Zarechye ( Russian : Заречье ) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia .
101-1074: As of 2010, two rural localities in Belgorod Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, fourteen rural localities in Bryansk Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in the Republic of Buryatia bears this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in Chelyabinsk Oblast bears this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in Irkutsk Oblast bears this name: As of 2010, two rural localities in Ivanovo Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, four rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, six rural localities in Kaluga Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, two rural localities in
202-421: A Slavicised Khazar ancestry . There were also groups of people who fled into these wild steppes from the cultivated lands of Kyivan Rus' in order to escape oppression or criminal pursuit. Their lifestyle largely resembled that of the people now called Cossacks. They survived chiefly from hunting and fishing and raiding Asiatic tribes for horses and food, but they also mixed with these nomads as well adopting
303-563: A 2012 survey 50.5% of the population of Belgorod Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 8.1% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 1.7% are Orthodox Christians who don't belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, 22.2% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious , 10.5% is atheist or irreligious , and 7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to
404-750: A conspiracy was formed with a group of 50 Cossacks to go fishing in the river Inhul next to the Southern Bug in Ottoman provinces. The pretext was enough to allow the Russians to let the Cossacks out of the siege, who were joined by five thousand others. The fleeing Cossacks traveled to the Danube Delta , where they formed the new Danubian Sich , under the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire . When Tekeli became aware of
505-455: A gabled cap on a head, in kaftan with buttons on a chest, with a sabre ( shablya ), powder flask on a side, and a self-made rifle ( samopal ) on the left shoulder. Around the seal was an inscription «Печать славного Війська Запорізького Низового» ("Seal of the glorious Zaporozhian Host"). Palanka's and kurin's seals were either round or rectangular with images of lions, deers, horses, moon, stars, crowns, lances, sabers, and bows. Khoruhva
606-491: A lot of their cultural traits. In the 16th century, a great organizer, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky , a Ukrainian noble, united these different groups into a strong military organization. The Zaporozhian Cossacks had various social and ethnic origins but were predominantly made up of escaped serfs who preferred the dangerous freedom of the wild steppes, rather than life under the rule of Polish aristocrats. However, townspeople, lesser noblemen and even Crimean Tatars also became part of
707-495: A military osavul ; the badges were given to all the 38 kurins in possession to the assigned badge comrades. All kleinody items (except for the kettledrum sticks) were stored in the Sich's Pokrova church treasury and were taken out only on a special order of kish otaman. The kettledrum sticks were kept in the kurin with the assigned dovbysh. Sometimes, part of kleidony was considered a great silver inkwell ( kalamar ), an attribute of
808-767: A military scribe ( pysar ) of the Zaporozhian Host. Similar kleinods had the officership of the Cossack Hetmanate , cossacks of Kuban, Danube, and other cossack societies. Upon the destruction of the Sich and liquidation of Ukrainian Cossacks the kleinody were gathered and given away for storage in Hermitage and Transfiguration Cathedral in Saint Petersburg , Kremlin Armoury in Moscow as well as other places of storage. By
909-567: A military-political establishment developed based upon unique traditions and customs called the Cossack Code, which was formed mostly among the cossacks of Zaporozhian Host over decades. The host had its own military and territorially administrative division: 38 kurins ( sotnia ) and five to eight palanka s (territorial districts) as well as an original system of administration with three levels: military leaders, military officials, leaders of march and palankas. All officership (military starshyna)
1010-662: A parliamentary system of government. During the course of the 16th, 17th and well into the 18th century, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were a strong political and military force that challenged the authority of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Tsardom of Russia , and the Crimean Khanate . The host went through a series of conflicts and alliances involving the three powers, including supporting an uprising in
1111-563: Is a federal subject (an oblast ) of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Belgorod . As of 2021 , the population is 1,540,486. During the Princely era of Kievan Rus' , the region was part of the Principality of Chernigov . The area was devastated by Mongol - Tatar raids and came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th and 15th centuries. Since 1500 it
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#17328510537141212-571: Is a word that also in Turkic language means a "free man" which shares its etymology with the ethnic name " Kazakh ". It later became a Ukrainian and Russian word for " freebooter ." The steppes to the north of the Black Sea were inhabited by nomadic tribes such as the Cumans , Pechenegs and Khazars . The role of these tribes in the ethnogenesis of the Cossacks is disputed, although later Cossack sources claimed
1313-491: Is temperate continental with a relatively mild winter with some snowfall and long summers. Average annual air temperature varies from +5.4 °C (41.7 °F) to +6.7 °C (44.1 °F), being warmer on average in the southeast than the north. The coldest month is January and the frost-free period is 155–160 days, with an average of 1800 hours of sunshine. Rainfall is uneven by year and season, with an average of 540–550 mm although rainfall can dramatically differ between
1414-598: Is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Belgorod Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run
1515-611: The 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich . Zaporozhian attire, songs, and music found their way into official state dance and music ensembles, and influenced the image of Ukraine in the years to come. Since the Independence of Ukraine in 1991 , attempts at restoring the Cossack lifestyle have concentrated on politics, horsemanship and cultural endeavours. In November, 2016, Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were inscribed on
1616-532: The Dnieper Rapids . Along with Registered Cossacks and Sloboda Cossacks , Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in the history of Ukraine and the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians . The Zaporozhian Sich grew rapidly in the 15th century from serfs fleeing the more controlled parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It became established as a well-respected political entity with
1717-598: The Eastern Orthodox Church put them at odds with the Catholic -dominated Commonwealth. Tensions increased when Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to the suppression of the Orthodox church, making the Cossacks strongly anti-Catholic, which at that time was synonymous with anti-Polish. The waning loyalty of the Cossacks and the szlachta's arrogance towards them resulted in several Cossack uprisings against
1818-475: The Eastern Orthodox Church was preferred and was a part of the national identity. In times of peace, Cossacks were engaged in their occupations, living with their families, studying strategy, languages and educating recruits. As opposed to other armies, Cossacks were free to choose their preferred weapon. Wealthy Cossacks preferred to wear heavy armour , while infantrymen preferred to wear simple clothes, although they also occasionally wore mail . At that time,
1919-460: The Habsburg monarchy sometimes covertly employed Cossack raiders to ease Ottoman pressure on their own borders. Many Cossacks and Tatars shared an animosity towards each other due to the damage done by raids from both sides. Cossack raids followed by Tatar retaliation, or Tatar raids followed by Cossack retaliation, were an almost regular occurrence. The ensuing chaos and string of conflicts often turned
2020-500: The LDPR , and 1 by the Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice . In terms of area, the oblast is in the 67th place among the federal subjects of Russia; while in terms of population it is 30th (as of the results of the 2021 Census , down two places compared to the 2010 Census results. According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of the oblast was 1,540,486, with
2121-2120: The Republic of Karelia bear this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in Kirov Oblast bears this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in the Komi Republic bears this name: As of 2010, six rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, two rural localities in Kurgan Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, nine rural localities in Kursk Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, seven rural localities in Leningrad Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in Lipetsk Oblast bears this name: As of 2010, four inhabited localities in Moscow Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, fifteen rural localities in Novgorod Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in Novosibirsk Oblast bears this name: As of 2010, six rural localities in Oryol Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, seventeen rural localities in Pskov Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, six rural localities in Ryazan Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, two rural localities in Samara Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, seven rural localities in Smolensk Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, four rural localities in Tambov Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, one rural locality in
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#17328510537142222-835: The Republic of Tatarstan bears this name: As of 2010, twenty-three rural localities in Tver Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, two rural localities in Vladimir Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, nineteen rural localities in Vologda Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, three rural localities in Voronezh Oblast bear this name: As of 2010, nine rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name: Belgorod Oblast Belgorod Oblast ( Russian : Белгоро́дская о́бласть , romanized : Belgorodskaya oblastʹ )
2323-656: The Revolution of 1917 , corps of Free Cossacks were organized in Ukraine to defend the newly proclaimed Ukrainian People's Republic . During the Soviet era, the nationalist aspect was officially discouraged in order to quell the rise of nationalist sentiment and Zaporozhian Cossacks' historical role of defending Muscovy from Turks was celebrated instead. In 1990, the Soviet government and Ukrainian independence movement cooperated to celebrate
2424-675: The Russo-Ukrainian War following the incursion of Ukrainian military forces into the neighboring Kursk region and many attacks on airbases within Belgorod itself. Belgorod Oblast is part of the Central Black Earth economic region and the Central Federal District . It borders with Luhansk , Kharkiv , and Sumy Oblasts of Ukraine in the south and west, Kursk Oblast in the north and northwest, and Voronezh Oblast in
2525-465: The Soviet Union there has been a natural population decrease (about -5 per 1,000 of the population). In recent years, there has been some reversion of this decline as a result of growth of fertility and mortality. Nevertheless, despite the negative trend of growth, the population of the area has remained relatively stable because of immigration. Belgorod, in Soviet times, attracted retirement workers from
2626-717: The Tsars . The name Zaporozhtsi comes from the location of their fortress, the Sich , in Zaporizhzhia "land beyond the rapids", from Ukrainian za "beyond" and poróhy " rapids ". It is not clear when the first Cossack communities on the Lower Dnieper began to form. There are signs and stories of similar people living in the Eurasian Steppe as early as the 12th century. At that time they were not called Cossacks, since cossack
2727-549: The "anti-Mazepist" polkovniks. While advocating for the preservation for the Hetmanate autonomy and privileges of the starshina, Skoropadsky was careful to avoid open confrontation and remained loyal to the union with Russia. To accommodate Russian military needs, Skoropadsky allowed for stationing of ten Russian regiments in the territory of the Hetmanate. At the same time, Cossacks took part in construction, fortification and channel development projects in Saint Petersburg , as part of
2828-724: The 18th century. Their leader signed a treaty with the Russians. This group was forcibly disbanded in the late 18th century by the Russian Empire , with much of the population relocated to the Kuban region on the south edge of the Russian Empire, while others founded cities in southern Ukraine and eventually became state peasants. The Cossacks served a valuable role of conquering the Caucasian tribes and in return enjoyed considerable freedom granted by
2929-482: The 1999 election, his rival was Vladimir Zhirinovsky . Savchenko holds the title of longest-serving governor in post-Soviet Russia, being in office for 27 years. Since November 2020, Vyacheslav Gladkov is the governor of Belgorod Oblast. On 13 September 2020, elections to the 7th Belgorod Oblast Duma were conducted. The United Russia Party has won 44 out of 50 seats, 4 seats were won by the Communist Party , 1 by
3030-728: The 20th century. For Russians, the Treaty of Pereyaslav gave the Tsardom of Russia and later Russian Empire the impulse to take over the Ruthenian lands, claim rights as the sole successor of the Kievan Rus', and for the Russian Tsar to be declared the protector of all Russias, culminating in the Pan-Slavism movement of the 19th century. Today , most of the Kuban Cossacks, modern descendants of
3131-627: The Cossack host. They had to accept Eastern Orthodoxy as their religion and adopt its rituals and prayers. The nomadic hypothesis was that the Cossacks came from one or more nomadic peoples who at different times lived in the territory of the Northern Black Sea. According to this hypothesis the Cossacks' ancestors were the Scythians , Sarmatians , Khazars , Polovtsy (Cumans) , Circassians ( Adygs ), Tatars , and others. The nomadic hypothesis of
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3232-573: The Cossacks submit to his authority. Consecutive treaties between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth called for both parties to keep the Cossacks and Tatars in check, but enforcement was almost non-existent on both sides. In internal agreements, forced by the Poles , the Cossacks agreed to burn their boats and stop raiding . However, boats could be rebuilt quickly, and the Cossack lifestyle glorified raids and looting. During this time,
3333-578: The Cossacks were one of the finest military organizations in Europe , and were employed by Russian, Polish, and French empires. Beside the above-mentioned kurins there also was a great number of other kurins outside the Host. The most important items of the host were the Cossack Kleinody (always in plural; related to Imperial Regalia ) that consisted of valuable military distinctions, regalia, and attributes of
3434-415: The Cossacks' once fairly strong loyalty towards the Commonwealth. Cossack ambitions to be recognised as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Polish–Lithuanian Two-Nations Commonwealth into a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (with the Ukrainian Cossack people) made little progress, owing to the Cossacks' unpopularity. The Cossacks' strong historic allegiance to
3535-455: The Danube delta region of Ukraine and Romania , where they pursue the traditional Cossack lifestyle of hunting and fishing and are known as Rusnaks . Although in 1775 the Zaporozhian Host formally ceased to exist, it left a profound cultural, political and military legacy on Ukraine , Russia , Poland , Turkey and other states that came in contact with it. The shifting alliances of the Cossacks have generated controversy, especially during
3636-630: The Far North and Ukraine. This trend has increased since 2005 and now cancels out the natural decline in population. Worker migrants also arrive in Belgorod from Uzbekistan ; however, Muslim migrants face discrimination on a daily basis, and choose to leave. Population: 1,540,486 ( 2021 Census ) ; 1,532,526 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,511,620 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,380,723 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.17 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 70.67 years (male — 66.54, female — 74.66) According to
3737-401: The IUCN red list. The Belgorod region played a significant role in the evolution of Russian culture. It was inhabited by different tribes besides East Slavs and was one of the earliest Rus' principalities. Belgorod region played an important role in the Russian wedding tradition of the Rushnyk . Belgorod is also famous for its wood carving. During the Soviet period, the high authority in
3838-595: The Moscow- Kharkiv - Sevastopol railway line. The length of railways for general use is 694.6 km; the length of paved roads is 8,500 km; roughly 87% of the total road surface in the oblast. Zaporozhian Cossacks The Zaporozhian Cossacks , Zaporozhian Cossack Army , Zaporozhian Host , ( Ukrainian : Військо Запорозьке , romanized : Viisko Zaporozke , or Військо Запорізьке , Viisko Zaporizke ) or simply Zaporozhians ( Ukrainian : Запорожці , romanized : Zaporozhtsi ) were Cossacks who lived beyond (that is, downstream from)
3939-406: The Motherland during the Great Patriotic War , and for progress in reconstruction and development of national economy. On 4 January 1967, Belgorod Oblast was awarded the Order of Lenin , and in 1980 the city of Belgorod was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War , first degree. In 2007, the city of Belgorod received the honorary title of the City of Military Glory . In May 2023, the governor of
4040-514: The Oleshky Sich on the lower Dnieper. Although some of the Zaporozhian cossacks returned to Moscow's protection, their popular leader Kost Hordiienko was resolute in his anti-Russian attitude and no rapprochement was possible until his death in 1733. Over the years the friction between the Cossacks and the Russian tsarist government lessened, and privileges were traded for a reduction in Cossack autonomy. The Ukrainian Cossacks who did not side with Mazepa elected as Hetman Ivan Skoropadsky , one of
4141-407: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by signing the Treaty of Hadiach (1658). The treaty was ratified by the Sejm but was rejected at the Hermanivka Rada by the Cossack rank and file, who would not accept a union with Catholic Poland, which they perceived as an oppressor of Orthodox Christianity. The angered cossacks executed Polkovniks Prokip Vereshchaka and Stepan Sulyma, Vyhovsky's associates at
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4242-435: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 17th century. Finally, the King's adamant refusal to bow to the Cossacks' demand to expand the Cossack Registry was the last straw that prompted the largest and most successful of these: the Khmelnytsky Uprising , which started in 1648. The uprising became one of a series of catastrophic events known as the Deluge , which greatly weakened the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and set
4343-418: The Russian hussar and dragoon regiments. The destruction of the Sich created difficulties for the Russian Empire. Supporting the increase in the privileges gained by the higher ranking leadership put a strain in the budget, whilst the stricter regulations of the regular Russian Army prevented many other Cossacks from integrating. The existence of the Danubian Sich , which would support the Ottoman Empire in
4444-414: The Russian infantry would destroy them after they were surrounded. To trick the Cossacks, a rumour was spread that the army was crossing Cossack lands en route to guard the borders. The surprise encirclement was a devastating blow to the morale of the Cossacks. Petro Kalnyshevsky was given two hours to decide on the Empress's ultimatum . Under the guidance of a starshyna Lyakh, behind Kalnyshevky's back
4545-474: The Sejm, and Vyhovsky himself narrowly escaped death. The Zaporozhians maintained a largely separate government from the Hetmanate . The Zaporozhians elected their own leaders, known as Kish otaman , for one-year terms. In this period, friction between the cossacks of the Hetmanate and the Zaporozhians escalated. The Cossacks had fought in the past for independence from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and they were later involved in several uprisings against
4646-399: The Sich. With the death of Mazepa in Bessarabia in 1709, his council elected his former general chancellor, Pylyp Orlyk , as his successor. Orlyk issued the project of the Constitution , where he promised to limit the authority of the Hetman, preserve the privileged position of the Zaporozhians, take measures towards achieving social equality among them, and steps towards the separation of
4747-648: The Ukrainian Cossacks and were used until the 19th century. Kleinody were awarded to Zaporozhian Cossacks by the Polish king Stephen Báthory on 20 August 1576 to Bohdan Ruzhynsky, among which were khoruhva, bunchuk , bulawa "mace" and a seal with a coat of arms on which was depicted a cossack with a samopal "rifle". The kleinody were assigned to hetman's assistants for safekeeping, thus there have appeared such ranks as chorąży ("flag-bearer"), bunchuzhny ("staff-keeper"), etc. Later part of Cossack kleinody became pernaches , timpani ( lytavry ), kurin banners (badges), batons, and others. The highest symbol of power
4848-401: The Zaporizhian Host from the Russian State—should he manage to obtain power in the Cossack Hetmanate. With the support of Charles XII, Orlyk made an alliance with the Crimean Tatars and Ottomans against Russia, but following the early successes of their 1711 attack on Russia, their campaign was defeated, and Orlyk returned into exile. The Zaporozhians built a new Sich under Ottoman protection,
4949-412: The Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects. Registered Cossacks were a part of the Commonwealth army until 1699. Around the end of the 16th century, relations between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire , which were not cordial to begin with, were further strained by increasing Cossack aggression. From
5050-436: The Zaporozhian Sich as a "cossack republic", as the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and because its leaders ( starshina ) were elected. Officially the leader of Zaporozhian Host never carried the title of hetman , while all leaders of cossacks formations were unofficially referred to as one. The highest body of administration in the Zaporozhian Host was the Sich Rada (council). The council
5151-434: The Zaporozhians, remain loyal towards Russia. Many fought in the local conflicts following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and today, just like before the revolution when they made up the private guard of the Emperor, the majority of the Kremlin Presidential Regiment is made up of Kuban Cossacks. For the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Khmelnytsky Uprising and the fall of the Zaporozhian Cossacks effectively marked
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#17328510537145252-405: The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Despite its relatively small size, the oblast accounts for one fifth of the trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine. Important railways and highways of regional significance cross the oblast's territory, connecting Moscow with the southern and western regions of Russia and Ukraine. Of major importance is the Crimea Highway, or federal highway M-2 Crimea, and
5353-406: The anger of Russian Empress Catherine II . As a result, by 1775 the number of runaway serfs from the Hetmanate and Polish-ruled Ukraine to Zaporizhiya rose to 100,000. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774) annexed the Crimean Khanate into Russia, so the need for further southern frontier defence (which the Zaporozhians carried out) no longer existed. Colonisation of Novorossiya began; one of
5454-701: The animal species are in need of special protection. Fifty species are included in the IUCN Red List . There are about 279 species of birds, including 152 that breed in the oblast. The richest bird populations include sparrows (111 species); waders (45 species); geese (up to 30 species); day predators (21 species). The richest bird populations include sparrows (111 species); waders (45 species); geese (up to 30 species); day predators (21 species). The numbers of game animal species are as follows: moose: 387; deer: 501; roe deer: 4474; boar: 2574; hare: 18361; fox: 3856; marten: 2025; polecat: 1120; wolf: 36. The annual number of game animals remains stable. The vegetation reflects
5555-439: The beginning of its end with the Deluge , which led to the gradual demise of the Commonwealth ending with the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. A similar fate awaited both the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire; having endured numerous raids and attacks from them both, the Zaporozhian Cossacks aided the Russian Army in ending Turkey's ambitions of expanding into northern and Central Europe , and like Poland, after
5656-461: The black chernozem soils. Some 2,713.4 thousand hectares is dedicated to agriculture, over 70% of which are chernozems. Per capita, there are an average of 1.43 hectares of pastoral land, and 1.1 hectares of arable land. Natural forests and forest plantations occupy 248.3 thousand hectares, or 12.5% of the oblast's area. Total timber reserves are estimated to be 34.3 million m . Belgorod Oblast has traditionally had and still has strong ties with
5757-402: The colonies, located just next to the lands of the Zaporozhian Sich, was New Serbia . This escalated conflicts over land ownership with the Cossacks, which often turned violent. The decision to disband the Sich was adopted at the court council of Catherine the Great on 7 May 1775. General Peter Tekeli received orders to occupy and liquidate the main Zaporozhian fortress, the Sich. The plan
5858-432: The command of a Russian Army stationed in Kiev . A new sich ( Nova Sich ) was built to replace the one that had been destroyed by Peter the Great. Concerned about the possibility of Russian interference in Zaporozhia's internal affairs, the Cossacks began to settle their lands with Ukrainian peasants fleeing serfdom in Poland and Russia proper. By 1762, 33,700 Cossacks and over 150,000 peasants populated Zaporozhia. By
5959-414: The day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . The governor of Belgorod Oblast, Yevgeny Savchenko , was first appointed to this position in 1993 and subsequently re-elected in 1995, 1999, 2003, 2012 and 2017. In
6060-399: The east. The total length of its borders is about 1,150 kilometers (710 mi), of which 540 kilometers (340 mi) are on the border with Ukraine. The area of the oblast is 27,100 square kilometers (10,500 sq mi); the oblast stretches for about 190 kilometers (120 mi) from north to south and for about 270 kilometers (170 mi) from east to west. The oblast is located in
6161-440: The effort by Peter the Great to establish the new Russian capital. Many did not return, and it is often stated that St. Peterburg "was built on bones". In 1734, as Russia was preparing for a new war against the Ottoman Empire , an agreement was made between Russia and the Zaporozhian cossacks, the Treaty of Lubny. The Zaporozhian Cossacks regained all of their former lands, privileges, laws and customs in exchange for serving under
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#17328510537146262-429: The end of 19th century the Hermitage stored 17 kurin banners and one khoruhva, the Transfiguration Cathedral contained 20 kurin banners, three bunchuks, one silver bulawa, and one silver gold-covered baton. Today the fate of those national treasures of Ukrainian people is unknown. After the February Revolution in 1917 the Russian Provisional Government adopted the decisions of returning them to Ukraine, however, due to
6363-432: The entire south-eastern Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth border into a low-intensity war zone and led to an escalation of Commonwealth–Ottoman warfare, from the Moldavian Magnate Wars to the Battle of Cecora (1620) and wars in 1633–34. Cossack numbers expanded, with Ukrainian peasants running from serfdom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Attempts by the szlachta to turn the Zaporozhian Cossacks into serfs eroded
6464-525: The escape, there was little left to do for the remaining 12,000 Cossacks. The Sich was razed to the ground. The Cossacks were disarmed in a mostly bloodless operation, while their treasury and archives were confiscated. Kalnyshevsky was arrested and exiled to the Solovki , where he lived in confinement to 112 years of age. Most upper level Cossack Council members, such as Pavlo Holovaty and Ivan Hloba, were repressed and exiled as well, although lower level commanders and rank and file Cossacks were allowed to join
6565-402: The events of the October Revolution of the same year the decision was not executed. With the proclamation of independence, the Ukrainian government has raised the issue of returning the national cultural valuables before the leadership of Russia ; no specific agreements have ever been reached, however. After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host became a suzerainty under
6666-401: The features of the northern forest-steppe, characterized by the alternation of forests with the meadow steppes. It is chiefly represented by two types of vegetation—the zonal and extrazonal. In all, there are 1,284 flora species. Woodlands cover 9.8% of the total area, of which over 800 hectares are classified as protected areas because their rare species of plants and habitats of animals are on
6767-438: The heart of the Ottoman Empire, which were just two days away by boat from the mouth of the Dnieper River . By 1615 and 1625, Cossacks had managed to raze townships on the outskirts of Constantinople , forcing the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV to flee his palace. His nephew, Sultan Mehmed IV , fared little better as the recipient of the legendary Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks , a ribald response to Mehmed's insistence that
6868-435: The internecine wars in the Cossack Hetmanate (1659–1679). Belgorod became the military and administrative center, after originating as an outpost on the southern borders of Russia. Following the Battle of Poltava , Peter I granted to soldiers of Greater Belgorod the regiment flag. From 1708 to 1727, the territory of the modern Belgorod Oblast was part of the Kiev and Azov governorates. In 1727, Belgorod Governorate
6969-505: The large deposits of bauxites , apatites , underground mineral waters, and numerous deposits of construction materials such as chalk , sand , clay , and more. There are also known occurrences of gold , graphite , and other rare metals. Geographical features make the oblast likely to have deposits of platinum , hydrocarbons , and other minerals. The fauna is predominantly of the meadow-steppe variety and comprises, by various estimates, from ten to fifteen thousand species. About 10% of
7070-439: The late 18th century, much of the Cossack officer class in Ukraine was incorporated into the Russian nobility, but many of the rank and file Cossacks, including a substantial portion of the old Zaporozhians, were reduced to peasant status. They were able to maintain their freedom and continued to provide refuge for those fleeing serfdom in Russia and Poland, including followers of the Russian Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev , which aroused
7171-426: The loss of Crimea, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. The historical legacy of the Zaporozhian Cossacks shaped and influenced the idea of Ukrainian nationalism in the latter half of the 19th century. Ukrainian historians, such as Adrian Kashchenko (1858–1921), Olena Apanovich and others suggest that the final abolishment of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775 was the demise of a historic Ukrainian stronghold. After
7272-570: The newly formed governorates and vice-royalties. The city of Belgorod and the area around it became a part of Kursk Vice-Royalty, while the southeastern uyezds became a part of Voronezh Governorate . During the 19th century and up until 1928 the territory of modern Belgorod Oblast remained part of the Kursk and Voronezh governorates. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in April 1918, in January 1919
7373-625: The next war, was also troublesome for the Russians. In 1784 Potemkin formed the Host of the Loyal Zaporozhians (Войско верных Запорожцев) and settled them between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers. For their invaluable service during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), they were rewarded with the Kuban land and migrated there in 1792. In 1828, the Danubian Sich ceased to exist after it
7474-634: The oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Belgorod CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Belgorod Oblast
7575-537: The oblast. There are more than 480 small rivers and streams. The largest of them are in the northwest—the Seversky Donets , Vorskla , Vorsklitsa, Psyol , and in the eastern regions—the Oskol , Tikhaya Sosna , Chyornaya Kalitva , Valuy. The total length of the river network is roughly 5,000 kilometers (3,100 mi), and in addition, there are 1,100 ponds and four artificial reservoirs . The climate of Belgorod Oblast
7676-562: The origin of the Cossacks was formed under the influence of the Polish historical school of the 16th-17th centuries and was connected with the theory of the Sarmatian origin of the gentry. According to the tradition of deriving the origin of the state or people from a certain people of antiquity, the Cossack chroniclers of the 18th century advocated the Khazar origin of the Cossacks . With the expansion of
7777-402: The otaman; the khoruhva - to the whole host although carried by a khorunzhy; the bunchuk also was given to otaman, but carried by a bunchuzhny or bunchuk comrade; the seal was preserved by a military judge, while the seals of the kurin - to the kurin otaman, and the seals of the palanka - to the colonel of a certain palanka; the kettledrums were in possession of a dovbysh (drummer); the staffs - to
7878-484: The protection of the tsar of Russia , although for a considerable period of time it enjoyed nearly complete autonomy . After the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657, his successor Ivan Vyhovsky initiated a turn towards Poland, alarmed by the growing Russian interference in the affairs of the Hetmanate. An attempt was made to return to the three-constituent Commonwealth of nations with the Zaporozhian cossacks joining
7979-412: The question. Belgorod Oblast is administratively divided into twenty-one districts ( raions ), which are further divided into 335 rural okrugs . There are ten cities/towns in the oblast, as well as twenty urban-type settlements and 1,592 rural-type settlements. Belgorod Oblast is a highly developed industrial-agrarian region, whose economy relies on its enormous wealth of mineral resources and
8080-465: The region claimed that a Ukrainian "sabotage group" entered the region . Ukrainian media identified the alleged groups as the Freedom of Russia Legion and Russian Volunteer Corps . The units claimed they had "completely liberated" the settlement of Kozinka in the oblast, and that they had entered Graivoron. Government officials declared a state of emergency in the Belgorod region on 14 August 2024 during
8181-601: The second part of the 16th century, the Cossacks started raiding Ottoman territories. The Polish government could not control the fiercely independent Cossacks but, since they were nominally subjects of the Commonwealth, it was held responsible for raids by their victims. Reciprocally, the Tatars living under the Ottoman rule launched raids in the Commonwealth, mostly in the sparsely inhabited south-east territories of Ukraine. Cossacks, however, were raiding wealthy merchant port cities in
8282-519: The source base and the formation of historical science, nomadic hypotheses were rejected by official historiography. For the first time, Alexander Rigelman pointed out the imperfection of the hypothesis. In the 20th century, the Russian scientist Gumilyov was an apologist for the Polovtsian origin of the Cossacks. In the 16th century, with the dominance of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south,
8383-638: The southwestern and southern slopes of the Central Russian Upland in the Dnieper and Don River basins , in the steppe zone of elevated hilly plain with an average height of 200 meters (660 ft) above the sea level. The highest point is 277 meters (909 ft) above sea level, in Prokhorovsky District . The lowest point is located at the bottom of the Oskol and Seversky Donets River valleys. Rivers, lakes, and marshes occupy about 1% of
8484-455: The stage for its disintegration one hundred years later. Even though Poland probably had the best cavalry in Europe, their infantry was inferior. However, Ukrainian Cossacks possessed the best infantry during the middle 17th century. Since Poland recruited most of its infantry from Ukraine, once this became free from Polish rule, the army of the Commonwealth suffered greatly. The Zaporozhian Host as
8585-692: The territory was incorporated into the Ukrainian State under hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi . The current administrative-territorial boundaries of Belgorod Oblast were formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 6 January 1954. The oblast was formed from several districts of Kursk and Voronezh Oblasts . For the courage and resilience shown by the people of Belgorod Oblast in defense of
8686-503: The tsar, in fear of losing their privileges and autonomy. In 1709, for example, the Zaporozhian Host led by Kost Hordiienko joined Hetman Ivan Mazepa against Russia. Mazepa was previously a trusted adviser and close friend to Tsar Peter the Great but allied himself with Charles XII of Sweden against Peter I. After the defeat at the Battle of Poltava Peter ordered a retaliatory destruction of
8787-468: The urban population of 65.2% and the rural population of 34.8%. This is up from 1,532,526 recorded in the 2010 Census, and 1,380,723 recorded in the 1989 Census . Population density in 2008 was 56.1 persons per 1 km . The average age is 38.5 years—35.6 for men and 41 for women; 46% of the population are economically active. As in other regions of the European part of Russia, since the dissolution of
8888-760: The western and northern areas and the warmer, drier eastern and southeast where some years lows of around 400 millimeters (16 in) have been recorded. Over 40% of known iron ore reserves of Russia are concentrated in the oblast. Deposits are confined to the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly area. Among them are Korobkovsky, Lebedinskoye, Stoylenskoye, and prospective Prioskolskoye iron ore deposits in Stary Oskol District, Bolshetroitskoye in Shebekinsky District , as well as Yakovlevskoye and Pogremetskoye fields. Identified and explored in varying degrees are
8989-474: The will of our Imperial Majesty. In May 1775, General Tekeli's forces went from the Fortress of St. Elizabeth , at that time it was the main headquarters of the Russian army in Ukraine, and on 5 June 1775 divided into five detachments and surrounded the Sich with artillery and infantry. The lack of southern borders and enemies in the past years had a profound effect on the combat-ability of the Cossacks, who realised
9090-481: The worst crimes etc. The Zaporozhian Host, while being closely associated with the Cossack Hetmanate , had its own administration and orders. For military operations, cossacks of the host organized into Kish . Kish is an old term for a reinforced camp that was used in the 11th-16th centuries and later adopted by cossacks. Kish was the central body of government in Sich under jurisdiction of which were administrative, military, financial, legal, and other affairs. Kish
9191-473: Was elected by the General Military Council for a year on January 1. Based on the same customs and traditions the rights and duties of officers were explicitly codified. The Zaporozhian Host developed an original judicial system, at the base of which lay the customary Cossack Code. The norms of the code were affirmed by those social relations that have developed among cossacks. Some sources refer to
9292-643: Was elected on annual bases at the Sich Rada (Black Rada). Black Rada was a council of all cossacks. Kish election were taken place either on 1 January, 1 October ( Intercession of the Theotokos holiday - Pokrova), or on the 2nd-3rd day of Easter. There was a cossack military court, which severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, bringing women to the Sich, consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, etc. There were also churches and schools , providing religious services and basic education . Principally,
9393-428: Was established from parts of Kiev Governorate. The governorate lasted until 1779. This territory was much greater than that of today, and the governorate incorporated territories modern Kursk , Oryol , and parts of Bryansk and Kharkiv oblasts. The coat of arms of the then-Governorate is still used by the modern Belgorod Oblast. In 1775–1779, the territory of Belgorod Governorate was abolished and divided between
9494-417: Was given a direct order from Empress Catherine II, which she explained in her Decree of 8 August 1775: With this we would like to let our Empire and our faithful subjects be known that the Zaporozhian Sich is now destroyed and the name of Zaporozhian Cossacks is to be no more as well, mentioning of whom will be considered no less as an affront to our Imperial Majesty for their deeds and insolence for disobeying
9595-466: Was kept secret and regiments returning from the Russo-Turkish war, in which Cossacks also participated, were mobilized for the operation. They included 31 regiments (65,000 men in total). The attack took place on 15 May and continued until 8 June. The order was given by Grigory Potemkin , who had formally become an honorary Zaporozhian Cossack under the name of Hrytsko Nechesa a few years prior. Potemkin
9696-407: Was made out of tissue in two colors: yellow and blue. Kettledrums (lytavry) were large copper boilers that were fitted with a leather which served for transmission of various signals (calling cossacks to a council, raising an alarm etc.). Each item of kleinody was granted to a clearly assigned member of cossack starshina (officership). For example, in the Zaporozhian Host, the bulawa was given to
9797-415: Was mostly of a crimson color embroidered with coats of arms, saints, crosses, and others. It was always carried in front of the army next to the hetman or otaman. A badge ( znachok ) was a name for a kurin's or company's ( sotnia ) banners. There was a tradition when the newly elected colonel was required at his own expense prepare palanka's banner. One of the banners was preserved until 1845 in Kuban and
9898-814: Was pardoned by Emperor Nicholas I, and under amnesty its members settled on the shores of the Northern Azov between Berdyansk and Mariupol , forming the Azov Cossack Host . Finally in 1862 they too migrated to the Kuban and merged with the Kuban Cossacks . The Kuban Cossacks served Russia's interests right up to the October Revolution , and their descendants are now undergoing active regeneration both culturally and militarily. The 30,000 descendants of those Cossacks who refused to return to Russia in 1828 still live in
9999-461: Was part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . At the turn of the 17th century, a solid line of military fortifications was built in the area, stretching for almost 800 kilometers (500 mi). Zaporozhian Cossacks , who moved here because of the nobility and the tax burden, were in charge of the line defenses. Even more Cossacks moved to the area during the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657) and
10100-423: Was the bulawa or mace carried by hetmans and kish-otamans. For example, Bohdan Khmelnytsky already from 1648 carried a silver gold-covered bulawa decorated with pearls and other valuable gem stones. The cossack colonels had pernachs ( shestoper s) - smaller ribbed bulawas which were carried behind a belt. The seal of the Zaporozhian Host was produced in a round form out of silver with a depiction of cossack in
10201-409: Was the highest legislative, administrative, and judicial body of the Zaporozhian Host. Decisions of the council were considered the opinion of the whole host and obligated to its execution each member of the cossack comradeship. At Sich Rada were reviewed issues of internal and foreign policies, conducted elections of military starshina , division of assigned land, punishment of criminals who committed
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