence to his advantage, to

4902-430: The opposition of his party, Julio Cobos accepted the post of running mate to first lady Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of the ruling Front for Victory , in the presidential elections of October 2007 . Fernández and Cobos won in the first round, and Cobos became Vice President of Argentina ; he was replaced by pro-Kirchner Justicialist candidate Celso Jaque as governor. The province is represented by three senators in

4988-481: The participation of Peronists in the 1965 legislative elections . The prohibition over the Communist Party of Argentina and the pro-industry MID (which many in the military, then controlled by cattle barons, termed "economic criminals") was also lifted. Among Illia's early landmark legislation was an April 1964 bill issuing felony penalties for discrimination and racial violence, which he presented in an address to

5074-468: The party nominated Dr. Illia for president and Entre Ríos Province lawyer Carlos Perette as his running-mate. In the electoral college on 31 July 1963, the Illia-Perette ticket obtained 169 votes out of 476 on the first round of voting (70 short of an absolute majority), but the support of three centrist parties on the second round gave them 270 votes, thus formalizing their election. Illia assumed

5160-426: The point such as having to sell his car while in office and refusing to use public funds to finance his medical treatments. After his government, he maintained his active political militancy, rejected the retirement perks he had earned as president, and returned home to continue dedicating himself to medicine. Arturo Umberto Illia was born in Pergamino , Buenos Aires to Italian immigrants. Martino Illia (1861–1948)

5246-411: The power that they chose not to delegate to the federal government ; they must be representative commonwealths and must not contradict the Constitution . Beyond this, they are fully autonomous: they enact their own constitutions, freely organize their local governments, and own and manage their natural and financial resources. Thus, each province has its own set of provincial laws and justice system,

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5332-507: The presidency on 12 October 1963. Arturo Illia became president on 12 October 1963, and promptly steered a moderate political course, while remaining mindful of the spectre of a coup d'état. A UCRP majority in the Senate contrasted with their 73 seats in the 192-seat Lower House, a disadvantage complicated by Illia's refusal to include UCRI men in the cabinet (which, save for Internal Affairs Minister Juan Palmero, would all be figures close to Balbín). Illia also refused military requests to have

5418-442: The province around 1900, Mendoza began to grow quickly, attracting tens of thousands of European immigrants, particularly Spaniards. In 1939, the National University of Cuyo , one of the more important universities of the country, was founded in the province. Partly in reaction to President Juan Perón 's populist policies, some of which taxed agriculture heavily to finance urban development and public works, Mendoza landowners formed

5504-410: The province's prosperity and still accounts for 16% of the economy. Mendoza's main industries are, of course, wine production with 1,200 wineries turning out 1.1 billion liters in 2005, followed by canned fruits, a large petroleum refinery (in Luján de Cuyo ), cement and others. Mendoza's services sector is somewhat less developed and diversified than the national average. Tourism, long active in

5590-403: The province. In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Mendoza Provincial Police. The province is divided into 18 local government areas called departments (Spanish: departamentos ). Each is divided into one or more districts, and has an Executive Department (led by a mayor or intendente ) and

5676-432: The province. Wineries along the wine route generally offer free tours of the premises with wine-tastings at the conclusion of the tour. In the wine-producing region , the Fiesta de la Vendimia (grape harvest festival) receives many visitors in late February or early March. The Christ the Redeemer of the Andes statue in the mountains on the Chilean border is a destination for many excursions. The provincial government

5762-404: The result of substantial investment after 1955 by the private sector in tractors, irrigation systems, and storage facilities, and by the government in public research and extension services. With favorable prices on world markets in the mid-1960s, Argentina's exports reached new records, rising from an average of USD $ 950 million between 1954 and 1961 to USD $ 1.6 billion by 1966. Illia maintained

5848-444: The rights and interests of the Nation." Frondizi had begun, during his 1958–62 presidency, a policy of oil exploration based on concessions of oil wells to foreign private corporations, leaving the state oil company Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) the sole responsibility of exploration and buying oil from private extractors. Arguing that such contracts were negative for the Argentine state and its people (YPF had to assume all

5934-527: The risks of investing in exploration of new wells, the price of oil had risen steadily since the contracts were negotiated, etc.), Illia denounced the Frondizi policy as negative for national Argentine interests, and promised to render the contracts of concession void, renegotiating them. Although popular with the Argentine public, Illia's petroleum policy created headwinds for the economy and balance of payments. Under Frondizi, oil production had tripled between 1958 and 1962, resulting in self-sufficiency in oil by

6020-489: The scenic province, has, since the 2002 devaluation of the Argentine peso , become one of its most important sources of income, with around 700,000 visitors per year. The main attractions are the Las Leñas ski centre, the Aconcagua mountain, and the provincial parks of the Atuel Canyon, Puente del Inca and others. With the recent developments in Argentine wine production, enotourism has also become very popular, with numerous wine-tourism oriented hotels appearing throughout

6106-406: The strong influence of the radical militancy of his father and of his brother, Italo. That same year, he began his university studies, with the events of the aforementioned Universitarian Reform taking place in the country. From 1929 onwards, after moving to Cruz del Eje, he began intense political activity, which he alternated with his professional life. In 1935 he was elected Provincial Senator for

6192-400: The thirteen provinces became fourteen. After seceding for a decade, Buenos Aires Province accepted the 1853 Constitution of Argentina in 1861, and its capital city was made a federal territory in 1880. A law from 1862 designated as national territories those territories under federal control but outside the frontiers of the provinces. In 1884 they served as bases for the establishment of

6278-596: The time Illia was removed from office in mid-1966, economic stagnation had returned. Opponents characterized Illia's administration as a "do-nothing regime." With a full term in office, Illia might have made more progress in improving Argentina's economic fundamentals. His administration's five-year National Development Plan was released in 1965 and was received favorably by economists and foreign officials. However, Illia's emphasis on compromise and gradualism frustrated business and military leaders who perceived an urgent need for more drastic restructuring and modernization of

6364-414: The working class, Illia refrained from using force to expel the occupiers, leading to charges from the business establishment of leniency toward the labor movement. Workers benefitted from a rising standard of living during Illia's administration. Median real wages grew by 9.6% during 1964 alone, and had expanded by almost 25% by the time of the coup. Unemployment declined from 8.8% in 1963 to 4.6% by

6450-612: Was President of Argentina from 12 October 1963, to 28 June 1966. He was part of the Radical Civic Union , and the People's Radical Civic Union during his presidency. Illia reached the presidency of the Nation in elections controlled by the Armed Forces in which Peronism was outlawed and while the previous constitutional president Arturo Frondizi was detained. During his government,

6536-494: Was a strong recovery with annual real GDP growth of nearly 10% in both 1964 and 1965, record agricultural exports, and double-digit growth in manufacturing output. However, Illia's opponents credited the boom to record harvests and therefore a "turn of good luck, thanks to the gods or to the pampas." Illia's administration moreover made limited progress in resolving labor unrest, persistent inflation, and foreign exchange shortages – all of which remain challenges for Argentina today. By

6622-610: Was born in Samolaco , province of Sondrio , Lombardy , while his mother Emma Francesconi (1874–1940) was born in Gratacazolo, province of Brescia . He enrolled in the School of Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires in 1918. That year, he joined the movement for University reform in Argentina ( Reforma Universitaria ), which first emerged in the city of Córdoba , and set the basis for

6708-595: Was deposed following the June 1966 coup against President Arturo Illia ; but still benefiting from conservative credentials, he was appointed de facto governor by the same military regime in 1970. In contrast to the pragmatism that had distinguished his 1963–66 term, Gabrielli governed with a hard line, freezing state salaries and ordering large utility rate increases, used the Mendoza police to repress dissent and took foreign policy prerogatives like collaborating with Chilean saboteurs opposed to their country's new Marxist president, Salvador Allende . These events came to

6794-498: Was installed as head of a nominally civilian administration when Frondizi was deposed. A "virtual captive" of the armed forces during his nineteen months in office, Guido dissolved Congress and annulled the results of the March 1962 mid-term election that had seen Peronists sweep 45 of the 95 Chamber of Deputies seats and 10 of the 14 governorships at stake. However, Guido succeeded in his top priority of convincing military leaders to allow

6880-483: Was left reeling from the 1983 collapse of state-owned vintner Bodegas GIOL, whose dictatorship-era receivers had run the wine conglomerate (then the world's largest outside Europe), and accumulated over US$ 6 billion of debt; GIOL closed in 1991. Elected in 2003, Radical Civic Union Governor Julio Cobos highlighted this independent sentiment by parting ways with many in his party and endorsing newly elected Peronist President Néstor Kirchner 's policies in 2004. Over

6966-649: Was more than offset by increased social security benefits and a 50% wage increase for public sector employees. Losses at state-owned companies remained a burden on public finances despite Illia's creation of the Syndicate of State Businesses to encourage efficiency in state-owned companies. The annual subsidy to cover losses at the national railway company accounted for almost 20% of central government expenditures in 1965. Government procurement costs increased due to legislation passed by Illia's administration that gave preferential status to domestic vendors in public contracts; by

7052-410: Was passed on August 28, 1964. It established a policy of price and quality controls for pharmaceuticals, freezing prices for patented medicines at the end of 1963, establishing limits to advertising expenditures and to money sent outside the country for royalties and related payments. The regulation of this law by Decree 3042/65 also required pharmaceutical corporations to present to a judge an analysis of

7138-414: Was significantly more flexible than in prior administrations with a " crawling peg " exchange rate that devalued the peso in line with inflation, preventing the overvalued currency that had resulted in prior administrations that used a fixed exchange rate regime. Illia's economic record was strongly impacted by his petroleum policy. During his presidential campaign, Arturo Illia promised to dissolve both

7224-400: Was ultimately divided in 1820, and Mendoza parted ways with San Luis and San Juan Provinces. The 1861 earthquake nearly destroyed the city of Mendoza, which had to be almost entirely reconstructed. In 1885, railways were built to the province, allowing for easy transport of the region's wines to the country's trade hub of Buenos Aires . Following the development of the wine industry in

7310-567: Was unable to broaden its electoral base beyond its core middle-class constituency, which left the most powerful interest groups – Peronists, the military, and business leaders – excluded from formal sources of political authority. Illia refused to give the military a direct role in government, which he viewed as a violation of constitutional legality. Meanwhile, Illia's reluctance to engage in the clientelism that characterized Argentine politics left him isolated even within his own party. The newspaper La Nación would later write of his presidency, "It

7396-441: Was vice-governor of the province. On 15 February 1939, he married Silvia Elvira Martorell, and had three children: Emma Silvia, Martín Arturo and Leandro Hipólito. Martín Illia was elected to Congress in 1995, and served until his death in 1999. Gabriela Michetti , elected vice president in 2015, is a great-grandniece of Illia. Arturo Illia became a member of the Radical Civic Union when he reached adulthood, in 1918, under

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