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68-462: Yongsan has a population of 231,685 (2020) and has a geographic area of 21.87 km (8.44 sq mi), and is divided into 19 dong (administrative neighborhoods). Yongsan is located near Downtown Seoul , on the northern bank of the Han River , bordering the city districts of Jung to the north, Mapo to the west, Yeongdeungpo and Dongjak to the southwest, Seocho and Gangnam District to

136-561: A Le Cordon Bleu Hospitality MBA course in cooperation with Le Cordon Bleu. As a result of its large foreign community, Yongsan has several international schools catering for the children of diplomats and foreign professionals. The French School of Seoul was in Hannam-dong. In 1985 it moved to Seorae Village in Banpo-dong , Seocho District . Dong (administrative division) A dong ( Korean :  동 ) or neighborhood

204-523: A duty free mall, department store and cinema. With the commencement of KTX services in 2004, Yongsan Station began to share these new services with Seoul Station and this gave rise to increased investment and development at the station. Great Train Express is a planned high speed commuter rail network in the Seoul Capital Area project consisting of three separate lines, named GTX A, GTX B and GTX C, with

272-522: A significant flood occurred  [ ko ] in the surrounding region that led to the deaths of hundreds of people. In the aftermath of the flood, a temporary relief camp was made in the area. In the late 1920s, Japanese residents of Seoul petitioned the colonial government and the government of Seoul into forcing the owners of the land, the Office of the Yi Dynasty , to surrender their ownership. In

340-478: A common issue with most of the low lying riverside districts in the city. The name Yongsan derives from hanja and means "Dragon Mountain". In hanja, the characters are 龍 yong (meaning "dragon") and 山 san (meaning "mountain"). The oldest recorded mention of Yongsan is in a fable about two dragons that appeared over Hangang River in the 21st year of King Giru's reign during the Baekje Dynasty . Some also say that

408-471: A considerable black market developed, as did numerous variations of Korean staple dishes using newly arrived US food supplies. The withdrawal of most US personnel and infrastructure from Yongsan will free up a significant amount of land within the district, land which has been under foreign control for over a century. The first proposal for redeveloping the site came from the former president Roh Moo-Hyun in 2005. Since then, negotiations between South Korea and

476-470: A memorial location for independence activists was highly symbolic. Of course they chose this spot. On July 9, 1946, a national funeral was held for the reinterment of the remains of Lee Bong-chang, Baek Jeong-gi, and Yun Bong-gil in the park. In September 1948, the remains of Yi Dong-nyeong, Cha Ri-seok, and Cho Seong-hwan were buried in the park. Kim Ku was buried in the park on July 5, 1949, after his assassination. The two Kims originally intended for

544-609: A military installation, first by the Chinese and then primarily by the Japanese who established their military headquarters at the site from 1910 to 1945 . Following the end of WW2 , the US Army established a presence at the site which became known as the Yongsan Garrison . The large garrison, which has provided extensive services to US army personnel for over 60 years, is also the site of

612-424: A nearby hotel. The last Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un played at the course, although a significant majority of the players were Japanese. The golf course was closed in 1924. In June 1924 the area was made into a park, with a recorded size of 81,460 pyeong (0.2693 km ). In August, a road was paved in the park and the first public toilets were installed, which improved access for the general public. In 1925,

680-610: A senior citizens' association ( 대한노인회 ). The park is an 8 to 10 minute walk from Exit 1 of Hyochang Park Station on the Seoul Subway Line 6 and the Gyeongui–Jungang Line . The park is surrounded by a dense urban environment. Also in the area are Hyochang Children's Park and the first stadium constructed after the founding of South Korea: Hyochang Stadium . To its east is Sookmyung Women's University . Eight prominent Korean independence activists are buried in

748-598: A separate level of government but only exist for use in addresses. Many major thoroughfares in Seoul , Suwon , and other cities are also subdivided into ga . The widest legal-status dong is Unseo-dong in Jung District, Incheon Metropolitan City, with an area of 51.56km2 (19.91 sq mi), and Incheon International Airport occupies most of the area, and this is larger than Anyang City (58.46 km2 (22.57 sq mi)) and Gyeryong City (60.7 km2 (23.4 sq mi)). The narrowest legal-status dong

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816-467: A short distance outside the old city walls of Seoul. Yongsan was designated an "open district" by the Korean government in 1884 and subsequently a foreign community established itself in the area, consisting of French , Chinese and Japanese missionaries . Permission was given for missionary work to commence in 1887. Yongsan District, as an administrative district, came into being on April 17, 1896, under

884-410: A single administrative neighborhood holding multiple legal-status neighborhoods. Such cases contain undeveloped suburban area, or recently declining area. The primary division of a dong is the tong ( 통/統 ), but divisions at this level and below are used rarely in daily life. Cases using tong contain school districts or military services. Some dong are subdivided into ga ( 가/街 ), which are not

952-680: Is Sangdeok-dong in Jung District , Daegu Metropolitan City, with an area of 2,971m2 (0.003km2). The YouTuber iGoBart has produced a YouTube series that covers each of Seoul's dong . Hyochang Park Hyochang Park ( Korean :  효창공원 ) is a park in Yongsan District , Seoul , South Korea. The park is near Exit 1 of the Hyochang Park station of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . Popular for leisure and exercise,

1020-538: Is a private university in Yongsan. It was founded in 1906 and is considered one of the top women's universities in South Korea. The university has produced a considerable number of successful alumni in media, journalism, politics, governments, and academia and is also home to one of the first and now most successful women-only ROTC programs in the country. The university is well known for its business programs and also offers

1088-562: Is a submunicipal level administrative unit of a city and of those cities which are not divided into wards throughout Korea . The unit is often translated as neighborhood and has been used in both administrative divisions of North Korea and South Korea . A dong is, usually, the smallest level of urban-area division to have its own office and staff in South Korea. There are two types of dong : legal-status neighborhood ( 법정동 ) and administrative neighborhood ( 행정동 ). For land property and (old) address, legal-status neighborhood

1156-425: Is also buried in the park. In the vicinity of these graves are a number of Hibiscus syriacus plants (the national flower of South Korea) that are dedicated to each of these figures. The sign for Lee's indicates that Lee had played in the park in his youth. Yun's was planted at the same time (11:40 am) and on the anniversary of the 1932 Hongkou Park Incident that he participated in. Other activists are buried in

1224-402: Is also responsible for maintaining leisure facilities in the district including: Yongsan Sports Center, Ichon Hangang Riverside Park , Namsan, Hyochang Park & Yongsan Family Park. Since the establishment of a foreign community in Yongsan in the late 19th century, the area has been known as the most multicultural district in the city. This moniker was due in no small part to the presence of

1292-668: Is an upmarket area to the east of the district and is the location of some of the most expensive real estate in Seoul, along with galleries and restaurants. Finally, Namsan, situated to the north, is a major tourist hotspot although Namsan Tower itself is located in Jung-Gu , not Yongsan. The Itaewon area besides Yongsan Garrison was designated a special tourist zone in 1997 on account of popularity not only with US military personnel but also Koreans and foreign tourists and residents. According to Korean government data, 20,000 foreign residents live in

1360-504: Is located next to the Han River , with level ground in the west of the district which has been used for transportation (rail) and commercial use since the early 20th century. To the east and north in the land is steeper and rises towards Namsan which lies to the north. Namsan has an elevation of 243m and consists mostly of granite . The low lying western section of the district is approximately 15-20 above sea level. This low-lying area has been prone to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall,

1428-570: Is mainly used. Unlike what the name indicates, they are not defined by any written law . Instead, most of names are came from customary law , which indicates historical names. Administrative neighborhood , however, is defined by local governments to make an office (community center). Community centers provide some administrative services such as residential/birth registration or death notification, to relief service pressure of local government. Also, electoral districts are based on administrative neighborhood. In usual cases, an administrative neighborhood

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1496-542: Is served by Seoul Subway Line 1 , Line 4 , Line 6 , and the Gyeonggi-Jungang Line . Lines 1 and 4 serve Seoul and Yongsan stations and provide inter-connectivity with intercity rail services. Meanwhile, Line 6 passes through the district on a west–east axis serving Samgajki and Itaewon and the Gyeonggi-Jungang Line serves Yongsan station and provides connections to outlying suburbs and satellite cities to

1564-402: Is set by population of the area to match demands for the civil services. Because legal-status neighborhood uses historical name, recently developed (populated) area can be grouped as a single legal-status neighborhood. In such places, it can be divided into several administrative neighborhoods. Sillim-dong is a typical example for this case. For the same reason, there are some inverse cases, i.e.

1632-410: Is the most northern and largest intercity rail station in the country, with only a handful of smaller commuter and tourism-focused stations to the north. The original Seoul Station building closed in 1988 and was replaced by the current structure which integrates the station building with a large Lotte Outlet's complex. Yongsan Station, like Seoul Station, is a multipurpose facility which now consists of

1700-489: Is this area is popular with corporate executives and other wealthy individuals. Galleria recently opened a new department store in Hannam-dong which is partially focused on VIP customers and luxury goods. The department store is incorporated into the Nine One Hannam apartment complex, a luxury housing development built on the site of housing previously used by US military and government personnel. Young people gathered in

1768-666: The Korean Provisional Government (KPG) had just returned from their exile in China, and were searching for adequate places to bury the remains of independence activists who died in exile. They decided on the park for the location. Hong So-yeon ( 홍소연 ), director of the Simsan Kim Chang-sook Memorial Hall, evaluated their motivation for the location as follows: The choice to use the area where Japan forcefully requisitioned and dominated Korean royal tombs as

1836-602: The US embassy housing compound. Forces and personnel assigned to Yongsan and South Korea as a whole fall under the jurisdiction of the Eighth US Army . As of 2021, most of the US personnel at the site, with the exception of embassy personnel, have been moved to Camp Humphreys in Pyeongtaek, along with Eighth Army HQ, as part of a long-standing agreement between the governments of South Korea and

1904-566: The 1980s, the identity of the park was moved back towards that of a cemetery and historical site. The temple Uiyeolsa and gate Changyeolmun were constructed in November 1988. On June 8, 1989, the park was designated Historic Site of South Korea No. 330. In 2002, the Kim Koo Museum was constructed in place of a tennis court during the Kim Dae-jung administration. However, its construction

1972-409: The Seoul city government to move the graves of the independence activists elsewhere, and construct a stadium and circuit roadway in the area instead. The government provided the pretense of the activists' graves being disrespected by children playing in the area. This was met with pushback from living independence activists and related people. Kim Chang-sook laid down in front of a bulldozer to prevent

2040-580: The US Embassy here from its current location at Gwanghwamun . The presence of the Yongsan Garrison has had a significant effect on life in Seoul and South Korea at large, with the adjacent Itaewon area developing to serve the needs of US personnel stationed at Yongsan. The presence of US personnel, currency and supplies was of huge importance to the people of Seoul in the early years after the Korean War and

2108-551: The US over transfer of the land have taken place with the issue of relocating to Pyeongtaek and contamination of the Yongsan site causing delays to the plan. As envisaged in late 2019, the site will become an ecological park of some 3.03 million sq. meters, slightly smaller than Central Park in New York . In January 2021 the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced that the area would be called Yongsan Park . The name

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2176-657: The United States. However, given its strategic importance and its symbolic nature in reassuring South Korea of US commitment to mutual defence and security, at least one US army brigade will remain to the north of Seoul to counteract the loss of the Yongsan Garrison. In addition, a small segment of the garrison will remain under US-ownership specifically to keep the Dragon Hill Lodge open, an important piece of infrastructure catering mainly to US military, government and associated personnel visiting Korea, and to eventually relocate

2244-594: The Yongsan Garrison. However, other establishments such as the Seoul Central Mosque have had a huge effect on the culture and demographic nature of the district. According to statistics from the Yongsan district office, the foreign community has been increasing every year since 2015, when the total number of foreign residents was 19,078. As of 2020, it was 21,067. The headquarters of the Korean Ministry of National Defense (MND) are located in Yongsan, in between

2312-493: The alleyway of Han River-ro 2-ga between Yongsan Station and the triangular area since the establishment of AmorePacific New Building. The street, where cute cafes and restaurants remodeled nearby houses were created one by one, began to be called "Yongridan-gil." Various subway lines such as Yongsan Station, Shin Yong-san Station, and Triangle Zone exist around and are emerging as a hot place for young people as they belong to

2380-467: The area, with the focal point being on Itaewon-ro where live music performances are held and international food markets take place. Close to Itaewon are Hangangjin and Hannam-dong . Both areas are known for their gentrified leisure-based economies with a large number of galleries, cafes and restaurants. Hannam-dong is also known for having the most expensive real estate prices in South Korea, with recent (2020) apartment prices reaching $ 6.16 million. Housing

2448-520: The area. Itaewon's popularity began to diversify and increase in the 1980s as international attention focused on Seoul and the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics . The area has around 2,000 shops and a large number of bars, clubs, restaurants and cafes. The focal point of the area is the intersection in front of the Hamilton Hotel, on top of Itaewon Station. From there, several different areas branch off to form distinct communities. Immediately to

2516-453: The axis where transportation is convenient. Being centrally located within Seoul, Yongsan is host to two of Seoul's most important intercity rail stations – Seoul Station and Yongsan Station . Both stations serve KTX , ITX , Mugunghwa and tourist services connecting the district with most parts of the country. Given the fact that South Korea is effectively landlocked due to the lack of cross-border transport with North Korea, Seoul Station

2584-530: The early Japanese colonial period , it was called " Kuyongsan'goji ". In 1921, the Japanese turned it into the first golf course in Korea, with the graves directly on the course. It was first designated a park in 1924. It received its current name in 1940, and the graves were subsequently moved out of the park. After the liberation of Korea , the remains of eight significant Korean independence activists were buried in

2652-645: The end, the Office leased more than half of the land in the area for free. In the 1930s, it was turned into an amusement park. Children's rides were installed and various cherry blossom and Platanus trees were planted. On March 12, 1940, the colonial government gave the park its current name: "Hyochang Park". The tomb of the royal consort was moved to the Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty in Goyang , Gyeonggi . Her son's tomb

2720-515: The far west and east of Seoul. Yongsan is served by all types of buses that operate in Seoul - green (local), blue (city), yellow (circulation buses around Namsan) and red (express). One of the largest bus stations in Yongsan is in front of Seoul Station. Airport Limousine services 6030 and 6702 connect Yongsan with Gimpo and Incheon international airports. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these services have been suspended. Sookmyung Women's University

2788-421: The first two intended to serve Seoul Station (A & B) and Yongsan Station (B). Seoul station is also served by AREX , the airport railroad. AREX began operations in 2007 and provides 'all-stop' (commuter) and 'express' (direct services from Incheon International Airport to Seoul Station) services. The service was extended in 2018 to serve the newly opened terminal 2 at Incheon International Airport. Yongsan

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2856-575: The gate Changyeolmun ( 창열문 ; 彰烈門 ) is also at the park. Each year around the anniversary of the March First Movement , trees next to the park are decorated with South Korean flags . According to the Annals of King Jeongjo  [ ko ] , Crown Prince Munhyo , the four-year-old first son of King Jeongjo , was buried at the area during the Joseon period on July 19, 1786. Jeongjo wanted

2924-641: The location of the grave to be auspicious and close to the palace. He, some servants, and experts in feng shui searched for a suitable location. Jeongjo reportedly visited the eventual location of the tomb thrice, then decided that he was pleased with the sunny hill, forest, and view of the Han River at the site. The area was then called "Hyochangmyo" ( 효창묘 ; 孝昌墓 ; lit.  Hyochang Cemetery), where "Hyochang" means "filial and prosperous" ( "효성스럽고 번성하다" ). The crown prince's mother, Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong , died five months later on September 14, and

2992-414: The mid-2010s with the addition of upmarket apartment buildings are high grade office space. On the west side of Yongsan is Seoul Dragon City , a new multi-tenant hotel development which is planned as the first phase of a major redevelopment project on the site of the disused railroad marshaling yard. The development includes four hotels run by three hotel chains: Novotel , Mercure and Ibis . Hannam-dong

3060-477: The movement of the tombs "atrocities". However, a 2021 paper by Hyun-Chul Youn and Seong-Lyong Ryoo claimed that it is not known with certainty whether the Japanese were responsible for the moved graves, as relevant records from this period are lost. Korea gained independence from Japan in 1945 at the end of World War II. Around that time, around 50,000 pyeong (0.17 km ) of the park was empty. Kim Ku, Kim Chang-sook  [ ko ] , and other members of

3128-652: The name "Yongsan" (which means "dragon mountain" in Korean) comes from the shape of the area's mountains, which resemble that of a dragon. During the Joseon period, Yongsan served as an entry point to the city of Seoul for seaborne travelers and merchants, with a small port facility in operation by the Han River. As such, the area became known for commerce and is considered the first example of capitalism taking place in Korea. Given its commercial importance and growing size, it effectively became Korea's first satellite city as it sat

3196-538: The name "Yongsan-bang". In October 1945 it became "Yongsan-gu" and in 1946 "Yongsan District of Seoul." The smaller administrative units, "dongs", were introduced in 1955. Yongsan is divided into the following areas ('dongs'), each of which is served by a community center ( 주민센터 ). The Yongsan district office is located close to Noksapyeong Station on Noksapyeong-daero. The district office provides services to Koreans and foreign residents in Korea, including issuing documentation, taxes, public safety and medical services. It

3264-472: The north and spread towards HBC is a lively bar, club and eating area. To the south of the station are more shops and multi ethnic cuisines influenced by the presence of Seoul Central Mosque . This area has seen a large increase in the number of small shops selling clothes, jewellery and associated items, as well a large number of tailors who have historically catered for US military personnel. Every October, Itaewon Global Village Festival takes place in and around

3332-540: The northern and southern sections of Yongsan Garrison, close to Samgakji station . On March 20, 2022, South Korea's President-elect Yoon Suk-yeol announced that he would take office on May 10 of the same year in the Ministry of National Defense building in Yongsan District, Seoul. Being at the center of the city, the district hosts numerous foreign embassies . Since the 19th century the Yongsan site has been used as

3400-455: The park as a space for leisure. In 2018, The Hankyoreh interviewed the leader of an organization called "People Who Love Hyochangwon" ( 효창원을 사랑하는 사람들 ) that advocates for greater emphasis on its memorial function. On February 9, 2015, President Moon Jae-in advocated for more of a memorial identity for the park. On August 15, 2017, Moon participated in a memorial ceremony dedicated to the KPG at

3468-521: The park has walking paths, sports facilities, forests, and cherry blossom trees . In 1989, the park was designated a Historic Site of South Korea , and contains the Kim Koo Museum . The name of the area has changed several times over its history. The area was originally called " Hyochangmyo ", and later " Hyochangwon " in 1870. It was first used in 1786 as the burial ground for Crown Prince Munhyo and his mother Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong . During

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3536-471: The park to become a quiet sanctuary to honor the independence movement. Noh Hyeong-seok of The Hankyoreh speculated that the park might have eventually become a national cemetery if not for Kim Ku's assassination, the Korean War, and the tense relationship between Kim and the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee . Rhee had even placed police in the park to block mourners in the aftermath of Kim's death. Noh alleged that, in 1956, Rhee conspired with

3604-515: The park too, including Yi Dong-nyeong , Cha Ri-seok  [ ko ] , Cho Seong-hwan  [ ko ] . Memorial services for these figures are held annually. The Kim Koo Museum , which opened in October 2002, is located inside of the park. A statue of Lee Bong-chang stands in front of the museum. Also in the park is the hanok -style temple Uiyeolsa ( 의열사 ; 義烈祠 ), where seven independence activists are enshrined. In addition,

3672-578: The park. The graves of Lee Bong-chang , Yun Bong-gil , and Baek Jeong-gi are known as the Graves of the Three Martyrs ( 삼의사묘 ; 三義士墓 ). On the barrier wall beneath the graves is written the text " 遺芳百世 " ( 유방백세 ), which can be translated as "[They] paved a path of beauty for future generations". A temporary grave for An Jung-geun is also located right next to these three, but it lies empty as of 2021 , as his remains have yet to be recovered. Kim Ku

3740-614: The park. A variety of swing benches are located in the park. In the park is a blue pillar that rises from a small lake. According to an article published by the Seoul Metropolitan Government , the sculpture is supposed to symbolize the communication between people and the source of life: water. Also in the park is a statue of the Silla -era intellectual Wonhyo . It is a popular spot for exercise. The park contains such amenities as children's playgrounds, badminton courts, and

3808-605: The park. In 2018, it was reported that the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs was considering a plan to demolish the stadium. In 2019, the park was set to be reorganized and renewed as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the KPG. As part of the plan, they controversially sought to move Uiyeolsa to a different location in the park. As the park is a protected historical site, they conducted written interviews with experts in history, architecture, and feng shui between October and December 2020. A majority of

3876-451: The park. Since the 1940s, there has been a conflict over whether the park should be treated like a park or a memorial. The park currently functions as both, although the majority of people may mostly know the park as a leisure space. The area of the park is 12.3307 hectares (30.47 acres). A large pine forest is present on the grounds. The park also has cherry blossom trees . In total, there are over 100,000 trees of at least 70 species in

3944-646: The removal of the graves. He composed a poem that was then published in The Dong-A Ilbo entitled "Weeping Over Hyochang Park" ( 효창공원을 통곡함 ). The relocation was eventually blocked by a unanimous resolution from the National Assembly . The resolution was introduced by Kim Du-han , the son of independence activist Kim Chwa-chin . Despite the relocation being blocked, the Rhee administration still pushed to construct what eventually became Hyochang Stadium . After Seoul

4012-557: The southeast, and Seongdong to the east. Yongsan District is a district in central Seoul, South Korea. It sits to the north of the Han River and is part of the Seongjeosimni (Outer old Seoul) area immediately south of Seoul's historic center in Jung district on the southern side of Namsan . It is home to roughly 250,000 people and is divided into 20 dong , or neighborhoods. Notable locations in Yongsan District include Yongsan Station ,

4080-541: The sprawling Yongsan Electronics Market , Haebangchon and the Itaewon commercial district. Itaewon is widely known as one of the most ethnically diverse regions in Korea. Many foreigners gravitate to its shopping centers and nightlife. It is the site of Yongsan Garrison, a large United States military base which, as of 2021, has gradually been wound down with the US forces being moved to Camp Humphreys in Pyeongtaek . Yongsan

4148-411: The time, it was the largest green space in Seoul. In 1915, the Yongsan police department held a ceremony for their new chief in the area. In June 1921, the Japanese colonial government established the first golf course in Korea around the graves. Fences were erected around the tombs, which were directly in the line of play. It was a nine-hole golf course designed by a British person and operated by

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4216-403: The valley were the graves of independence activists. Sports facilities, food and drink stands, and the community center for the elderly were constructed. A monument for anti-communists who fought against North Korea ( 북한 반공투사 위령탑 ) was also constructed in 1969, and still stands today. The Wonhyo statue was installed in 1969 as well. Park also installed a statue of his wife, Yuk Young-soo , who

4284-463: Was also moved in 1944, along with the majority of other tombs. After their relocation, the tombs of the royal consort and the crown prince were placed more than 100 paces from each other (2 km), which violated the wishes of King Jeongjo. In their place, a memorial to victims of wars of aggression was made. In an article for The Hankyoreh , Noh Hyeong-seok described the memorial as hypocritical, given Japan's wars to colonize Korea, and called

4352-424: Was buried in a tomb close by. Royal Consort Sugui Park and Princess Yeongon were also buried in the same area. In 1870, King Gojong renamed the area to "Hyochangwon" ( 효창원 ; 孝昌園 ). During the late Joseon and Korean Empire period, the surrounding area was called Aegirŭng ( 애기릉 ). During the Japanese colonial period, the name of the area was changed to Kuyongsan'goji ( 구용산고지 ; 舊龍山高地 ). At

4420-586: Was chosen after a poll in which residents submitted 9,401 name proposals in 2020. Yongsan has a diverse economy with major differences between areas within the district. The area around Seoul Station and Yongsan Station is dominated by large corporations and KOSPI 200 companies based in Yongsan include Amore Pacific , Orion Confectionery , Cheil Worldwide , HYBE Corporation and Hyundai Development Company . The aforementioned AmorePacific opened their global headquarters next to Shinyongsan Station in 2017. The Yongsan area has seen considerable development since

4488-461: Was killed in 1974. However, he did install a statue of Kim Ku in addition to this. The Hyochang Park Martyr Memorial Society ( 효창공원 순국선열추모위원회 ) was established on March 10, 1978. Beginning in that year, the organization has held an annual memorial ceremony for independence activists on April 13, the anniversary of the establishment of the KPG. Beginning with the Chun Doo-hwan administration in

4556-435: Was met with some pushback due to the opposition of sports-related organizations. In 2005, President Roh Moo-hyun announced a plan to demolish the stadium and make the park more of a memorial park, but the plans faced too much pushback and stalled. According to Noh Hyeong-seok, the park's identity (and even public awareness of the graves in the park) has continued to be uncertain. The majority of people currently seem to view

4624-472: Was selected to host the 1970 Asian Games in June 1959, the estate of Kim Ku allowed for the stadium and roadway to be constructed nearby without the relocation of the graves. The Park Chung Hee administration took similar steps to move the identity of the park away from that of a cemetery or memorial park for the independence movement. A golf course was again constructed, this time in a valley. On either side of

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